HPR1000堆芯装载50%MOX组件的燃料管理方案北大核心CSCD

针对HPR1000压水堆堆芯,开展了应用MOX(混合氧化物燃料)组件的燃料管理方案初步研究。对MOX燃料组件进行设计,研究了MOX燃料成分及燃料棒在组件内的布置。在此基础上,开展了1/4堆芯年换料、18个月长周期换料,并装载50%MOX组件这两种燃料管理方案研究。通过与UO2堆芯的对比,分析了装载50%MOX组件堆芯的核特性。分析结果表明,两种50%堆芯装载MOX组件的燃料管理方案,其堆芯主要物理参数均满足核设计准则要求。     

铅冷快堆M2LFR-1000堆芯燃料管理方案设计

堆芯燃料管理是反应堆设计中极为重要而且复杂的工作,直接影响着堆芯的经济性。目前国内外对于压水堆等传统热堆已有了较为丰富和成熟的燃料管理计算方法,但对于快堆,由于其中子能谱硬,与传统热堆相比有着不同的控制方式和功率分布,快堆的堆芯燃料管理缺乏系统研究。针对中国科学技术大学自主研发的强迫循环冷却的铅基快堆M2LFR-1000,应用SRAC/COREBN软件包进行堆芯燃耗计算,根据燃耗深度提取核素核子密度,计算伪平衡循环参数进行燃料管理预估,然后进行首循环装料、过渡循环和平衡循环燃料管理方案设计。结果表明:对M2LFR-1000堆芯外区燃料换料组件Pu的富集度进行优化,可以延长换料周期到540 d,提高平均卸料燃耗深度;伪平衡循环结果与平衡循环基本一致,伪平衡循环可以用于燃料管理预估。     

西安脉冲堆堆芯燃料管理正交优化计算

根据西安脉冲堆工程的实际需要,研制了脉冲堆堆芯燃料管理计算软件包HEX ICFM,并建立了正交优化模型,研制了换料优化计算软件包HEX ORTH.软件包中栅元计算采用了WIMS D 4程序,堆芯扩散计算程序采用了二维六角形节块程序SIXTUS 2.应用HEX ICFM对西安脉冲堆首循环堆芯参数进行了计算,并用HEX ORTH对第3循环末堆芯燃料装载和30根备用新燃料元件进行了堆芯优化分析,得到了目标函数为max(K_eff^BOC)的最佳堆芯倒换料方案.     

基于随机抽样法的多群核数据不确定性影响分析

基于随机抽样方法,研究多群核数据不确定性对反应堆物理计算的影响。首先利用SCALE软件包中核数据协方差矩阵和自主开发的随机抽样模块SAMP,得到多群微观截面等核数据的抽样值,之后分别使用SCALE/TRITON和PARCS程序进行组件计算及堆芯稳态计算,最后通过统计分析得到组件和堆芯计算结果的不确定度。以Almaraz压水堆核电厂装载的燃料组件和首循环堆芯为对象,研究了不同燃耗下有效增殖因子、动力学参数、核素浓度和双群均匀化宏观截面等组件计算结果,以及堆芯功率分布等堆芯计算结果的不确定度。分析结果表明:组件计算结果不确定度多随燃耗变化,快群宏观截面不确定度总体高于热群;堆芯计算结果受核数据不确定性影响显著,其中稳态径向功率分布的最大不确定度为1.9%左右。     

大型压水堆装载50%MOX燃料方案压力容器辐照安全计算

对含MOX燃料堆芯的压力容器(RPV)快中子注量率计算进行了初步研究,探讨了适用于MOX堆芯方案屏蔽计算的堆芯源项处理方法。采用三维离散纵标程序TORT,针对CAP1400型堆芯装载50%MOX燃料方案开展了RPV快中子注量计算,结果表明:堆芯装载50%MOX燃料可满足RPV屏蔽安全设计要求;对比分析含MOX堆芯方案和全UO2堆芯方案的RPV快中子注量率的特性差异,从RPV辐射防护最优化的角度,后续燃料管理方案优化时可重点关注关键位置处组件的布置。     

