Manifestations of Slow Site Exchange Processes in Solution NMR: A Continuous Gaussian Exchange Model

The effects of site exchange due to slow conformational changes in rapidly rotating molecules in solution are examined in detail. Significant gaps in the currently available theory are filled. The effects of site exchange on the lineshape, decay of a simple spin-echo, decay of the even echoes in a Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) pulse-sequence, and decay of the transverse magnetization in a resonant spin-locking field are investigated. Both trajectory and stochastic operator approaches are formulated and shown to be completely equivalent whenever the dynamics of population transfers among the inequivalent sites is governed by either a stationary or a nonstationary Markov process. A nonstationary Markov process may result from Brownian dynamics (a stationary Markov process) in a larger conformational space that contains the subspace of inequivalent sites. A continuous Gaussian exchange model is formulated in which a nucleus undergoes continuous one-dimensional motion in a harmonic potential well that is located in a linear chemical shift gradient. The effects of this Gaussian exchange model on the lineshape, simple spin-echo decay, and decay of the even echoes of a CPMG pulse train are treated rigorously via the trajectory approach. Compact analytical expressions are obtained for the relevant correlation functions in each case. The relevant decays are found to be exponential in the very short time and long time limits, which are not necessarily experimentally significant in any given case. In the fast exchange limit the relevant decays are exponential at all times, and explicit formulas are given for their decay rates. In the long time limit, all discrete multisite models with the same intrinsic Ro2 at every site are shown to be completely equivalent to a continuous Gaussian model with appropriate relaxation time and variance of the Larmor frequency. The effects of this Gaussian exchange model on the decay of the transverse magnetization in a resonant spin-locking field are treated heuristically by a trajectory approach. The intrinsic contribution (Ro1rho) of rapid rotations and dipole-dipole interactions to relax the transverse magnetizations of two nuclei of the same kind in the presence of a (nearly) resonant spin-locking field is also derived and found to be practically the same as the intrinsic contribution, Ro2, of those same rotations to the simple and CPMG spin-echo decay rates and linewidth. Literature data for the linewidth, decay rate of the CPMG even spin-echoes, and R(1rho) decay rate for the A9-H2 protons of adenines at the central TpA step in the sequence, 5'-GCAGGTTTAAACCTCG-3', are analyzed using the Gaussian exchange model to assess the time-scale and variance of the site exchange process as well as the intrinsic Ro2 rate. Although a single Gaussian exchange process with appropriate parameters can fit these three A9-H2 data rather well, this particular "solution" cannot be reconciled with NMR relaxation data on other protons in the same DNA molecule. Rather good agreement with all of the observations is obtained by using a model of two concurrent Gaussian exchange processes, whose relaxation times, tau = 7 and 460 micros, differ in time-scale by a factor of 65. The insensitivity of R1rho in the presence of a fast site exchange process to much slower concurrent site exchange processes is explicitly demonstrated. Protocols for detecting and characterizing a second slow site exchange process are suggested.     

NMR relaxation and pulsed field gradient study of alginate bead porous media

Experiments are presented, which correlate molecular displacement with the multi-exponential T2 relaxation times of water flowing and diffusing through an alginate bead pack. Three systems were studied comprising beads of 3, 1 or < mm in diameter. T2-resolved propagators were obtained through a combined pulsed gradient stimulated echo (PGSTE) and Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) experiment. Fourier transformation with respect to q produces a propagator for each echo in the CPMG train. Inverse Laplace transformation of the CPMG decays for each point (Z) in the propagator produced a two-dimensional propagator. Analysis of these two-dimensional propagators provided insight into the transport and exchange behaviour of water flowing through this system. This experiment has been simulated in a model bead structure and the resulting T2 relaxation time behaviour and T2-resolved propagators were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. We also present a theoretical analysis of the response to the combined PGSTE/CPMG sequence in the simple model case of Pouseille flow in a cylindrical capillary, where diffusion to a surface sink is assumed to be the dominant relaxation mechanism.     

Asymmetrical Distribution of Intrinsic Fluorescence Lifetimes in Proteins

Dynamic fluorescence measurements of proteins in solution are often interpreted in terms of continuous distributions of lifetimes, which reflect the intrinsic structural heterogeneity of these systems. In several cases a single Gaussian or Lorentzian symmetric distribution has been used to fit the data. In this paper we describe a new nonsymmetric Lorentzian function which contains three free parameters (the center, the left, and the right widths) like the double-discrete exponential model (the two lifetimes and one preexponential factor). Simulated data in the frequency domain have been used to compare the fits obtained with these different approaches, introducing a new parameter, , which quantitatively measures the asymmetry of the distribution or the ratio of the two preexponential factors, in the continuous and discrete models, respectively. Real measurements of a mixture of independent fluorophores, as well as of protein fluorescence decays, have also been performed and analyzed in terms of the new asymmetric function. The data have also been fitted with traditional discrete methods (such as the two- and the three-exponential decay) and with another asymmetric function, namely, the skewed Gaussian distribution.     

