Au(111)-离子液体界面层状结构与温度关联的原位AFM力曲线研究

本文针对BMIPF6 和OMIPF6两种离子液体,在电极表面远离零电荷电位且以负电荷表面电位下,运用AFM力曲线详细地研究了其与Au(111)单晶电极界面所形成的层状结构与温度的关联. 在15 ~ 40 ^oC的温度范围内,温度越低其离子液体层状结构越稳定. 温度对OMIPF₆离子液体层状结构的稳定性和数目的影响较BMIPF₆缓和：温度变化5 ^oC,OMIPF₆靠近表面第一层层状结构的力值变化仅为1 ~ 2 nN,而BMIPF6第一层层状结构的力值变化为3 ~ 5 nN;较低温下,BMIPF₆中层状结构的数目有所增加,而OMIPF₆的层状数目始终保持两层,且随温度的变化并不敏感. 这可归因于两种离子液体的阳离子尺寸以及与电极表面的作用方式和强度不同;同时,OMIPF₆较粘稠,其热运动受温度的影响不甚敏感.     

Pt(100)/离子液体OMIPF6界面结构的STM研究

本文运用电化学扫描隧道显微术研究了离子液体OMIPF₆中Pt（100）表面结构在电化学双层区随电极电位的变化. OMI⁺阳离子在Pt（100）表面形成有序吸附结构,并且在约1.2 V宽的电位区间内稳定地存在Pt（100）表面。在电位负于-0.6 V时,有序吸附结构会发生向无序吸附结构的转变. 在电位正于+0.6 V时,较强的静电排斥力才能克服OMIPF₆与Pt（100）表面之间的化学作用,从而导致OMI+阳离子的脱附. 研究表明,OMI+阳离子具有的较长烷基侧链与Pt金属产生的较强化学相互作用是影响该Pt（100）/ OMIPF6界面结构的重要因素.     

咪唑类离子液体辅助水热法合成棒状微/纳米ZnO晶体

以醋酸锌和氢氧化钠为原料, 以水和含不同长度烷基链的咪唑类氯盐离子液体的混合物作为反应介质, 采用水热法合成出不同形貌的微/纳米ZnO晶体, 用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对合成的ZnO晶体进行表征. 研究了烷基链长度、 离子液体用量、 反应时间以及反应温度对形成棒状ZnO晶体形貌的影响. 实验结果表明, 所制备的棒状ZnO晶体样品均为六方晶系结构. 在棒状ZnO晶体的制备过程中, 控制反应温度, 选择不同的离子液体及其用量十分重要.     

功能化离子液体修饰的SBA-15固定化Burkholderia cepacia脂肪酶

采用含不同碳链长度咪唑环的烷基功能化离子液体修饰介孔材料SBA-15,并通过X-射线衍射、元素分析、N2吸附-脱附、红外光谱和扫描电镜等方法研究了离子液体修饰对SBA-15结构的影响.以三乙酸甘油酯的水解为探针反应,考察了甲基、丁基、辛基等不同链长烷基取代咪唑类离子液体修饰的SBA-15固定化Burkholderia cepacia脂肪酶(BCL)的酶活、最适反应条件及稳定性等酶学性质.结果表明,离子液体修饰后材料保持了原有的介孔结构,其固定化酶对温度及低pH的敏感度降低,比活力及稳定性均显著提高.其中甲基功能化离子液体修饰的SBA-15固定化酶的比活力最高,是原粉SBA-15固定化酶的2.4倍;辛基功能化离子液体修饰的SBA-15固定化酶的热稳定性、储存稳定性、重复使用性及有机溶剂耐受性最佳.     

N-烷基化聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺梳状高分子中烷基侧链对刚性主链堆积行为的影响

基于聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺(PPTA), 采用N-烷基化方法制备了系列PPTACns(烷基侧链碳原子数n=8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18)刚性主链梳状高分子, 利用DSC, XRD和FTIR等方法研究了其主链堆积行为、 分子链构象及热性能等与烷基侧链长度及结晶特性之间的关系. XRD和DSC结果表明, 当烷基侧链碳原子数达到14时, 烷基侧链发生结晶. XRD结果显示, PPTACns具有层状结构, 烷基侧链长度对主链层间距影响显著. FTIR研究发现, 烷基侧链的聚集状态对PPTACns分子链的构象产生较大影响, 伴随着烷基侧链结晶的熔融, PPTACns的分子链构象发生显著改变. 烷基侧链处于熔融状态的PPTACns的ν_C=O和γ_C-H谱带峰位与烷基侧链不结晶的PPTACn接近.     

