超短脉冲强激光场中电子剩余能计算

为了控制光场感应电离等离子体的温度以使得基于光场感应电离机制的X射线激光辐射获得更高的增益值,利用准静态隧道电离模型,定量计算了电子剩余能量与激光偏振参量、波长(频率)、激光强度以及电离介质电离能的变化关系。计算结果表明线偏振短波长激光以及高电离能介质产牛的等离子体中电子剩余能比较低,因此适合用作复合机制X射线激光;对于低价离子存偏振度α介于0～1之间的某一处最高,因此,可以通过调整偏振度α,获得某一椭圆偏振光,会更有利于基于光场感应电离电子碰撞机制X射线激光增益的提高。     

辐射加热Al等离子体的吸收谱实验

报道了辐射加热Al样品的K壳层辐射吸收谱实验. 在神光Ⅱ激光装置上，将8路主激光注入锥柱型金腔产生高温辐射源，利用该辐射源加热腔内的Al薄膜样品，产生温度达到几十电子伏的热稠密等离子体. 相对主激光延迟一定时间后，利用第9路激光短脉冲聚焦打靶加热金盘，产生短脉冲X光点光源. 通过测量075—085nm波长范围内未经样品衰减以及经过样品衰减后的背光源辐射光谱，得到了Al样品的K壳层吸收谱. 利用细致谱线计算的吸收谱对实验光谱进行拟合，确定了Al样品等离子体的电子温度.     

瞬态电子碰撞激发类氖锗19.6nm X射线激光的理论研究

近来，许多实验室仅采用一个脉宽为几个ps的短脉冲就得到了强放大的软X射线激光.这表明瞬态是来得及电离的.为此，在类氖锗的瞬态电子碰撞激发19.6nm 波长X射线激光研究中，提出了采用低预脉冲产生低电离度的预等离子体，后续一个ps级短脉冲既电离又加热等离子体的驱动方式.并用系列程序进行了模拟.模拟结果表明，这种驱动方式也可以得到高增益. 关键词： X射线激光 等离子体 增益系数 瞬态电子碰撞激发     

辐射加热Al等离子体的吸收谱实验

报道了辐射加热Al样品的K壳层辐射吸收谱实验. 在神光Ⅱ激光装置上,将8路主激光注入锥柱型金腔产生高温辐射源,利用该辐射源加热腔内的Al薄膜样品,产生温度达到几十电子伏的热稠密等离子体. 相对主激光延迟一定时间后,利用第9路激光短脉冲聚焦打靶加热金盘,产生短脉冲X光点光源. 通过测量075—085nm波长范围内未经样品衰减以及经过样品衰减后的背光源辐射光谱,得到了Al样品的K壳层吸收谱. 利用细致谱线计算的吸收谱对实验光谱进行拟合,确定了Al样品等离子体的电子温度. 关键词： Al等离子体 吸收谱 不透明度     

双示踪元素X射线能谱诊断激光等离子体电子温度

在“星光Ⅱ”激光装置上对Mg/Al混合材料平面靶和Mg/Al示踪层金盘靶进行三倍频激光打靶实验,用平面晶体谱仪测量靶材料发射的X射线能谱,获取了示踪离子谱线实验数据.采用多组态Dirac-Fock方法计算所需原子参数,并在局域热动平衡条件下建立了双示踪离子谱线强度比随电子温度变化关系.在此基础上由双示踪元素等电子谱线法确定了Mg/Al混合材料平面靶及金盘靶激光等离子体的电子温度 关键词： 电子温度 激光等离子体 X射线能谱     

强流电子束轫致辐射复合薄靶设计

针对目前脉冲硬X射线源能谱硬、辐照面积小、辐射场电子份额高无法开展系统电磁脉冲效应实验研究的技术难题,提出了采用复合薄靶软化脉冲硬X射线能谱、降低电子份额的方法。采用MCNP程序数值模拟了电子和光子在不同材料中的输运规律,分析了复合靶结构和材料厚度对X射线能谱、电子份额的影响。以闪光二号加速器为电子束源,设计了复合薄靶、X射线窗。实验得到的X射线参数:平均能量121 keV;均匀性2∶1情况下,700 cm2平均剂量40 rad（Si）,500 cm2平均剂量170 rad（Si）;光子数与电子数的比值大于103,可以开展系统电磁脉冲效应初步实验研究。     

短脉冲强X光泵浦产生光电离三体复合X光激光

 介绍了激光打靶产生短脉冲强X光辐射的方法,给出了打钠靶的数值模拟结果。 数值研究短脉冲强钠X光泵浦氖激光介质的X光激光,通过在氖中加氢的办法降低了电子温 度,有效地提高了激光增益。研究了短脉冲强X光泵浦的高增益光电离三体复合X光激光机 制,提出了在大中型激光器上开展这种X光激光研究的想法。     