基于FISS成像光谱数据的鲜-解冻肉识别研究

基于自主研制的地面成像光谱辐射测量系统(field imaging spectrometer system,FISS),利用获取的可见/近红外波段成像光谱数据进行鲜猪肉和解冻猪肉的识别研究,同时对鲜猪肉的新鲜度在类别和等级上分别进行识别研究.通过最小噪声分离变换和一阶微分处理,消除数据高频随机噪声和基线偏移,改善多重共...     

The interpretation of multi-exponential water proton transverse relaxation in the human and porcine eye lens

We report results of 1H NMR transverse relaxation experiments on human and porcine eye lenses. Several authors have reported that transverse relaxation is not mono-exponential when observed by the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) sequence and have interpreted the results by postulating the presence of "pools" of water molecules in different binding environments that do not exchange rapidly on the NMR timescale. We have compared CPMG data for intact lenses with results for lens homogenates and have combined a CPMG spectroscopic pulse train with NMR micro-imaging to study the nature of the transverse relaxation process in human and porcine lenses. Fast exchange of water protons with the lens proteins (crystallins) leads to an enhanced transverse relaxation rate that varies linearly with protein concentration. At the resolution of NMR micro-imaging the transverse relaxation process is mono-exponential. The results show that the multi-exponential CPMG data observed spectroscopically for whole lenses reflect spatial variations in crystallin content through the lens rather than the presence of distinct "bound" and "free" water pools.     

A cell model for liquids. II. Exact solution for the restricted cell model for hard,parallel squares

A restricted cell model for hard, parallel squares is presented both in a discrete and a continuous version. The model is solved exactly by means of a transfer matrix method and the thermodynamic properties are calculated. Some correlation functions are also obtained, which show that the long range order decays at least as fast as 1/r ².     

Use of NMR Relaxometry to identify frankfurters of different meat sources

ABSTRACT

Frankfurters are categorised as ready to eat meat products and are prepared by using different meat sources including beef, chicken, turkey or pork or mixtures of them. Due to cost and feasibility, it is very common to adulterate beef-, chicken- and turkey-based frankfurters with pork meat. Since pork is not consumed by some part of the population due to religion, it is important to identify pork frankfurters based on easy quality control methods. In this study, NMR Relaxometry was used to differentiate four different frankfurter types based on their relaxation times. Relaxation measurements were conducted on three permanent field benchtop NMR spectrometers (13.52/20.34/22.35?MHz) and also using an FFC Relaxometer at a frequency range of 40?kHz–8.86?MHz. Physical properties of frankfurters such as moisture and solid fat contents, water activity (a_w) and hardness values were also measured. Results showed that among the permanent field systems, 22.34?MHz was the best to differentiate frankfurters based on both T₁ and T₂ relaxation times. FFC experiments also showed that the dependence of T₁ with respect to frequency follows a well fitted power law behaviour throughout the whole frequency range (R²?>?0.97) and the highest difference on T₁ was observed at the lowest frequency of 40?kHz. Thus the results of the study showed that NMR Relaxometry has the potential to discriminate frankfurters of different meat origin. Further studies are needed to detect the authenticity of the type of mixture in frankfurters.     

通过高斯加权的1H CPMG弛豫曲线测定橡胶交联密度

CPMG（Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill）回波法是测量橡胶交联密度[常用交联点之间的分子量（M_c）表示]的一种常用核磁共振（NMR）技术,但实验发现通过该技术获得的M_c对于CPMG序列中脉冲间隔时间具有较强的依赖性,导致交联密度NMR测量值与橡胶材料硬度的相关性低.为了克服这一缺点,本文对不同脉冲间隔时间下CPMG实验测得的质子横向驰豫曲线进行高斯加权.通过对高斯加权求和后的质子横向驰豫曲线进行处理分析,实现了对橡胶交联密度更加准确地测量,大幅提升了天然橡胶交联密度NMR测量值与材料硬度的相关性.本文方案测量能获得与¹H DQ NMR方法相当,或比之更佳的交联密度-硬度相关性.同时,本文方案比¹H DQ NMR方法更为高效,整体测量时间缩短为¹H DQ NMR实验时间的1/10.     

