在相转移下苄基氯经钯络合催化羰化合成苯乙酸

苯乙酸是制造香料、药物及植物激素的重要原料。目前,工业上系由苄氯与氰化钠作用,所得的苯乙腈经水解而制得。氰化钠剧毒,给操作者和环境带来危害和污染。 1976年,L.Cassar以Pd(Ph_3P)_2Cl_2为催化剂,使用5×10~5帕的CO,通过相转移催化羰化合成了苯乙酸,其产率为83％。1982年,Howard Alper发表了用Pd(Ph_3P)_4为催化剂,苄基溴作原料,在常温常压下合成苯乙酸的报告,所得产率为84％。 本文以Pd(Ph_3P)_2Cl_2为羰化催化剂,氯化三乙基苄基铵为相转移催化剂,在常压下由CO与苄基氯作用合成了苯乙酸,其产率高于80％,且催化剂可以循环使用。     

双亲性离子液体功能化复合胶体颗粒的合成与催化性能

采用硅烷偶联剂4-氯苄基三氯硅烷对二氧化硅颗粒表面进行改性, 制得表面接枝氯苄基的亲油二氧化硅颗粒. 在亲油二氧化硅颗粒表面继续接枝亲水性的十二烷基咪唑, 即可制得含有离子液体基团的双亲性二氧化硅颗粒. 通过静电吸附氯铂酸和硼氢化钠还原, 可在两亲性二氧化硅颗粒表面负载铂纳米颗粒, 从而得到双亲性二氧化硅颗粒催化剂. 用扫描电镜、 透射电镜、 X射线衍射和红外光谱等对所得样品进行表征, 并以苯甲醇氧化反应为研究对象对催化剂性能进行评价, 结果显示, 使用此催化剂可使苯甲酸的产率达到90%.     

离子液体BMIMBF4-H2O中邻氯硝基苯的电化学还原性能

以离子液体BMIMBF4为溶剂和支持电解质, H2O为氢源, 采用循环伏安法、交流阻抗法研究邻氯硝基苯在Cu微盘电极上的电化学还原性能. 研究结果表明, 邻氯硝基苯在离子液体中是一个受扩散控制的反应; 由不同极化电位下的电化学阻抗谱可看出, 在高频区主要是以电化学极化控制为主, 在低频区出现直线表明电化学反应受反应物质扩散控制, 表明该电化学反应是受电化学极化和反应物扩散联合控制, 随电位负移, 电极表面电荷传质的容抗弧逐渐减小, 反应更易进行; 在电解合成实验中, 在最优条件下(E=-0.9 V, c=74.4 mmol/L, Q=517.6 C)得到的产率(86.2%)最高, 比同类反应中电化学合成文献报道值高.     

银纳米粒子修饰电极的优化及在抗坏血酸测定中的应用

以离子液体[BMIM]BF4及银纳米粒子为原料,按一定比例混合修饰玻碳电极,研制了电化学传感器。借助紫外可见分光光度法、循环伏安法及阻抗等手段对电极性能进行了研究。探讨了银纳米粒子与离子液体的比例对修饰电极的性能的影响,对修饰电极进行了优化。电化学传感器应用于实际样品中的抗坏血酸测定,加标回收率可96.3%,RSD为2.3%。     

卤化银/银粉固态氯、溴离子选择性电极的制备和应用

氯、溴离子选择性电极的制备,文献已有报导,我们在制备了碘电极的基础上,又用卤化银和高纯银粉为电活性材料制备了普通型,小型杯状和针状氯、溴离子选择性电极。这三种不同形状的氯、溴离子选择性电极,可以测定1×10~0-5×10~(-5)M的氯离子和1×10~(-1)-3×10~(-6)M的溴离子。小型氯,溴离子选择性电极可以测定20μl样品溶液中的氯、溴离子。我们用自制的氯、溴离子选择电极测定了北京401地区水源井中的氯,溴离子,方法简便,结果满意。     

多面体烷氯乙基脲的合成新方法研究

运用酰氟为中间体,在离子液体中,以多面体烷二羧酸为原料,研究了多面体烷氯乙基脲的合成新方法.在[bmim][BF4]离子液体中,合成了12个未见文献报道的多面体烷氯乙基脲,结构经核磁共振氢谱、碳谱和质谱确证.该方法与以酰氯为中间体的溶剂反应相比,具有产率高、分离简单和环境友好的特点.     