咪唑类离子液体与酪氨酸相互作用及机理的密度泛函理论研究（英文）

离子液体的物理化学性质稳定且结构可调,被认为是潜在的新一代绿色高效生物分子溶剂。本文通过密度泛函理论研究了系列咪唑基离子液体与两性离子型氨基酸(酪氨酸)的相互作用及机理。利用对称微扰理论(SAPT)、分子中的原子理论(AIM)及约化密度梯度函数(RDG),分析了氢键作用、静电力、诱导力和色散力对离子液体-氨基酸体系相互作用的贡献。计算结果表明静电作用对于阴、阳离子与酪氨酸的相互作用占主导地位。对于系列阳离子而言,具有不同的甲基取代位点和烷基侧链长度对不同的相互作用模式会产生显著影响。其中,当甲基位于咪唑环的C2位点时,诱导力与色散力占比差别较小;当甲基取代位于咪唑环的N3位点时,诱导力与色散力占比差别较大。产生这一差异的原因在于当甲基位于C2位时,氢键、咪唑环与苯环之间的π~+–π作用为主要作用模式,而甲基取代位为N3位时,氢键和烷基链与苯环之间的C_(Alkyl)―H…π作用则成为主导。进一步获得离子对-酪氨酸的相互作用能变化趋势与阳离子-酪氨酸的变化趋势一致,阴阳离子的共同作用使其与酪氨酸结合更稳定。该研究结果阐明了离子液体中阳离子氢键位点及侧链长度差异对于离子液体-酪氨酸体系的相互作用模式的影响机制,为高效分离氨基酸的功能性离子液体的设计和筛选提供了新思路。     

离子液体中Fe电极界面结构的SERS光谱研究

采用高灵敏度的表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术, 结合不同长度的探针分子, 通过电化学调控研究了Fe电极在离子液体中的表面增强因子、零电荷电位、界面吸附及界面双电层结构. 利用壳层隔绝纳米粒子增强拉曼光谱(SHINERS)技术提高表面吸附物种的拉曼信号, 降低高浓度本体的信号干扰, 研究了1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([BMIm]BF₄)离子液体本身在Au@SiO₂修饰的Fe电极表面的吸附行为. 结果表明,[BMIm]BF₄在Au@SiO₂修饰的Fe电极表面的吸附行为随电位变化而变化. 在-1.3 V以正区间, 咪唑阳离子以垂直吸附为主, 随电位负移逐渐倾斜甚至平躺吸附于电极表面; 当电位负至-2.3 V, 咪唑阳离子还原成卡宾. 再分别以不同分子长度的硫氰根(SCN^-)和4-氰基吡啶(4-CNPy)为探针分子, 发现SCN^-在[BMIm]BF₄中以N端吸附在纯Fe电极上, 三键频率随电位变化的速率, 即Stark系数为17 cm^-1/V; 4-CNPy以吡啶环上的N垂直吸附于Fe电极上, 频率保持不变, 即Stark系数接近零. 以上结果表明, 在离子液体中电极界面双电层与水体系的差别较大, 电位主要分布在电极紧密层中, 几乎无分散层存在. 此外, 还计算了[BMIm]BF₄中Fe电极的增强因子约为1.5×10².     

气态二聚体[C1~6mim]2[BF4]2纳米微观结构的理论研究

在B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)的水平上采用密度泛函理论研究了[C_nmim]+(n=1~6)与[BF_4]~ˉ形成二聚体[C_nmim]_2[BF_4]_2(n=1~6)的微观纳米结构。通过理论计算二聚体的相互作用能量发现,阴阳离子之间存在较强的氢键作用,且随着咪唑鎓烷基链的增加相互作用能也随之增加,另外,烷基侧链的长度会影响氢键强度。当咪唑鎓烷基侧链中C的个数大于4时,烷基尾部能够发生聚合,从而形成类胶束纳米结构。通过对自然布居分析、自然键轨道以及弱相互作用的分析和计算,同样证明了二聚体中存在较强的氢键作用,烷基侧链中碳的个数影响了离子液体的微观结构。     