基于高光谱成像的生鲜猪肉细菌总数预测建模方法研究

生鲜猪肉中细菌总数(TVC)超标会直接危害大众,为此研究验证高光谱成像技术结合相应的建模方法预测生鲜猪肉中TVC的可行性。针对非线性、小样本问题, 以及光谱维和空间维的大数据量问题,在综合比较偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)、人工神经网络(ANNs)和最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)3种建模方法的基础上,最终选取了LS-SVM方法组建模型。3种建模方法综合比较的结果表明,LS-SVM同时兼顾了训练精度和泛化能力两方面的性能,使其都能做到最优,与标准平板菌落计数法所检测TVC的决定系数分别为0.987 2和0.942 6,校正均方根误差和预测标准均方根误差分别为0.207 1和0.217 6,其建模性能优于其他方法。研究结果表明,高光谱成像技术结合LS-SVM预测建模方法可作为快速、非破坏预测生鲜猪肉TVC的有效手段。     

多光谱成像无损识别冻融猪肉中危害级碎骨

冻融猪肉作为肉制品加工原料,被广泛应用于无骨肉制品加工。该原料中的危害级碎骨（1～2.5 cm）对后期加工及食用安全均有较大风险。因此,开展多光谱成像技术（405～970 nm）快速无损识别冻融猪肉中碎骨的可行性研究十分必要。将195块肉片制备成65个无骨肉样、65个碎骨表面嵌入式肉样和65个碎骨内部嵌入式肉样,经冻融处理后采集其多光谱图像;再利用经典判别分析（CDA）进行图像分割,获得两类感兴趣区域（ROIs-1和ROIs-2）,并提取相应光谱和图像信息;最后运用支持向量机（SVM）和神经网络（NN）建立冻融猪肉危害级碎骨识别模型。结果显示：ROIs-2全光谱比ROIs-1全光谱有更好的识别能力,SVM和NN模型的精度均为100%,表明区域分割与模型精度密切相关。基于连续投影算法（SPA）筛选出六个关键波长（505,590,700,850,890和970 nm）,所提取的ROIs-2特征光谱可实现样品碎骨高精度识别,准确率为100%,进一步提升了识别效率。利用图像信息既能建立优越的SVM和NN碎骨识别模型,准确率分别为93.8%和93.33%,又能实现结果可视化,体现出优良的技术优势,但精度低于光谱识别模型。综上所述,多光谱成像技术可实现冻融猪肉危害级碎骨的高精度识别,为工业在线检测提供理论基础。     

基于近红外技术快速测定不同鲜肉中脂肪含量

随着畜禽肉和肉制品食用量的迅速增长,人们对肉品质量提出了更高的要求;对于肉制品,消费者最为关心是肉品质量, 当前中国对肉品品质在线检测方面的研究和应用则相对较少,尚无针对肉品品质在线无损检测开发的设备。也没能真正投入到肉品的生产加工过程。研究不同肉品脂肪的近红外快速检测模型。并采用标准化学方法进行差异分析。通过近红外技术对猪肉、牛肉、羊肉进行扫描,采用国标法(索氏提取法)对鲜肉脂肪含量进行化学值的测定,以PLS(偏最小二乘法)作为建模方法,并通过不同的光谱预处理手段分别建立了猪牛羊肉的近红外光谱参数与样品的脂肪含量之间的对应关系模型。结果表明,对于猪肉来说,选择4 260～6 014 cm-1波段+一阶导+Norris所建的模型效果最好,其校正相关系数和预测相关系数分别为0.955 6和0.961 6;对于牛肉来说,选择5 226～7 343 cm-1波段+一阶导+S-G所建的模型效果最好, 其校正相关系数和预测相关系数分别为0.923 5和0.942 7;对于羊肉来说,选择5 207～7 362 cm-1波段+一阶导+Norris所建的模型效果最好,其校正相关系数和预测相关系数分别为0.915 7和0.939 6;对于鲜肉来说,选选用波段为5 156～6 065 cm-1+二阶导+S-G所建模型效果最好,其校正相关系数和预测相关系数分别为0.916 3和0.919 4。以上所有模型的校正相关系数均大于0.91,模型都具有较高的精密度,符合不同肉制品在实际生产的需求,具有分析速度快、检测成本低、分辨率高、无损的优点。     

Distributions of transverse relaxation times for soft-solids measured in strongly inhomogeneous magnetic fields

