High hydrostatic pressure pasteurization of a draft sake brewed using a Niigata-sake yeast

ABSTRACT

Draft (non-pasteurized) sake typically has a fresh flavor, but usually has to be consumed as soon as possible because of its short shelf life due to the potential for over-fermentation by residual yeast. In contrast, thermally pasteurized sake has a long shelf life, but the fresh flavor is lost during heat sterilization. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment can be used as a non-thermal pasteurization process while maintaining the characteristics of a draft sake. We evaluated the HHP inactivation behavior of sake yeast for the application of HHP pasteurization as an alternative to thermal pasteurization. The results showed complete pasteurization of sake yeast in the draft sake by HHP treatment at 400?MPa for 10?min. The viable cell count in HHP-pasteurized sake was below the detection limit during storage at 10°C for 3 months. Thus, we have established a HHP pasteurization technology to prevent over-fermentation and succeeded in producing a prototype of HHP-sparkling-cloudy sake, which we have designated AWANAMA.     

浓醪乙醇发酵的单细胞拉曼光谱表征

应用激光镊子拉曼光谱技术收集500L发酵罐中木薯淀粉浓醪乙醇发酵过程底物、产物及酵母单细胞的拉曼光谱,以期从单细胞水平为乙醇发酵提供新的认识。结果显示:1)拉曼光谱可以实时监测浓醪乙醇发酵过程底物与产物的变化;2)酵母细胞胞内物质的变化存在类似于产物变化的前发酵期、主发酵期和后发酵期3个阶段,但出现的时间要比产物变化晚约4h;3)为适应浓醪发酵环境,酵母细胞的生理状态和胞内物质在不断地进行调整,随着环境乙醇浓度的升高,酵母细胞在胞内累积蛋白质和脂类物质,蛋白质二级结构逐渐变为以无规则卷曲为主;4)发酵后期,酵母细胞在胞内累积大量的嘌呤类物质,但细胞间含量存在异质性。上述结果表明,单细胞拉曼光谱技术提供了一种研究微生物发酵的新方法,可从新的角度获知乙醇发酵过程酵母细胞内外的变化信息。     

Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on enzyme activity in unpasteurized draft sake

ABSTRACT

Unpasteurized draft sake has a potentially high market value, due to its fresh flavor and fruity taste, compared with conventional thermal-pasteurized sake. However, the shelf life of draft sake is limited. To increase the shelf life of draft sake, it is necessary to suppress flavor and taste deterioration resulting from inactivation of enzymes produced by koji-mold. Draft sake was treated with high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) of 200 to 500?MPa at ?7 to 50°C to analyze the inactivation of α-amylases, glucose-forming enzymes, and acid carboxypeptidases. We found significant inactivation of enzymes produced by koji-mold in draft sake subjected to HHP treatment at both high and low temperature. However, HHP treatment at low temperature effectively inactivated enzymes while retaining the fresh flavor and fruity taste of draft sake.     

细菌纤维素菌株超高压诱变选育及其发酵培养基的优化

 为了获得高产细菌纤维素菌株,对初选的细菌纤维素菌株J₂进行超高压诱变,运用Plackett-Burman设计对影响高压诱变菌株生产细菌纤维素的因素效应进行评价,采用Box-Behnken试验优化发酵培养基组成。试验结果表明,超高压诱变压力、时间对细菌纤维素菌株有显著或极显著影响。细菌纤维素菌株高压诱变条件为压力250 MPa、时间15 min、温度25 ℃。经超高压诱变,获得产纤维素能力高、遗传稳定性好的诱变菌株M₄₃₈。影响诱变菌株M₄₃₈发酵生产细菌纤维素的关键因子是酵母浸出汁、MgSO₄和无水乙醇。优化的发酵培养基为碳源5%（葡萄糖∶蔗糖为4∶1）、酵母浸出汁1.25%、CaCl₂0 15%、ZnSO₄ 0.20%、K₂HPO₄ 0.20%、MgSO₄ 0.93%、富马酸0.30%、无水乙醇0.50%。利用此培养基培养诱变细菌纤维素菌株M₄₃₈,其纤维素产量是优化前的1.84倍,是超高压诱变之前的2.69倍。超高压技术用于细菌纤维素菌株的诱变育种是可行的。发酵培养基的优化可显著提高菌株M₄₃₈发酵生产细菌纤维素的能力。     