超高燃耗常规快堆堆芯物理概念设计

为了比较常规快堆与行波堆的堆芯特性,以最大卸料燃耗300 000 MWd/tHM为目标,设计了高燃耗快堆 (HBFR),给出了堆芯的物理学设计方案。采用六批换料方式补偿燃耗反应性损失。选择NAS程序计算了冷停堆状态、热停堆状态和满功率状态三种不同堆芯状态,分析了临界参数、功率分布、DPA特性、温度和功率反应性特性、控制棒价值等堆芯参数。设计结果表明,HBFR的燃料组件最大卸料燃耗接近300 000 MWd/tHM,平均卸料燃耗219 000 MWd/tHM,单循环燃耗反应性损失3.7%(k是有效增殖因子,k是有效增殖因子的变化量),可以通过补偿棒实现反应性控制,HBFR的各参数满足设计目标与设计限值,可以为下一步与行波堆的比较研究提供参考堆芯。     

不同燃耗计算模型对商用压水堆乏燃料组件核素成分的影响分析

燃耗计算精度对提高乏燃料贮存效率有着重要影响,在应用燃耗信用制时,燃耗计算得到的核素成分偏差决定了乏燃料贮存的临界安全裕量。不同燃耗计算模型所得到的核素成分偏差各不相同,为提高燃耗计算精度,提出了一种装载不同燃料富集度的多组件燃耗计算模型,并使用不同燃耗计算模型分别对TMI-1反应堆NJ07OG组件中的6个样本进行了计算、对比和分析。结果表明,相比其他模型,考虑不同燃料富集度的多组件模型得到的²³⁵U、²³⁸U和²³⁹Pu等核素平均相对偏差更接近于零且6个样本的相对偏差分布更为平均。     

三维堆芯功率能力验证保守性分析

介绍了CPR1000电厂目前使用的三维功率能力验证方法,从输入假设和计算过程两个方面入手,详细说明论证方法存在的保守性,得出输入假设的不确定性需要重新进行确定,分析过程中可以去掉1.04的保守因子;计算过程也需要考虑实际运行区域,减少不可能出现的工况,即缩小分析区域。当换料设计的计算结果超限时,或者堆芯偏离核态沸腾比裕量不足时,可以通过减小运行区域和修改焓升因子的计算假设来挖掘裕量以满足安全要求。     

不同类型核燃料对热管冷却反应堆燃耗性能的影响

热管冷却反应堆采用固态反应堆设计理念,具有功率密度高、结构紧凑、固有安全性高等特点,在深空探索、深海勘探、偏远地区等场景中具有广阔的应用前景。核燃料作为热管冷却反应堆的重要组成部分,不同类型核燃料在堆芯燃耗分析时会呈现不同的中子学性能。基于美国爱达荷国家实验室(INL)提出的热管冷却反应堆INL Design A,利用清华大学蒙特卡罗中子输运程序RMC (Reactor Monte Carlo code)建立堆芯物理模型,选取UO₂,(U_0.9Pu_0.1)O₂,U-10Zr,U-8Pu-10Zr,UN,UC这6种核燃料开展燃耗计算,分析了不同核燃料、不同功率水平对热管冷却反应堆堆芯燃耗性能的影响。计算结果表明:在堆芯燃耗深度相同情况下(20.8 GW·d·t?1),装载U-8Pu-10Zr燃料的堆芯所需235U富集度最低(9.8%),具有较好的U-Pu增殖性能。堆芯功率处于5 MW的热管冷却反应堆,燃料中241Pu的存在不仅没起到增大堆芯燃耗深度的作用,反而导致堆芯剩余反应性和堆芯寿期末次锕系核素(MAs)的产量增大,影响反应堆的安全性与经济性。因此,对于装载含有Pu燃料的小功率长寿期热管冷却反应堆,需重点关注241Pu对堆芯燃耗性能的影响。     