The single-sided NMR-MOUSE sensor that operates in highly inhomogeneous magnetic fields is used to record a CPMG ¹H transverse relaxation decay by CPMG echo trains for a series of cross-linked natural rubber samples. Effective transverse relaxation rates 1/T_2,short and 1/T_2,long were determined by a bi-exponential fit. A linear dependence of transverse relaxation rates on cross-link density is observed for medium to large values of cross-link density. As an alternative to multi-exponential fits the possibility to analyze the dynamics of soft polymer network in terms of multi-exponential decays via the inverse Laplace transformation was studied. The transient regime and the effect of the T₁/T₂ ratio in inhomogeneous static and radiofrequency magnetic fields on the CPMG decays were studied numerically using a dedicated C++ program to simulate the temporal and spatial dependence of the CPMG response. A correction factor T₂/T_2,eff is derived as a function of the T₁/T₂ ratio from numerical simulations and compared with earlier results from two different well logging devices. High-resolution T₁–T₂ correlations maps are obtained by two-dimensional Laplace inversion of CPMG detected saturation recovery curves. The T₁–T₂ experimental correlations maps were corrected for the T₁/T₂ effect using the derived T₂/T_2,eff correction factor.     

Measurement of multilamellar onion dimensions under shear using frequency domain pulsed gradient NMR

We present a simple method by which the dimensions of shear-induced multilamellar vesicles (MLVs), also known as onions, can be measured during the shearing process itself. This approach is based on the use of a closely spaced train of magnetic field gradient pulses applied during a CPMG echo sequence. The CPMG train compensates flow effects while the frequency-dependence of apparent diffusion can reveal the onion size. We present here a simple phenomenological model for restricted diffusion in multilamellar vesicles, which may be used to interpret the resulting diffusion spectrum. We demonstrate this approach with MLVs formed from the lamellar phase of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in water and octanol.     

Fast measurements of average flow velocity by Low-Field ¹H NMR

In this paper, we describe a method for measuring the average flow velocity of a sample by means of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. This method is based on the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) sequence and does not require the application of any additional static or pulsed magnetic field gradients to the background magnetic field. The technique is based on analyzing the early-time behavior of the echo amplitudes of the CPMG sequence. Measurements of average flow velocity of water are presented. The experimental results show a linear relationship between the slope/y-intercept ratio of a linear fit of the first echoes in the CPMG sequence, and the average flow velocity of the flowing fluid. The proposed method can be implemented in low-cost Low-Field NMR spectrometers allowing a continuous monitoring of the average velocity of a fluid in almost real-time, even if the flow velocity changes rapidly.     

The effect of ultrasound treatment on the interaction of brine with pork meat proteins

The objective of the study is to elucidate the effect of ultrasound treated salt solution on curing of pork meat. The interactions of salt (NaCl) solutions of 3 and 25% with the proteins of pork meat are studied. High intensity ultrasound operating at 20 kHz was used. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), NMR spin-spin relaxation time, unfrozen water and water diffusion coefficient measurements were carried out in meat cured with ultrasound treated and untreated salt solutions. The effect of ultrasonication was most evident from measured spin-spin relaxation times T₂₁, the rate of chemical exchange of water protons k and the amount of unfrozen water W_unf in the meat. The measured diffusion coefficient of water D_w in meat cured with ultrasound treated and control salt solution did not show significant difference. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation data, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the diffusion coefficient data reliably show that the possible action of ultrasound to salt solution was manifested on the first 2 days of the experiment with a 3% salt solution.     

基于近红外光谱检测猪肉系水力的研究

为了快速无损无污染得测定猪眼肌的系水力,提出了用近红外漫反射光谱检测真空包装猪肉的系水力的新方法.采用常规的滴水损失法和压力法标定猪肉的系水力.利用光谱专用分析软件Unscramb-ler9.6,对采集的光谱进行平滑,二阶微分预处理,用偏最小二乘法(PIS)建立其定量检测模型.该实验的样本总数为106,将样品分为校正集和检验集.用校正集建立定标方程,用检验集检验定标方程的预测精度.常规方法与近红外光谱漫反射法的预测植的相火系数为0.73～0.79,结果明显要好于近红外透射法和反射光谱法.该研究验证了近红外光谱漫反射法对真空包装后鲜猪肉的系水力的无损检测的可行性.     