Untersuchungen zur Resorption und Metabolisierung oral applizierter 15N-markierter Nukleinsäuren

Es wurden Untersuchungen zur Resorption und Metabolisierung ¹⁵N-markierter Hefe-RNS an Ratten durchgeführt. Die Bilanz der ¹⁵N-Ausscheidung in Urin und Kot ergab eine nahezu vollständige Resorption und eine äuβerst niedrige Inkorporation des Nukleinsäurestickstoffs. Da für die Bewertung des Proteinstoffwechsels neben der Gesamt-¹⁵ N-Ausscheidungsmenge im Urin die ¹⁵N-Menge der Harnstoff-bzw. Ammonium-Fraktion herangezogen wird, wurde die prozentuale Verteilung der Nukleinsäuremetabolite auf die Metabolitfraktionen im Urin untersucht. Aufgrund der dabei gewonnenen Erkenntnisse können die bei Proteinstoffwechseluntersuchungen unter Verwendung ¹⁵N-markierter Hefen bzw. nukleinsäurehaltigen Hefeproteinen erhaltenen Daten korrigiert werden.     

畸形波电磁散射特性分析及其特征识别标识的研究

针对弱非线性的Longuet-Higgins模型在模拟强非线性畸形波海面时所存在的问题,采用修正的相位调制法模拟一维畸形波时间、空间波面,该方法能够实现畸形波的定时定点生成,并且其波形既能保持目标谱的频谱结构,又能较大程度地满足波浪序列的统计特性.同时,基于改进的双尺度(TSM)法及时域有限差分法建立畸形波的电磁散射模型,经过相对平均偏差和均方根偏差误差分析后,基于TSM法研究分析了畸形波及其背景海面波的归一化雷达散射截面(NRCS)的计算结果.实验表明,合成孔径雷达成像中畸形波的NRCS比背景波要小,即畸形波的合成孔径雷达图像成像比背景波要灰暗,因此可以将NRCS作为畸形波的特征识别标识.通过分析研究不同极化方式、入射角、入射频率条件下畸形波与背景波面的电磁散射特性实验数据得出:当二者的NRCS差值大于-11.8 dB及以上时,即认为产生畸形波,这为实际的工程应用提供了参照标准.     

The characteristics of sonoluminescence

Cavitation luminescence is light emission from gases that are compressed to high temperature and high pressure inside a bubble or group of bubbles. The numerical simulation in this study indicates that if the temperature and pressure inside a bubble are not high enough, then dim and spectral line emission dominates. However, if the temperature and pressure inside the bubble are very high, then the light is bright and a continuum spectrum will be generated. Calculations of the spectrum using modified equations of bubble motion can simulate the spectral profile well. However, pulse width calculations using these equations only partly agree with the experimental results.     

Ultrasonic monitoring of malolactic fermentation in red wines

The progress of malolactic fermentation in red wines has been monitored by using ultrasonic techniques. The evolution of ultrasonic velocity of a tone burst 1 MHz longitudinal wave was measured, analyzed and compared to those parameters of oenological interest obtained simultaneously by analytical methods. Semi-industrial tanks were used during measurements pretending to be in real industrial conditions. Results showed that the ultrasonic velocity mainly changes as a result of the conversion by lactic acid bacteria of malic acid into lactic acid and CO₂. Overall, the present study has demonstrated the potential of the ultrasonic technique in monitoring the malolactic fermentation process.     