混合废塑料与煤共热解液体产物中氯的含量与赋存形态

采用离子色谱等方法测定了不同热解条件下液体产物（包括焦油和水）中氯的质量分数,讨论了影响煤与废塑料共热解过程中,热解温度、恒温时间、升温速率及气体流量等因素对液体产物中氯质量分数的影响。并通过红外光谱、离子色谱等手段分析了液体产物中氯的赋存形态。结果表明,煤热解过程中加入一定量的废塑料,并没有给焦油中带来大量的有机含氯化合物,但增加了焦油的产率,同时降低了水的产率。水中氯主要以无机盐（NH₄Cl）和有机胺类盐酸盐等含氯化合物的形式存在;焦油的红外光谱中没有明显的C-Cl吸收峰,说明焦油中有机氯的含量非常少。     

含有不同卤素阴离子的离子液体作为倒置聚合物太阳电池阴极界面层的研究

采用离子液体作为阴极界面层来制备高效的倒置聚合物太阳电池,并考察了含有不同卤素阴离子的离子液体对器件光电转换效率的影响规律.由1-苄基-3-甲基咪唑阳离子和卤素阴离子组成的离子液体作为阴极界面层、PBDTTT-C:PC71BM作为活性层制备的倒置器件,光电转换效率达到6.55%,高于不采用离子液体作为阴极界面层的器件效率;当采用PTB7-Th:PC71BM作为活性层时,可获得8.24%的光电转换效率.离子液体通过界面偶极作用可以有效降低电极和活性层之间的接触势垒,减小串联电阻,从而提高器件效率.同时,发现碘离子作为阴离子的1-苄基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体比含氯离子、溴离子的1-苄基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体作为阴极界面层更有利于提高倒置器件的光伏性能.     

含水离子液体/金属界面结构的SERS研究

利用表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)研究了不同含水量下离子液体及水分子在银电极上随电位变化吸附方式的改变,通过水的O-H伸缩振动谱峰频率变化特征,详细探究了水在离子液体/电极界面上的存在形式及作用方式以及体系零电荷电位与水含量的关系.水含量较低时O-H伸缩振动的Stark系数值较低,随水含量的增加O-H伸缩振动的谱峰位置逐渐向高波数方向移动,同时O-H伸缩振动的Stark系数也逐渐增大,1molL-1[BMIM]Br水溶液中达到76cm-1V-1,且体系的零电荷电位正移,这些差异与水在离子液体中所形成氢键的程度及水分子的存在形式密切相关,在水的含量较低时水与离子液体阳离子通过氢键作用而存在于界面层中,当水的含量增加时,水分子间氢键的作用增强,水与电极表面直接作用的可能性增大.     

离子液体作用下微波辐照生物质快速热解制备生物质油(英文)

以离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯([Bmim]Cl)和1-丁基-3甲基咪唑四氟化硼([Bmim]BF4)为催化剂,在微波加热作用下,研究了稻草和锯屑的热解。微波加热20 min,稻草和锯屑的生物油产率分别为38%和34%。考察了微波加热时间、微波功率和离子液体用量对生物质油产率的影响。当以相同的离子液体为催化剂时,稻草微波热解得到的生物质油产率大于锯屑的。生物油成分主要有糠醛、醋酸和1-羟基-2-丁酮等,其含量主要取决于生物质原料和加入的离子液体的类型。     

Synthesis, Crystal Structure of Co(Ⅱ)(6-methoxybenzothiazole-2-carboxylate)_2(DMF)_2 and Its Application to Carbonylation of Benzyl Chloride

A new complex, Co(MBTC)₂(DMF)₂ (MBTC=6‐methoxybenzothiazole‐2‐carboxylate, DMF=N,N‐dime‐ thylformamide), was synthesized in DMF solution and characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Using the cobalt complex as catalyst, phenylacetic acid was prepared by the carbonylation of benzyl chloride with carbon monoxide (0.1 MPa). The effects of solvents, phase transfer catalysts and temperature on the reactions were investigated. The yield of phenylacetic acid was higher than 90% in optimized condition.     

Carbonylation of Benzyl Halides Over Two-Phase Catalyst of Iron Pentacarbonyl

Carbonylation of benzyl halides to phenylacetic acid was studied in a two-phase system with iron pentacarbonyl as the catalyst precursor. The solutions consisted of a benzyl halide and iron pentacarbonyl in benzene and tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate in aqueous sodium hydroxide. Stirring under carbon monoxide readily produced phenylacetic salts in aqueous phase which were then acidified and extracted with ether. The yields of phenylacetic acid from benzyl iodide and from benzyl bromide were similar at a evel of about 50percnt;, that of the latter being higher by 1%. The yield from benzyl chloride was far less, at a level of only 21%. The rate as studied with gas chromatography was found to decrease in the order benzyl iodide>benzyl bromide>benzyl chloride.     

Alkylation of aromatic compounds with multi-component Lewis acid catalysts of ZnCl2 and ionic liquids with different organic cations

Alkylation of aromatic compounds with various alkylating agents such as benzyl chloride, benzyl alcohol and isopropyl chloride were investigated using ZnCl₂ based ionic liquid (ILs) Lewis acid catalysts. Multi-component Lewis acid catalysts of ZnCl₂ and ionic liquids such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-butylpyridinium bromide, cholin chloride and tetrabutylammonium bromide were prepared, supported on silica gel, and compared for alkylation reactions with various alkylating agents. Among the IL-based catalysts, 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium-bromide-ZnCl₂ and 1-butylpyridinium bromide-ZnCl₂ are highly active.     