超热电子与金黑腔靶作用产生硬X射线的蒙特卡罗模拟

激光打靶产生大量麦氏分布的超热电子,与金腔靶相互作用产生硬X射线.利用蒙特卡罗方法,对超热电子在金腔靶中的传输进行了研究,模拟了在不同超热电子温度、份额下硬X射线谱的变化及在不同腔体尺寸、腔壁厚度情况下,硬X射线谱的变化情况,给出硬X射线产生效率的决定因素.利用硬X射线谱反推得到的超热电子信息与蒙特卡罗程序模拟结果相结合的方法,获得金腔内部超热电子初始信息. 关键词： 热电子 超热电子 蒙特卡罗方法 硬X射线     

HL—1装置逃逸电子扰动及硬X射线发射

HL-1装置逃逸电子扰动,硬X射线锯齿振荡和软X射线锯齿振荡关联,内破裂后硬X射线发射强度到其峰值的延迟时间,被解释为逃逸电子从q=1面附近输运到等离子体边缘时间。当有电子回旋共振预电离时,硬X射线显著减少;相反,电子回旋共振加热时,硬X射线明显地增加。     

55 nm硅-氧化硅-氮化硅-氧化硅-硅闪存单元的γ射线和X射线电离总剂量效应研究

基于~(60)Co-γ射线和10 keV X射线辐射源,系统地研究了55 nm硅-氧化硅-氮化硅-氧化硅-硅闪存单元的电离总剂量效应,并特别关注其电学特性退化的规律与物理机制.总剂量辐照引起闪存单元I-V特性曲线漂移、存储窗口变小和静态电流增大等电学特性的退化现象,并对其数据保持能力产生影响.编程态闪存单元的I_d-V_g曲线在辐照后显著负向漂移,而擦除态负向漂移幅度较小.对比两种射线辐照,擦除态的I_d-V_g曲线漂移方向不同.相比于擦除态,富含存储电子的编程态对总剂量辐照更为敏感;且相比于~(60)Co-γ射线,本文观测到了显著的X射线剂量增强效应.利用TCAD和Geant 4工具,从能带理论详细讨论了55 nm硅-氧化硅-氮化硅-氧化硅-硅闪存单元电离总剂量效应和损伤的物理机制,并模拟和深入分析了X射线的剂量增强效应.     

Dose estimation and shielding calculation for X-ray hazard at high intensity laser facilities

An ionizing radiation hazard produced from the interaction between high intensity lasers and solid targets has been observed. Laser-plasma interactions create "hot" electrons, which generate bremsstrahlung X-rays when they interact with ions in the target. However, up to now only limited studies have been conducted on this laser-induced radiological protection issue. In this paper, the physical process and characteristics of the interaction between high intensity lasers and solid targets are analyzed. The parameters of the radiation sources are discussed, including the energy conversion efficiency from laser to hot electrons, hot electron energy spectrum and electron temperature, and the bremsstrahlung X-ray energy spectrum produced by hot electrons. Based on this information, the X-ray dose generated with high-Z targets for laser intensities between 10¹⁴ and 10²⁰ W/cm² is estimated. The shielding effects of common shielding items such as the glass view port, aluminum chamber wall and concrete wall are also studied using the FLUKA Monte Carlo code. This study provides a reference for the dose estimation and the shielding design of high intensity laser facilities.     

Laser-generated ultrashort multimegagauss magnetic pulses in plasmas

We demonstrate ultrashort (6 ps), multimegagauss (27 MG) magnetic pulses generated upon interaction of an intense laser pulse (10(16) W cm(-2), 100 fs) with a solid target. The temporal evolution of these giant fields generated near the critical layer is obtained with the highest resolution reported thus far. Particle-in-cell simulations and phenomenological modeling is used to explain the results. The first direct observations of anomalously rapid damping of plasma shielding currents produced in response to the hot electron currents penetrating the bulk plasma are presented.     

超热电子产生Kα辐射的参数影响

 超短超强激光与固体靶相互作用,可以产生大量的Kα特征谱线发射。这种Kα线光源在背光照相、医学成像和超快诊断等方面具有显著优势。为了寻求获得Kα线高产额的方法,利用ITS蒙卡模拟程序,对超短超强激光产生的超热电子在固体靶中产生的Kα线发射进行了模拟。系统研究了Kα线发射强度随出射角度、靶厚度和超热电子温度等参数的变化情况。研究发现在恒定的激光功率密度或超热电子温度下,存在最佳的靶厚度,使得Kα线光子产额最大,并用模拟结果对已有实验数据进行了解释。     

Laser-energy transfer and enhancement of plasma waves and electron beams by interfering high-intensity laser pulses

The effects of interference due to crossed laser beams were studied experimentally in the high-intensity regime. Two ultrashort (400 fs), high-intensity (4 x 10(17) and 1.6 x 10(18) W/cm(2)) and 1 microm wavelength laser pulses were crossed in a plasma of density 4 x 10(19) cm(3). Energy was observed to be transferred from the higher-power to the lower-power pulse, increasing the amplitude of the plasma wave propagating in the direction of the latter. This results in increased electron self-trapping and plasma-wave acceleration gradient, which led to an increased number of hot electrons (by 300%) and hot-electron temperature (by 70%) and a decreased electron-beam divergence angle (by 45%), as compared with single-pulse illumination. Simulations reveal that increased stochastic heating of electrons may have also contributed to the electron-beam enhancement.     