Order-independent method of characteristics

A method of characteristics is developed for any system of partial differential equations of any finite order that admits an isovector fieldV and an initial data map satisfying a specific transversality condition. It is shown to agree with the classical method of characteristics for a nonlinear, first-order PDE and for quasilinear systems of first-order PDE with the same principal part. The method is also applicable to systems of nonlinear, first-order PDE and to systems of higher order, where it agrees with results obtained by similarity and group invariant methods. Implementation of the characteristic method is easier than classical group invariant methods because a complete, independent system of invariants of the flow generated by the isovector (group symmetry) does not have to be computed. General solutions are obtained only whenV is a Cauchy characteristic vector of the fundamental ideal; otherwise, any characteristic solution is shown to satisfy an explicit system of differential constraints. Explicit examples and comparisons with more classical methods are given.     

生物传感器的应用

综述了生物传感器的类型、基本原理、目前的研究现状及应用情况。生物传感器是以生物分子作为敏感元件的一类新兴传感器，将化学信号、热信号、光信号转化成电信号或者直接产生电信号予以放大输出，从而得到检测结果。生物传感器广泛应用于食品工业、环境监测、发酵工业、军事领域和临床医学等方面。主要用于一些食品和污染物浓度的测量，微生物呼吸活性的测定，微生物培养方法的选择等，此外，还可以作为水处理设备的终端。可以预料，生物传感器将向着微型化、实用化、多样化和人工智能化的方向发展，并且还将用于对生物功能进行人工模拟，研究人工感官。生物传感器具有快速、准确、方便等优点，具有广阔的应用前景，必将在市场上开辟出一片新的天地。     

基于外电场作用氟氯碳酰的光谱特性和解离特性

采用密度泛函方法(DFT)在B3LYP/6-31G(d)水平上优化计算了在不同外电场作用下氟氯碳酰分子的物理性质,包括键长、键角、分子体系总能量、偶极矩、能隙、红外光谱、拉曼光谱以及解离特性.研究表明在外电场(-0.02—0.07 a.u.)作用下,氟氯碳酰分子结构有明显的变化,随着外电场的增强,分子C-O键长、C-Cl键长逐渐增大,C-F键长逐渐减小,分子体系总能量、能隙先增大后减小,偶极矩先减小后增大;分子红外光谱的O p-deform、CCl stretch(str)、CF str振动发生了蓝移,CO str振动发生了红移,CO deform振动先红移后蓝移,分子拉曼光谱的O p-deform、CCl str、CF str、CO str振动移动情况与红外光谱相同,当外电场强度为0.03 a.u.时,分子C-Cl势垒消失,分子发生解离,当外电场强度为-0.005 a.u.时,分子两个键断裂,发生逐步解离.研究工作为进一步研究氟氯碳酰分子的解离特性及臭氧层的保护提供理论依据.     

Application of multifractal wavelet analysis to spontaneous fermentation processes

An algorithm is presented here to get more detailed information, of mixed-culture type, based exclusively on the biomass concentration data for fermentation processes. The analysis is performed with only the on-line measurements of the redox potential being available. It is a two-step procedure which includes an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) that relates the redox potential to the biomass concentrations in the first step. Next, a multifractal wavelet analysis is performed using the biomass estimates of the process. In this context, our results show that the redox potential is a valuable indicator of microorganism metabolic activity during the spontaneous fermentation. In this paper, the detailed design of the multifractal wavelet analysis is presented, as well as its direct experimental application at the laboratory level.     

Tomographic characteristics of spin states

Spin states are studied in the tomographic-probability representation. The standard probability distribution of spin projection onto a direction in space is used instead of the spinor or the density matrix to identify the quantum state. The Shannon entropy and information are associated with the spin tomographic probability. A short review of the probability-theory notions is presented. Analysis of tomographic entropy and tomographic information for the Werner state is considered. The probability representation is used to describe a spin-3/2 particle and two qubits. The connection of tomographic entropy with the von Neumann entropy is discussed.     

