Synthesis and Characterization of Sol-Gel Cu-ZrO2 and Fe-ZrO2 Catalysts

Fe-ZrO₂ and Cu-ZrO₂ xerogels were prepared by a sol-gel method. The effect of the hydrolysis catalyst during the gelation step, namely H₂SO₄ or NH₄OH, on the properties of the resulting materials was investigated by XRD, BET, TGA/DTA, TPD of ammonia, FTIR, and TPR. Fe-ZrO₂ and Cu-ZrO₂ xerogels, with sulfuric acid introduced as the hydrolysis catalyst, mainly crystallyzed in the tetragonal phase and exhibited larger surface area and acid amount than those obtained with NH₄OH. Ammonia TPD shows that copper promoted sulfated zirconia is the most acidic material. TGA and FTIR reveal that under oxidizing conditions sulfated zirconia promoted with iron and copper retains more sulfate species than unpromoted sulfated zirconia. Regardless of the hydrolysis catalyst employed, copper promoted catalysts calcined at 600°C, contain a large fraction of copper oxide specieseasily reduced at low temperatures. These copper oxide species are believed to have different environment and interactions with the surface oxygen vacancies of the zirconia support. A FeO-like phase appears to be the most probable one after reduction of Fe-ZrO₂ catalysts prepared with NH₄OH as the hydrolysis catalyst. The formation of Fe° species may be hindered by the high dispersion and interaction of Fe²⁺ ions with the zirconia support. On the other hand, the reduction peaks of iron oxide and sulfate species exhibit a considerable overlap in the TPR profiles of sulfated Fe-ZrO₂ samples. Hence, the nature of the supported phase in the latter samples is rather uncertain.     

CO Oxidation on Cu/MgO-SiO2 Sol-Gel Derived Catalysts

Sol-gel Cu//MgOSiO₂ catalysts were prepared gelling tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), magnesium ethoxide and copper acetylacetonate at pH 3 and pH 9. The catalysts shown specific surface areas ca. 500 m²/g and 140 m²/g for pH 9 and pH 3 preparations respectively. Si(OH) and Si(OH)₂ hydroxy groups were observed by MAS-RMN spectroscopy in both preparations. CO₂-TPD and NH₃-TPD desorption thermograms showed that acid and basic sites were formed on the catalysts surface. It has been found that the catalysts having the highest density of basic sites were the catalysts showing the highest activity for the CO oxidation. It is proposed that the catalytic activity depends of the relative Cu⁼¹/Cu⁼² stability given by the support acidity.     

Hydrogenation of Benzonitrile on Sn-Pt/SiO2 Catalysts Prepared by Introducing SnEt4 to Pt/SiO2: Role of Tin

Liquid phase hydrogenation of benzonitrile was studied over Sn-Pt/SiO₂ catalysts prepared by introducing tetraethyl tin onto the 3 wt.% Pt/SiO₂ catalyst. Tin content of the catalysts ranged from 0.05 to 0.63 wt.%, whereas Sn/Pt surface atomic ratios determined by chemisorption measurements were between 0.1 to 3.5. Dibenzylamine selectivity influenced to a small extent by the level of conversion and the Sn/Pt ratio wasca. 75 %. The addition of tin to Pt in the range of (Sn/Pt)_surface = 0.50–1.25 led to an increase in the turnover frequency (TOF) by a factor of 2. TOF showed a maximum at a surface atomic ratio of Sn/Pt = 1. The enhancement of catalyst activity upon the addition of tin is explained by the formation of Sn⁺-Pt ensemble sites on the surface of bimetallic nanoclusters. It is suggested that highly dispersed positively charged tin species, by polarizing the triple bond, enhance the reactivity of the -CN group. Calcination at 300°C followed by re-reduction of the catalysts resulted in a monotonic decrease of specific activity with increasing Sn/Pt ratio.     