压力管式超临界水堆堆芯核热耦合

针对压力管式超临界水堆(PT-SCWR)新型62棒设计,其功率密度与燃料温度、冷却剂密度/温度紧密耦合,利用中子物理分析程序(WIMS-AECL)和子通道分析程序(ATHAS),对该设计堆芯进行核热耦合分析,并进行优化,结果表明该耦合方法是有效的。分析结果指出新型62棒燃料组件设计包壳最高温度和冷却剂出口温度都低于设计限值,满足设计目标;并且可以通过调整内外圈燃料富集度至5.5%和4.6%、调整燃料组件内圈棒束节圆由5.30cm到5.175cm,进行优化来获取一个均匀的温度分布;通过对比不同栅距下的慢化剂温度系数和空泡系数,得到一个最佳栅距为21cm。     

小型模块化熔盐堆钍利用方案

钍基熔盐堆（Thorium Molten Salt Reactor,TMSR）核能系统先导专项的研究目标是研发第四代裂变反应堆核能系统（即钍基熔盐堆）。为充分利用液态燃料熔盐堆的在线添料与在线燃料处理的优势,同时考虑熔盐堆的快速部署,TMSR先导专项部署了小型模块化熔盐堆。考虑燃料处理技术现状及其可能的发展方向,小型模块化熔盐堆钍利用方案采用"三步走"战略。第一阶段采用在线加料与离线处理,实现钍的成规模利用;第二阶段采用在线加料和在线处理（U）与离线处理（MA）的结合,实现钍的高效利用;第三阶段采用在线加料及在线处理全部重金属,实现钍的自持增殖利用。随着"三步走"战略的逐步实施,钍铀燃料循环模式及后处理性能稳步提高,重金属利用率得到明显改善,同时有效降低了卸料毒性。考虑燃料许可容易度和建堆时间,首先为钍利用方案第一阶段布置了三种可能的启堆燃料,分别为低富集铀、低富集铀加钍和233U加钍。计算结果显示:以低富集铀启堆时,燃料循环性能与水堆相当;以233U启堆时,燃料利用率明显高于水堆,且其放射性毒性比水堆低约2个数量级。The missions of the Thorium Molten Salt Reactor (TMSR) Nuclear Energy System are to research and develop the thorium based molten salt reactors (MSR) belonging to the fourth generation of nuclear fission reactor system. A Small modular Molten Salt Reactor (SmMSR) is deployed to make full use of the advantages of online refueling and online reprocessing and to consider the rapid deployment of MSR. An innovative "three-stage" strategy of thorium utilization based on SmMSR is proposed to take the current condition of fuel reprocessing and its future evolution. The first stage can realize the thorium utilization at a large scale with online refueling and off-line processing. The second stage can obtain efficient thorium utilization with online refueling, online processing of uranium and off-line processing of minor actinides (MAs). The third stage is implemented with self-sustaining or breeding mode with online refueling and online processing of all heavy metals. Along with the development of three stages, the utilization of heavy metals will be obviously improved and the radio-toxicity will be significantly reduced. A SmMSR is designed to achieve the goals of the first stage of thorium utilization. And three kinds of nuclear fuel cycles with different startup fuel types (i.e., low enriched uranium (LEU), thorium mixed with LEU (LEU+Th) and thorium mixed with 233U (233U+Th)) are implemented. The results show that the performance for fuel cycle containing LEU is comparable to the pressurized-water reactor (PWR). Meanwhile, the nuclear utilization for that containing 233U is much higher than PWR, and the radio-toxicity for which is lower by ~2 magnitudes than that for PWR.     