Application of ultrasonication at different microbial growth stages during apple juice fermentation by Lactobacillus plantarum: Investigation on the metabolic response

In this work, low-intensity ultrasonication (58.3 and 93.6 W/L) was performed at lag, logarithmic and stationary growth phases of Lactobacillus plantarum in apple juice fermentation, separately. Microbial responses to sonication, including microbial growth, profiles of organic acids profile, amino acids, phenolics, and antioxidant capacity, were examined. The results revealed that obvious responses were made by Lactobacillus plantarum to ultrasonication at lag and logarithmic phases, whereas sonication at stationary phase had a negligible impact. Sonication at lag and logarithmic phases promoted microbial growth and intensified biotransformation of malic acid to lactic acid. For example, after sonication at lag phase for 0.5 h, microbial count and lactic acid content in the ultrasound-treated samples at 58.3 W/L reached 7.91 ± 0.01 Log CFU/mL and 133.70 ± 7.39 mg/L, which were significantly higher than that in the non-sonicated samples. However, the ultrasonic effect on microbial growth and metabolism of organic acids attenuated with fermentation. Moreover, ultrasonication at lag and logarithmic phases had complex influences on the metabolism of apple phenolics such as chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, procyanidin B2, catechin and gallic acid. Ultrasound could positively affect the hydrolysis of chlorogenic acid to caffeic acid, the transformation of procyanidin B2 and decarboxylation of gallic acid. The metabolism of organic acids and free amino acids in the sonicated samples was statistically correlated with phenolic metabolism, implying that ultrasound may benefit phenolic derivation by improving the microbial metabolism of organic acids and amino acids.     

Optoelectronic characteristics of CuO nanorods

Optoelectronic characteristics of p-type CuO nanorods, synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method, were investigated at different atmospheres and oxygen pressures. The CuO nanorods have lower resistance in air than in a vacuum, unlike the n-type semiconductors. This is explained in terms of the surface accumulation conduction. Measurements at different oxygen pressures indicate that oxygen has an important effect on the optoelectronic properties of p-type nanomaterials.     

Acoustic characteristics of reticent speech

Reticent speakers differ from nonreticent speakers in vocal characteristics, such as fundamental frequency, frequency range, fluency, and intensity, which prompt negative impressions on the part of listeners. Waveform and spectrographic analyses were performed on the vocal cues of 19 reticent and nonreticent subjects (57 speech samples). Statistically significant differences were found in fluency between reticent and nonreticent speech. Reticent male speakers also showed significantly higher F₀, whereas reticent female speakers demonstrated narrower frequency range. Identification and analysis of these characteristics are required for effective remediation.     

Acoustic characteristics of children''s voice

Four acoustic measures were taken from voice recordings of 121 children between the ages of 64 and 134 months. Acoustic parameters were measured on a sustained neutral /a/ vowel, produced imitatively at normal pitch and loudness. Samples were analyzed for fundamental frequency, jitter, shimmer, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Data are presented to characterize effects of age, sex, height, and weight on these acoustic parameters. Results indicate statistically significant relationships between frequency and sex, with higher frequencies for girls. Also significant is a positive relationship between shimmer and height and a negative relationship between SNR and height.     

Spectral characteristics of acoustic cavitation

This paper reports on theoretical research into the dynamics, acoustic noise and noise spectrum of a single cavitation bubble affected by non-gradiental acoustic fields. It is shown that all the characteristic features of experimental acoustic cavitation spectra occur in the spectrum of a single bubble.     

相干叠加脉冲锁模激光器调制特性的研究

本文在理论上发现了相干叠加脉冲锁模激光器的调制特性,并对其进行了全面的分析和计算.对于相干叠加脉冲锁模激光器的脉冲压缩及调制特性给予了详尽的数值计算结果和清晰的物理图象的解释,并提出利用相干叠加脉冲锁模激光器的调制特性产生更短脉冲的可能性.