碳纳米管负载的Fe2O3催化剂制备

Carbon nanotubes were modified by FeSO₄-H₂O₂ system, iron hydroxides were adsorbed on the wall of carbon nanotubes simultaneously. These precursors were treated at 723K for 2 h under hydrogen, nitrogen and air atmosphere to prepare carbon nanotubes supported γ-Fe₂O₃catalyst, γ-Fe₂O₃and α-Fe₂O₃compound catalyst and amorphous Fe₂O₃catalyst, respectively. This is green method to prepare high Fe₂O₃loading (≥50 %) catalyst without adding other cation. The different structures Fe₂O₃catalysts can be synthesized by controlling the condition of thermal treatment to content active phase requirements for different catalytic reactions. The paper presents a new method to prepare carbon nanotubes supported catalysts.     

Cu@UiO-66衍生的Cu+-ZrO2界面位点用于高效催化CO2加氢制甲醇

Cu/ZrO₂ catalysts have demonstrated effective in hydrogenation of CO₂ to methanol, during which the Cu-ZrO₂ interface plays a key role. Thus, maximizing the number of Cu-ZrO₂ interface active sites is an effective strategy to develop ideal catalysts. This can be achieved by controlling the active metal size and employing porous supports. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are valid candidates because of their rich, open-framework structures and tunable compositions. UiO-66 is a rigid metal-organic skeleton material with excellent hydrothermal and chemical stability that comprises Zr as the metal center and terephthalic acid (H₂BDC) as the organic ligand. Herein, porous UiO-66 was chosen as the ZrO₂ precursor, which can confine Cu nanoparticles within its pores/defects. As a result, we constructed a Cu-ZrO₂ nanocomposite catalyst with high activity for CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol. Many active interfaces could form when the catalysts were calcined at a moderate temperature, and the active interface was optimized by adjusting the calcination temperature and active metal size. Furthermore, the Cu-ZrO₂ interface remained after CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), demonstrating the stability of the active interface. The catalyst structure and hydrogenation activity were influenced by the content of the active component and the calcination temperature; therefore, these parameters were explored to obtain an optimized catalyst. At 280 ℃ and 4.5 MPa, the optimized CZ-0.5-400 catalyst gave the highest methanol turnover frequency (TOF) of 13.4 h^-1 with a methanol space-time yield (STY) of 587.8 g·kg^-1·h^-1 (calculated per kilogram of catalyst, the same below), a CO₂ conversion of 12.6%, and a methanol selectivity of 62.4%. In situ diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) of CO adsorption over the optimized catalyst revealed a predominant, unreducible Cu⁺ species that was also identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The favorable activity observed was due to this abundant Cu⁺ species coming from the Cu⁺-ZrO₂ interface that served as the methanol synthesis active center and acted as a bridge for transporting hydrogen from the active Cu species to ZrO₂. In addition, the oxygen vacancies of ZrO₂ promoted the adsorption and activation of CO₂. These vacancies and Cu⁺ trapped in the ZrO₂ lattice are the active sites for methanol synthesis from CO₂ hydrogenation. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the catalyst before and after reaction revealed the stability of its structure, which was further verified by time-on-stream (TOS) tests. Furthermore, in situ DRIFTS and temperature-programmed surface reaction-mass spectroscopy (TPSR-MS) revealed the reaction mechanism of CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol, which followed an HCOO-intermediated pathway.     

碳纳米管对Rh-Ce-Mn/SiO2催化剂催化CO加氢合成含氧化合物性能的影响

 制备了碳纳米管(CNTs)促进的Rh-Ce-Mn/SiO2催化剂,采用X射线光电子能谱、程序升温还原、 N2物理吸附、 X射线衍射以及吸附H2或CO的程序升温脱附对催化剂进行了表征,并考察了催化剂对CO加氢合成含氧化合物的催化性能. 结果表明, CNTs的添加促进了铑的分散,铑及助剂在载体表面发生富集; 活性组分铑与助剂及载体间的相互作用和催化剂样品的还原性能发生了改变; 在铑基催化剂中加入CNTs后,强吸附的H2和CO的量明显增大. CNTs促进的铑基催化剂的CO加氢活性明显提高,当CNTs添加量为10%时,一定条件下催化剂上含氧化合物的时空收率可达336.2 g/(kg·h).     