咪唑基离子液体的结构-光谱性能分析及蛋白质传感

考察了对称型卤代咪唑基离子液体咪唑环上的烷基链长度和不同卤素阴离子(Cl-,Br-,I-)对其光谱性能的影响.实验结果表明,随离子液体咪唑环中烷基链长度增加,离子液体的荧光强度增大;随离子液体中卤素阴离子的电负性降低,其荧光强度减弱.加入血红蛋白可导致咪唑型离子液体的荧光强度增强,且在一定范围内与蛋白质浓度成正比,据此可对血红蛋白进行定量检测,线性范围为0.03 ～ 1.0 μmol/L,检出限为8 nmol/L.另外,根据不同蛋白质对咪唑基离子液体荧光性能的影响,建立了阵列传感系统用于8种蛋白质的区分与识别,在蛋白质浓度高于500 nmol/L时,识别正确率达到90％以上.     

离子液体中硫氰根在铂电极上吸附行为的SERS研究

利用表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)研究了室温离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氟硼酸盐([BMIM]BF4)中SCN-在Pt电极表面的吸附行为. 研究结果表明, 离子液体中SCN-在较宽的电位范围内吸附在Pt电极上, 且SCN-的吸附方式随着电位区间的变化而变化, 在不同的电位区间内检测到了不同的Stark位移: -0.9~0.4 V约为34 cm-1/V, 对应于S端吸附; -1.6~-1.2 V约为40 cm-1/V, 该区间以N端吸附为主, 中间电位区间为吸附方式的转变区, 且Pt电极在离子液体[BMIM]BF4中的零电荷电位约为-1.1 V(vs. Pt ).     

Effect of the structure of imidazolium cations in [BF4](-)-type ionic liquids on direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of horseradish peroxidase in Nafion films

The direct electrochemistry and bioelectrocatalysis of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in Nafion films at glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was investigated in three [BF(4)](-)-type room-temperature ionic liquids (ILs) to understand the structural effect of imidazolium cations. The three ILs are 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Emim][BF(4)]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim][BF(4)]) and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Hmim][BF(4)]). A small amount of water in the three ILs is indispensable for maintaining the electrochemical activity of HRP in Nafion films, and the optimum water contents decrease with the increase of alkyl chain length on imidazole ring. Analysis shows that the optimum water contents are primarily determined by the hydrophilicity of ILs used. In contrast to aqueous medium, ILs media facilitate the direct electron transfer of HRP, and the electrochemical parameters obtained in different ILs are obviously related to the nature of ILs. The direct electron transfer between HRP and GCE is a surface-confined quasi-reversible single electron transfer process. The apparent heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant decreases gradually with the increase of alkyl chain length on imidazole ring, but the changing extent is relatively small. The electrocatalytic reduction current of H(2)O(2) at the present electrode decreases obviously with the increase of alkyl chain length, and the mass transfer of H(2)O(2) via diffusion in ILs should be responsible for the change. In addition, the modified electrode has good stability and reproducibility; the ability to tolerate high levels of F(-) has been greatly enhanced due to the use of Nafion film. When an appropriate mediator is included in the sensing layer, a sensitive nonaqueous biosensor could be fabricated.     

Enhanced anion electroadsorption into carbon molecular sieve electrodes in acidic media

We previously showed that, for neutral electrolytes of small cations and relatively larger anions, it is possible to design certain pore sizes in active carbons that are large enough to electroadsorb cations but too small to allow anion electroadsorption. This situation leads to an electrical double-layer (EDL) capacitance that is significant only at potentials that are negative to the potential of zero charge (PZC); hence, much smaller capacitance is measured at potentials positive to the PZC. It was found that when the electrolyte is a strong acid (e.g., H(2)SO(4), HCl), a considerable capacitance is observed at positive potentials, even when the average pore size is too small to allow the insertion of large anions in neutral electrolyte solutions. This effect disappears when the pore size becomes considerably larger than the size of the ions. In this case, the EDL capacitance at positive potentials for both neutral and acidic solutions is comparable. The following four-step mechanism was found to comply best with the experimental data: (1) By acid catalysis, the protons form carbonium species within the conjugated carbon network. (2) The anions react with the carbonium ions, providing uncharged species in an activated state, which are chemibound as surface groups to the walls of the pores. (3) Because these surface groups are effectively much smaller in size than are the charged ions, they can migrate by chemical bond exchange within the carbon skeleton via constrictions (known to exist in microporous and molecular sieving carbons), which are too narrow to accommodate hydrated charged species. (4) Upon reaching wider spaces, the uncharged species are reionized and solvated by water molecules, which can fill small pores. The justification for the above mechanism is thoroughly discussed and demonstrated by the experimental results.     