PCM软件包燃料组件弯曲模型的开发及验证北大核心CSCD

燃料组件在反应堆内受压紧力等作用会发生弯曲,该弯曲会显著改变反应堆局部位置的中子慢化。基于中广核核设计软件包PCM中的组件中子截面计算软件PINE和堆芯核设计软件COCO,开发了专门的燃料组件弯曲模型,以分析燃料组件弯曲对堆芯局部功率分布的影响,并和蒙特卡罗软件JMCT做了对比验证计算。计算结果表明,PCM软件包燃料组件弯曲模型的计算结果与JMCT吻合良好,该软件包可以用于燃料组件弯曲的分析计算。燃料组件的弯曲对于堆芯的局部功率分布有显著的影响,需要在设计中予以特别关注。     

Optimization of the physical characteristics and the regime of uniform partial refuelings of a fast nuclear reactor

This paper covers some specific features of the optimization problem with integer-valued and continuously changing parameters that has been formulated for a fast reactor operating under the steady-state regime of the uniform partial refueling. Effective algorithms for calculating the physical characteristics and an iterative procedure of constructing optimum values of parameters are proposed. The paper considers the solution of a problem on minimization of the loss of energy generation in a reactor of the BREST-800 type that occurs because average fuel burnup in fuel assemblies being removed does not achieve its maximum permissible level. For several core arrangements, the comparison with nonoptimum solutions is given and the role of various factors contributing to an increase in average fuel burnup is evaluated.     

Neutronic simulation of a research reactor core of (232Th, 235U)O 2 fuel using MCNPX2.6 code

The small reactor design for the remote and less developed areas of the user countries should have simple features in view of the lack of infra-structure and resources. Many researchers consider long core life with no on-site refuelling activity as a primary feature for the small reactor design. Long core life can be achieved by enhancing internal conversion rate of fertile to fissile materials. For that purpose, thorium cycle can be adopted because a high fissile production rate of ²³³U converted from ²³²Th can be expected in the thermal energy region. A simple nuclear reactor core arranged 19 assemblies in hexagonal structure, using thorium-based fuel and heavy water as coolant and moderator was simulated using MCNPX2.6 code, aiming an optimized critical assembly. Optimized reflector thickness and gap between assemblies were determined to achieve minimum neutron leakage and void reactivity. The result was a more compact core, where assemblies were designed having 19-fuel pins in 1.25 pitch-to-diameter ratio. Optimum reflector thickness of 15 cm resulted in minimal neutron leakage in view of economic limitations. A 0.5 cm gap between assembles achieved more safety and 2.2% enrichment requirements. The present feasibility study suggests a thermal core of acceptable neutronic parameters to achieve a simple and safe core.     

堆外探测器响应函数三维空间分布计算

堆外探测器响应函数代表了堆芯活性区各组件对堆外探测器计数率的贡献,反映了堆芯功率分布与探测器计数率的关系。研究了三维离散纵标法(SN)程序TORT的共轭输运方法,并开发相应的处理程序,实现了柱坐标下的三维共轭中子注量率到压水堆各燃料组件响应函数的转换。并基于CAP1400核电厂反应堆模型,分析了其堆外探测器响应函数空间分布的特性,与采用TORT多次正向输运计算结果进行了对比分析,两者符合较好。通过本文研究,实现了压水堆核电厂堆外探测器响应函数的三维空间分布计算。     

关于压水堆产武器级钚的模拟计算

防止核扩散是国际社会共同努力的目标,其中武器级核材料的防扩散是重中之重.钚是反应堆的副产品,如果不计较经济效益,利用铀为核燃料的反应堆都可以生产武器级钚.本文基于日本Takahama-3压水堆建立了五个模型,并进行中子和燃耗计算,得到两种燃料棒产武器级钚的条件、燃料棒轴向的燃耗分布、组件内燃料棒燃耗的变化区间和全堆芯燃料棒径向燃耗分布.基于上述模型和计算数据给出压水堆堆芯内含有武器级钚的准确位置和UO_2燃料棒中武器级钚的产量.这种低燃耗的乏燃料给国际核不扩散带来了巨大风险,国际社会应该加强对此类乏燃料的监管.     