Exact solution of the CPMG pulse sequence with phase variation down the echo train: application to R₂ measurements

An implicit exact algebraic solution of CPMG experiments is presented and applied to fit experiments. Approximate solutions are also employed to explore oscillations and effective decay rates of CPMG experiments. The simplest algebraic approximate solution has illustrated that measured intensities will oscillate in the conventional CPMG experiments and that using even echoes can suppress errors of measurements of R? due to the imperfection of high-power pulses. To deal with low-power pulses with finite width, we adapt the effective field to calculate oscillations. An optimization model with the effective field approximation and dimensionless variables is proposed to quantify oscillations of measured intensities of CPMG experiments of different phases of the π pulses. We show, as was known using other methods, that repeating one group of four pulses with different phases in CPMG experiments, which we call phase variation, but others call phase alternation or phase cycling, can significantly smooth the dependence of measured intensities on frequency offset in the range of ±?γB?. In this paper, a second-order expression with respect to the ratio of frequency offset to π-pulse amplitude is developed to describe the effective R? of CPMG experiments when using a group phase variation scheme. Experiments demonstrate that (1) the exact calculation of CPMG experiments can remarkably eliminate systematic errors in measured R?s due to the effects of frequency offset, even in the absence of phase variation; (2) CPMG experiments with group phase variation can substantially remove oscillations and effects of the field inhomogeneity; (3) the second-order expression of the effective decay rate with phase variation is able to provide reliable estimates of R? when offsets are roughly within ±?γB?; and, most significantly, (4) the more sophisticated optimization model using an exact solution of the discretized CPMG experiment extends, to ±γB?, the range of offsets for which reliable estimates of R? can be obtained when using the preferred phase variation scheme.     

空间分辨散射光谱多参数信息融合方法的生鲜肉嫩度无损检测

嫩度是猪肉食用品质最重要的指标之一。猪肉嫩度取决于猪肉组织复杂的物理、化学特性,目前难以实现快速无损伤检测。探索空间分辨光谱技术用于生鲜肉嫩度无损检测的可行性。首先利用点光源高光谱扫描系统采集54块猪肉背最长肌的空间可分辨散射光谱,经过感兴趣区域选择,提取出猪肉样本表面光斑的空间扩散轮廓,结合4-参数洛伦兹分布函数对扩散轮廓进行非线性拟合,拟合优度R2>0.992,并通过残差分析,表明4-参数洛伦兹分布函数符合肉样表面光强的空间散射规律,进而提取出480～950 nm波长下空间分辨光谱的四个形态学参数：渐进值a、峰值b、半带宽c以及半带宽处的斜率d。然后将单参数谱分别与猪肉样本Warner-Bratzler剪切力（WBSF）测量值进行偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）分析。结果表明不同参数谱都含有猪肉嫩度信息,其中峰值参数谱b建模效果最佳,其回归模型的校正集决定系数R2_c为0.674,均方根误差SEC为8.396N,预测集决定系数R2_p为0.610,均方根误差SEP为8.643N。为提高模型的预测精度和稳定性,实现多参数谱信息的融合,先通过PLSR分析,分别提取出每个参数谱中对猪肉嫩度方差贡献大的公共因子,然后将其因子得分组合在一起作为参数谱的特征变量,与猪肉样本WBSF测量值作多元统计回归分析。为避免数据冗余,对不同参数谱特征变量进行多重共线性判别,进一步采用PLSR算法对参数谱特征变量进行降维和变换,采用交叉验证方法,选择前两维因子得分进行校正模型的建立。其中所提取第一维公共因子对猪肉WBSF值方差解释率达92.28%。与单参数谱所建PLSR模型相比,多参数谱信息融合模型预测效果有了较大提高,其R2_c和R2_p分别为0.923和0.800,SEC和SEP分别为4.083N和5.655N。通过对回归系数进行统计量t检验,结果表明所有回归系数极显著（p<0.01）。本研究通过采取多参数信息融合方法为空间分辨光谱在生鲜肉嫩度无损检测应用提供一种思路,该方法有效将空间分辨光谱解析为4个形态学参数,并实现不同参数谱信息的提取和融合,为开发基于空间分辨光谱的生鲜肉嫩度无损快速检测装备提供技术支撑。     

三种测量橡胶交联密度的核磁共振方法比较

核磁共振（NMR）技术已经成为测量橡胶交联密度的一种常用技术手段．该文探讨了用于测量橡胶交联密度的三种NMR方法：¹H双量子（DQ）NMR、¹H Hahn回波和¹H CPMG回波,讨论了这些方法测量值差异的来源．在此基础上进一步研究了¹H CPMG回波方法中回波时间对测量值的影响,探讨了改善¹H CPMG回波方法的方案．