Molecular insights into the potential and temperature dependences of the differential capacitance of a room-temperature ionic liquid at graphite electrodes

Molecular dynamics simulation studies of the structure and the differential capacitance (DC) for the ionic liquid (IL) N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonyl imide ([pyr(13)][TFSI]) near a graphite electrode have been performed as a function temperature and electrode potential. The IL exhibits a multilayer structure that extends 20-30 ? from the electrode surface. The composition and ion orientation in the innermost layer were found to be strongly dependent on the electrode potential. While at potentials near the potential of zero charge (PZC), both cations and anions adjacent to the surface are oriented primarily perpendicular to the surface, the counterions in first layer orient increasingly parallel to the surface with increasing electrode potential. A minimum in DC observed around -1 V(RPZC) (potential relative to the PZC) corresponds to the point of highest density of perpendicularly aligned TFSI near the electrode. Maxima in the DC observed around +1.5 and -2.5 V(RPZC) are associated with the onset of "saturation", or crowding, of the interfacial layer. The asymmetry of DC versus electrode polarity is the result of strong interactions between the fluorine of TFSI and the surface, the relatively large footprint of TFSI compared to pyr(13), and the tendency of the propyl tails of pyr(13) to remain adsorbed on the surface even at high positive potentials. Finally, an observed decreased DC and the disappearance of the minimum in DC near the PZC with increasing temperature are likely due to the increasing importance of entropic/excluded volume effects (interfacial crowding) with increasing temperature.     

A systematic molecular simulation study of ionic liquid surfaces using intrinsic analysis methods

In this paper, we apply novel intrinsic analysis methods, coupled with bivariate orientation analysis, to obtain a detailed picture of the molecular-level structure of ionic liquid surfaces. We observe pronounced layering at the interface, alternating non-polar with ionic regions. The outermost regions of the surface are populated by alkyl chains, which are followed by a dense and tightly packed layer formed of oppositely charged ionic moieties. We then systematically change the cation chain length, the anion size, the temperature and the molecular model, to examine the effect of each of these parameters on the interfacial structure. Increasing the cation chain length promotes orientations in which the chain is pointing into the vapor, thus increasing the coverage of the surface with alkyl groups. Larger anions promote a disruption of the dense ionic layer, increasing the orientational freedom of cations and increasing the amount of free space. The temperature had a relatively small effect on the surface structure, while the effect of the choice of molecular model was clearly significant, particularly on the orientational preferences at the interface. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of molecular simulation methods in the design of ionic liquids to suit particular applications.     

Zeta Potential of Nanobubbles Generated by Ultrasonication in Aqueous Alkyl Polyglycoside Solutions

A simple and convenient method to measure microelectrophoretic mobilities was proposed to determine the zeta potential of nanobubbles generated by ultrasonication. Bubbles in pure water solutions and in aqueous solutions of alkyl polyglycoside (AG) with different alkyl chain lengths and degrees of polymerization in the head group were sonicated with a palladium-coated electrode designed specially by the manufacturer. The zeta potentials of bubbles with ordinary cationic and ionic surfactants are consistent with others' previous results. The average size of the bubbles generated by sonication is in the range of 300 to 500 nm. The zeta potentials of bubbles in both pure water and AG solutions at all pH values are negative. As the chain length of AG increases, zeta potentials significantly decrease at high pH. For nonionic AG, a possible charging mechanism based on known mechanisms is suggested to explain the negative charge, known to be unusual. Even with a very high concentration of H(+) ions in solution the bubbles are charged negatively because the interface is covered with slightly acidic alcohol groups of AGs. At high pH, the less polar the surfactant, the more negative the charge, since nonpolar surfactant molecules induce the adsorption of OH(-) ions, rather than H(+) ions that prefer hydration by water molecules. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

On the different roles of anions and cations in the solvation of enzymes in ionic liquids