负载型CuO/TiO2催化剂催化CO2加氢制甲醇

采用浸渍法制备了CuO/TiO_2负载型催化剂,并将其用于CO2加氢制甲醇反应。重点考察了铜的负载量对催化剂性能的影响,并对其物化性能和催化性能之间的关系进行了讨论。结果发现,随着铜负载量的增加,催化剂中金属铜的比表面先增加后减小,当铜的负载量为10%(质量百分数)时达到最大值。催化剂的表面碱性位数量随铜含量的增加持续减小,中等碱位和强碱位的强度下降。当铜的负载量不高于10%时,CO2的转化率与铜的比表面积呈线性关系。甲醇选择性与催化剂的表面碱位性质有关,过强的碱性位会降低甲醇选择性。     

Effects of the Calcination and Reduction Conditions on a Cu/ZnO Methanol Synthesis Catalyst

The CuO crystallite size of the catalysts obtained from aurichalcite greatly depends on the heating rate of calcination for highly active and selective Cu/ZnO catalyst was prepared by reduction with methanol at 443 K for 17 h.     

负载型CuO/TiO2催化剂催化CO2加氢制甲醇

采用浸渍法制备了CuO/TiO₂负载型催化剂,并将其用于CO₂加氢制甲醇反应。重点考察了铜的负载量对催化剂性能的影响,并对其物化性能和催化性能之间的关系进行了讨论。结果发现,随着铜负载量的增加,催化剂中金属铜的比表面先增加后减小,当铜的负载量为10%（质量百分数）时达到最大值。催化剂的表面碱性位数量随铜含量的增加持续减小,中等碱位和强碱位的强度下降。当铜的负载量不高于10%时,CO₂的转化率与铜的比表面积呈线性关系。甲醇选择性与催化剂的表面碱位性质有关,过强的碱性位会降低甲醇选择性。     

以类水滑石为前驱体的Cu/Zn/Al/(Zr)/(Y)催化剂制备及其催化CO_2加氢合成甲醇的性能

采用共沉淀法合成了Cu:Zn:Al:Zr:Y原子比分别为2:1:1:0:0、2:1:0.8:0.2:0、2:1:0.8:0:0.2和2:1:0.8:0.1:0.1的Cu/Zn/Al/(Zr)/(Y)类水滑石化合物.将前驱体材料在空气中500°C焙烧后得到复合金属氧化物,并将其用于CO2加氢合成甲醇反应.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、热重(TG)分析、N2吸附、氧化亚氮(N2O)反应吸附、氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和H2/CO2程序升温脱附(H2/CO2-TPD)技术对所制备的样品进行表征.结果表明,Zr和Y的引入使得催化剂BET比表面积大幅增加,金属铜的比表面积和分散度均按以下顺序依次增加:Cu/Zn/AlCu/Zn/Al/ZrCu/Zn/Al/YCu/Zn/Al/Zr/Y,然而,强碱位数目占总碱位数目的比例的变化顺序为:Cu/Zn/AlCu/Zn/Al/YCu/Zn/Al/Zr/YCu/Zn/Al/Zr.活性评价结果揭示CO2转化率取决于金属铜的比表面积,甲醇选择性则随强碱位比例的增加而线性增加.因而,Zr和Y的引入有利于甲醇的合成,Cu/Zn/Al/Zr/Y催化剂上的甲醇收率最高.     