High-intensity lasers as radiation sources

In the last decade or so, an evolution in experimental relativistic laser-plasma physics has led to highly sophisticated lasers which are now capable of generating ultra-short pulses and can be focused to intensities in excess of 10²¹ W cm^-2. The laser interaction with solid or gas targets can generate collimated beams of highly energetic electrons, protons and ions. These high-intensity laser systems, therefore, turn out to be versatile and powerful sources of radiation and high-energy particles, without recourse to large-scale facilities such as nuclear reactors or particle accelerators. The potential to induce various kinds of nuclear reactions with laser-induced radiation fields has been demonstrated at several laboratories in recent years. The present paper lays out a comprehensive overview of nuclear reactions induced by high-intensity laser matter interactions. Mechanisms for electron, proton and ion acceleration, in addition to secondary bremsstrahlung, positron and neutron production, are addressed, with a focus on the types of nuclear reactions that are possible and potential applications. Discussion of the extrapolation of these processes and applications to the next generation of table-top lasers under construction is also presented.     

Ion heating and thermonuclear neutron production from high-intensity subpicosecond laser pulses interacting with underdense plasmas

Thermonuclear fusion neutrons produced by D(d,n)3He reactions have been measured from the interaction of a high-intensity laser with underdense deuterium plasmas. For an input laser energy of 62 J, more than (1.0+/-0.2)x10(6) neutrons with a mean kinetic energy of (2.5+/-0.2) MeV were detected. These neutrons were observed to have an isotropic angular emission profile. By comparing these measurements with those using a secondary solid CD2 target it was determined that neutrons are produced from direct ion heating during this interaction.     

Electron temperature scaling in laser interaction with solids

A precise knowledge of the temperature and number of hot electrons generated in the interaction of short-pulse high-intensity lasers with solids is crucial for harnessing the energy of a laser pulse in applications such as laser-driven ion acceleration or fast ignition. Nevertheless, present scaling laws tend to overestimate the hot electron temperature when compared to experiment and simulations. We present a novel approach that is based on a weighted average of the kinetic energy of an ensemble of electrons. We find that the scaling of electron energy with laser intensity can be derived from a general Lorentz invariant electron distribution ansatz that does not rely on a specific model of energy absorption. The scaling derived is in perfect agreement with simulation results and clearly follows the trend seen in recent experiments, especially at high laser intensities where other scalings fail to describe the simulations accurately.     

Emittance measurements of a laser-wakefield-accelerated electron beam

The transverse emittance of a relativistic electron beam generated by the interaction of a high-intensity laser with an underdense plasma has been measured with the "pepper-pot" method. For parameters pertaining to the forced laser wakefield regime, we have measured an emittance as low as (2.7+/-0.9) pi mm mrad for (55+/-2) MeV electrons. These measurements are consistent with 3D particle-in-cell simulations of the experiment, which additionally show the existence of a relatively large halo around the beam core.     

激光与固体靶面烧蚀等离子体的能量耦合计算

 强激光辐照下固体靶表面迅速汽化产生靶蒸气等离子体,激光穿过等离子体区到达固体靶表面的过程就是激光束与等离子体的能量耦合与交换过程。采用具有五阶精度的WENO差分格式和简易等离子体状态方程模型对激光与等离子体相互作用的复杂物理过程进行了数值计算,分析了激光束能量在等离子体区中的吸收、屏蔽效应等动态耦合规律以及激光支持等离子体前驱冲击波传播。数值模拟结果表明：激光能量是支持靶面等离子体运动的唯一原因,能量屏蔽效应对激光与等离子体能量耦合有很大影响,通过控制激光脉冲宽度,可以合理调节屏蔽效应的影响。     

超热电子的产生与输运背向辐射的测量

报道了在20TWfs激光器上采用电子磁谱仪和光学CCD积分成像相机分别对激光固体靶相互作用在靶背方向产生的超热电子能谱及其光学渡越辐射进行的测量。能谱测量结果显示:超热电子能谱呈双温类麦克斯韦分布,拟合的温度分别为90和280keV,平均温度为185keV,这与已知的温度定标率较好地吻合。光学渡越辐射测量结果显示:光学渡越辐射是由于超热电子输运穿越固体靶所致,而辐射区域呈圆盘状、有发散角、有光强分布。如果考虑超热电子的产生和加热机制,则占主导地位的加热机制是共振吸收对电子的加热。