The solvation of the enzyme Candida antarctica lipase B (CAL-B) was studied in eight different ionic liquids (ILs). The influence of enzyme-ion interactions on the solvation of CAL-B and the structure of the enzyme-IL interface are analyzed. CAL-B and ILs are described with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in combination with an atomistic empirical force field. The considered cations are based on imidazolium or guanidinium that are paired with nitrate, tetrafluoroborate or hexafluorophosphate anions. The interactions of CAL-B with ILs are dominated by Coulomb interactions with anions, while the second largest contribution stems from van der Waals interactions with cations. The enzyme-ion interaction strength is determined by the ion size and the magnitude of the ion surface charge. The solvation of CAL-B in ILs is unfavorable compared to water because of large formation energies for the CAL-B solute cages in ILs. The internal energy in the IL and of CAL-B increases linearly with the enzyme-ion interaction strength. The average electrostatic potential on the surface of CAL-B is larger in ILs than in water, due to a weaker screening of charged enzyme residues. Ion densities increased moderately in the vicinity of charged residues and decreased close to non-polar residues. An aggregation of long alkyl chains close to non-polar regions and the active site entrance of CAL-B are observed in one IL that involved long non-polar decyl groups. In ILs that contain 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cations, the diffusion of one or two cations into the active site of CAL-B occurs during MD simulations. This suggests a possible obstruction of the active site in these ILs. Overall, the results indicate that small ions lead to a stronger electrostatic screening within the solvent and stronger interactions with the enzyme. Also a large ion surface charge, when more hydrophilic ions are used, increases enzyme-IL interactions. An increase of these interactions destabilizes the enzyme and impedes enzyme solvation due to an increase in solute cage formation energies.     

Activity and stability of α-chymotrypsin in biocompatible ionic liquids: enzyme refolding by triethyl ammonium acetate

In view the of wide scope of structural information of biomolecules in biocompatible ionic liquids (ILs) in various applications including chemical and biochemical, it is essential to study the productive preferential interactions between biological macromolecules and biocompatible ILs. We have therefore explored the stability and activity of α-chymotrypsin (CT) in the presence of five ILs from different families, such as triethyl ammonium acetate (TEAA), triethyl ammonium phosphate (TEAP) from ammonium salts, 1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bzmim][Cl]), 1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bzmim][BF(4)]) from imidazolium salts and tetra-butyl phosphonium bromide (TBPBr) from phosphonium families. Circular dichroism (CD) and UV-vis spectrophotometer experiments were used to study CT stabilization by ILs, related to the associated structural changes and enzyme activity studies, respectively. We observed that all ILs have a dominant contribution to the stabilization of CT. The stability and activity of CT depends on the structural arrangement of the ions of ILs. Our experimental results explicitly elucidate that more hydrophobic imidazolium and phosphonium cations carrying longer alkyl chains of ILs ([Bzmim][Cl], [Bzmim][BF(4)] and TBPBr) were weak stabilizers for CT, while small alkyl chain molecules of triethyl ammonium salts (TEAA and TEAP) are strong stabilizers and therefore more biocompatible for CT stability. Our CD and NMR measurements reveal that TEAA is a refolding additive for CT from a quenched thermal unfolded enzyme structure.     

Surface layering in ionic liquids: an X-ray reflectivity study

The surface structure and thermodynamics of two ionic liquids, based on the 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cations, were studied by X-ray reflectivity and surface tensiometry. A molecular layer of a density approximately 18% higher than that of the bulk is found to form at the free surface of these liquids. In common with surface layering in liquid metals and surface freezing in melts of organic chain molecules, this effect is induced by the lower dimensionality of the surface. The concentrations of the oppositely charged ions within the surface layer are determined by chemical substitution of the anion. The temperature-dependent surface tension measurements reveal a normal, negative-slope temperature dependence. The different possible molecular arrangements within the enhanced-density surface layer are discussed.     

Probing double layer structures of Au (111)-BMIPF6 ionic liquid interfaces from potential-dependent AFM force curves

High quality AFM force curves are presented with detailed potential dependent layering behaviors of the ionic liquid molecules, from which charged interior and neutral exterior layers are distinguished. The electric double layer is confined within the interior layers of one to two molecular size within the potential range of up to 1 V negative of the PZC.