Deoximation Reaction in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids under Mild Conditions

Deoximation in metal chloride ionic liquids based on 1‐alkyl‐3‐methylimidazolium and triethylene ammonium cations, such as AmimBr(Cl)‐MCl_x(A=ethyl, butyl, benzyl; M=Al, Fe, Cu, Sn and Zn; x=2, 3) and Et₃NHCl‐FeCl₃ were investigated under mild conditions. Ferrate chloride ionic liquid was proved to be an effective catalyst for deoximation of cyclohexanone oxime, exhibiting high conversion of oximes and selectivity to cyclohexanone. Good performance for the deoximation of other oximes such as salicylald oxime, acetone oxime, benzophenone oxime, 4‐nitrobenzald oxime, acetophenone oxime, 2‐chlorobenzaldehyde oxime, Acetald oxime, 2‐butanone oxime and (1R)‐camphor oxime was also achieved with bmimBr‐FeCl₃ as catalyst and solvent. The deoximation was determined to carry out via acid‐catalytic hydrolysis and the reaction mechanism was proposed.     

Study on the Synthesis of Phenylacetic Acid by Carbonylation of Benzyl Chloride under Normal Pressure

The influences of some factors on the yield of phenylacetic acid in the carbonylation of benzyl chloride were studied in this paper. These factors included the variety and content of catalyst, and that of solvent, way of material feeding, reaction temperature, sodium hydrate concentration, triphenylphosphine content, presence of surfactant, the ratio of organic phase volume to aqueous phase volume etc. The optimum reaction conditions were found to be: with a one-time pour of 0.15g Pd(PPh3)2Cl2, 0.24g PPh3, 75ml NaOH of 3.5mol/L, 20ml benzyl chloride and 55ml n-butyl alcohol, and the reaction was carried out at 50℃ for about 3 hours. The as-obtained yield of phenylacetic acid was as high as 97.6%. In addition, the influences of the presence of phenylacetic acid and air in the reaction system were also studied. The results showed that the presence of air in the system and the entrainment of phenylacetic acid in the circulating organic phase had great influence on the reaction rate, the stability and performance of catalyst and the yield of phenylacetic acid.     

离子液体-水介质中离子液体负载TEMPO催化选择氧化合成脂肪醇羟基芳香醛和酮

由于脂肪醇羟基和苄醇羟基具有相同的氧化反应活性,所以当分子内同时含有脂肪醇羟基和苄醇羟基时,很难选择氧化苄醇羟基合成含脂肪醇羟基的芳香醛或酮。本文报道了在离子液体-水介质中,NCS/NaBr/IL-TEMPO（离子液体负载TEMPO）催化氧化合成含有脂肪醇羟基的芳香醛、酮的方法,反应条件温和,选择性好,收率高,且离子液体和催化剂可以循环使用。     

CO2 anion-radical in organic carboxylations

This letter shows a first approximation to the use of CO₂ anion-radical in the obtention of α-methyl and α-ethylcyanoacetic acids from propionitrile and butyronitrile, respectively, through a paired electrochemical reaction with CO₂. The electrosynthesis of α-chloro-phenylacetic acid from benzyl chloride and phenylacetic acid from toluene by another proposed pathway is also discussed.     

Synthesis and Esterification of 3‐Ferrocenyl Acrylic Acid in Ionic Liquid

3‐Ferrocenyl acrylic acid, synthesized from ferrocenecarboxaldehyde and propandioic acid in water‐insoluble ionic liquid (1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [BMIM]PF₆) at 85 °C in high yield, was transformed to a series of 3‐ferrocenyl acrylate of alcohols and phenols in water‐soluble ionic liquid (1,3‐dimethylimidazolium dimethylphosphate, [DMIM]Me₂PO₄) at room temperature in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and 4‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP).     

Synthesis of highly stable silver nanoparticles using imidazolium-based ionic liquid

Highly stable, aqueous dispersions, and hydrophilic ionic liquid-capped silver nanoparticles with positive surface charge were synthesized by in situ reduction of AgNO₃ with NaBH₄ in the presence of an imidazolium-based ionic liquid, viz., 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C₁₂mim][Cl]) at room temperature. Prepared silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV–vis spectra, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and zeta potential. UV–visible spectrum of the aqueous medium peaked at 407 nm corresponding to the plasmon absorbance of silver nanoparticles. TEM analysis revealed the spherical shape of the particles with sizes about 9 nm and low polydispersed. The surface charge of the synthesized silver nanoparticles was determined as +5.0 mV. The ionic liquid ([C₁₂mim][Cl]) capped silver nanoparticles were stable for at least 8 months.     

Convenient Esterification of Carboxylic Acids by SN2 Reaction Promoted by a Protic Ionic-Liquid System Formed in Situ in Solvent-Free Conditions

The reaction of esterification of benzoic acid with benzyl chloride was chosen as a model reaction to study the esterification by S_N2 promoted by tertiary amine as deprotonating agent. The use of ionic liquid (IL) 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methanesulfonate [MMIm][OMs] as reaction medium has proven to give quantitative yield of the ester, but interestingly the reaction does occur even in solvent-free conditions, where the acid + the amine form a liquid system (a protic IL) in situ. This last methodology was extended to several carboxylic acids in conditions of atom economy (i.e., without excess of any reagent), giving moderately good yields of esters (54–78%) recovered by weight in pure form.