A conceptual high flux reactor design with scope for use in ADS applications

A 100 MWt reactor design has been conceived to support flux level of the order of 10¹⁵ n/cm²/s in selected flux trap zones. The physics design considers high enriched metallic alloy fuel in the form of annular plates placed in a D₂O moderator tank in a hexagonal lattice arrangement. By choosing a tight lattice pitch in the central region and double the lattice pitch in the outer region, it is possible to have both high fast flux and thermal flux trap zones. By design the flux level in the seed fuel has been kept lower than in the high flux trap zones so that the burning rate of the seed is reduced. Another important objective of the design is to maximize the time interval of refueling. As against a typical refueling interval of a few weeks in such high flux reactor cores, it is desired to maximize this period to as much as six months or even one year. This is possible to achieve by eliminating the conventional control absorbers and replacing them with a suitable amount of fertile material loading in the reactor. Requisite number of seedless thorium-aluminum alloy plates are placed at regular lattice locations vacated by seed fuel in alternate fuel layers. It is seen that these thorium plates are capable of acquiring asymptotic fissile content of 14 g/kg in about 100 days of irradiation at a flux level of 8 × 10¹⁴ n/cm²/s. In summary, the core has a relatively higher fast flux in the central region and high thermal flux in the outer region. The present physics design envisages a flat core excess reactivity for the longest possible cycle length of 6 months to one year. It is also possible to modify the design for constant subcriticality for about the same period or longer duration by considering neutron spallation source at the centre and curtailing the power density in the inner core region by shielding it with a layer of thoria fuel loading.      

铅基反应堆燃料组件间隙横流周期性研究

燃料组件内冷却剂的横流对反应堆堆芯的换热有很大影响,为研究铅基反应堆燃料组件内冷却剂的横向速度分布,对CiADS反应堆燃料组件组件局部的7,19棒束的单螺距及多螺距多种几何进行建模和CFD（Computational Fluid Dynamics）模拟,并对其间隙内横向速度进行分析。研究表明: 19棒束组件内通道、角通道的相邻间隙内横向速度的分布在组件轴向和横向上有明显周期性,横向上根据两个内通道间隙平移旋转的位置关系由一个间隙的结果经过平移一定相位角度可以得到另一个间隙分布结果,沿轴向多螺距模型每个螺距长度内横向速度分布一致。7棒束组件在相同类型通道内横向速度分布大小及趋势与19棒束一致。少棒束单螺距组件结果进行横向及轴向的周期性延拓可以得到多棒束多螺距模型间隙内的横流分布。Cross flow of a coolant in fuel assembly had a great impact on the heat transfer of a reactor core. In order to study the characteristics of the cross flow in lead-based fast reactor assemblies, the CiADS fuel assemblies were used as research object. Fine geometric models and CFD simulation of 7 and 19 pin bundle and multi-pitch length assemblies based on CiADS fuel assemblies were carried out. The distribution of the cross flow velocity in several geometric models was compared and analyzed. The results show that the distribution of the cross flow velocity in gaps of interior and corner channel in 19 pin bundle has obvious periodicity in both axial and horizontal direction. In the horizontal direction, the results of one gap can be translated by a certain phase angle to obtain another gap distribution result according to the positional relationship of the translational rotations of the two internal channel gaps. The distribution of cross flow velocity is uniform in each pitch length of multi-pitch model in the axial direction. And the distribution of transverse flow in gaps of 7 pin bundle is similar to the distribution in the same kind of gaps in 19 pin bundle. The results of fewer pin bundle with single pitch length can be periodically extended in axial and transverse direction to obtain the characteristics of cross flow in geometric models with multi-pitch length and more rods.     

基于VERA基准题的cosRMC程序验证

为了验证反应堆物理软件和方法的计算能力,美国CASL (Consortium for Advanced Simulation of LWRs) 项目提出了VERA (Virtual Environment for Reactor Application) 堆芯物理基准题。该基准题以Watts Bar初始堆芯为模型,涵盖从二维单栅元到三维全堆芯的燃耗及换料的十个基准问题。针对VERA基准题模型,利用COSINE软件包中的反应堆蒙特卡罗分析程序cosRMC进行临界计算,得到了有效增殖因子、组件功率分布、控制棒微积分价值和反应性系数等结果。通过与基准题中提供的KENO结果对比,两种蒙特卡罗程序的计算结果吻合良好。这表明cosRMC程序具有从组件到堆芯的计算能力,其临界计算精度基本与KENO程序相当。