探究Cu/ZnO相互作用对CO2加氢制甲醇反应性能的影响

Using renewable green hydrogen and carbon dioxide (CO₂) to produce methanol is one of the fundamental ways to reduce CO₂ emissions in the future, and research and development related to catalysts for efficient and stable methanol synthesis is one of the key factors in determining the entire synthesis process. Metal nanoparticles stabilized on a support are frequently employed to catalyze the methanol synthesis reaction. Metal-support interactions (MSIs) in these supported catalysts can play a significant role in catalysis. Tuning the MSI is an effective strategy to modulate the activity, selectivity, and stability of heterogeneous catalysts. Numerous studies have been conducted on this topic; however, a systematic understanding of the role of various strengths of MSI is lacking. Herein, three Cu/ZnO-SiO₂ catalysts with different strengths of MSI, namely, normal precipitation Cu/ZnO-SiO₂ (Nor-CZS), co-precipitation Cu/ZnO-SiO₂ (Co-CZS), and reverse precipitation Cu/ZnO-SiO₂ (Re-CZS), were successfully prepared to determine the role of such interactions in the hydrogenation of CO₂ to methanol. The results of temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization illustrated that the MSI of the catalysts was considerably affected by the precipitation sequence. Fourier transform infrared reflection spectroscopy (FT-IR) results indicated that the Cu species existed as CuO in all cases and that copper phyllosilicate was absent (except for strong Cu-SiO₂ interaction). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and N₂O chemical titration results revealed that strong interactions between the Cu and Zn species would promote the dispersion of Cu species, thereby leading to a higher CO₂ conversion rate and improved catalytic stability. As expected, the Re-CZS catalyst exhibited the highest activity with 12.4% CO₂ conversion, followed by the Co-CZS catalyst (12.1%), and the Nor-CZS catalyst (9.8%). After the same reaction time, the normalized CO₂ conversion of the three catalysts decreased in the following order: Re-CZS (75%) > Co-CZS (70%) > Nor-CZS (65%). Notably, the methanol selectivity of the Re-CZS catalyst was found to level off after a prolonged period, in contrast to that of Co-CZS and Nor-CZS. Investigation of the structural evolution of the catalyst with time on stream revealed that the high methanol selectivity of the catalyst was caused by the reconstruction of the catalyst, which was induced by the strong MSI between the Cu and Zn species, and the migration of ZnO onto Cu species, which caused an enlargement of the Cu/ZnO interface. This work offers an alternative strategy for the rational and optimized design of efficient catalysts.     

Ni/K2CO3/MoS2低碳醇催化剂的表面结构和电子效应

制备了不同含量Ni改性的K2CO3/MoS2(ADM)低碳醇催化剂, 通过XRD、BET、XPS等表征技术考察了模型催化剂的表面结构和电子特征, 结果表明在ADM催化剂中Ni助剂主要以Ni-Mo-S配位结构和独立的NiSx两种形式存在. 在nNi/nMo＜1/3时, Ni-Mo-S配位结构为主要存在形式, 催化剂表面Ni含量低于体相. 随着Ni含量的提高, Ni与MoS2配位逐渐饱和, NiSx独立相逐步形成并导致Ni的表面富集, 同时Ni的富集导致ADM催化剂形成富含S和K的表面化学环境. 作为供电子助剂, Ni-Mo-S结构对应于强的电子作用, 而独立NiSx与MoS2之间的电子作用较弱. 随Ni含量的增加Ni与MoS2之间的电子作用呈现由强变弱的规律, 反映了Ni与MoS2配位饱和与独立NiSx相的形成过程.     

CO加氢制C2含氧化合物Rh基催化剂中常见助剂的作用

由煤、天然气或生物质出发,经合成气制乙醇等C2含氧化合物具有重要意义,负载型Rh基催化剂是实现该过程最有效的催化剂。助剂的选择尤其重要,其中Fe、Mn、Li的助催化作用最为显著,人们对此进行了长期而有效的研究,有关观点也很难统一,但相关总结性的报道不多。因此,本文系统综述了这三种常见助剂催化作用的研究进展。结果表明,这些助剂的作用与其所处的催化体系、制备方法等密切相关,后者直接影响了助剂-金属-载体间相互作用,使得催化剂各种组分表现出不同存在状态,进而影响它们在CO加氢各基元步骤中的催化作用。本文可为人们全面认识这些常用助剂的作用提供有益的参考。     

钠对苯甲醛加氢合成苯甲醇催化剂Cu/SiO2的修饰作用影响活性

采用浸渍法引入不同含量的钠元素对Cu/SiO₂催化剂进行了改性, 并对苯甲醛加氢合成无氯苯甲醇反应进行了研究. XRD, H₂-TPR, BET, IR等表征分析结果表明: 经钠元素修饰后的催化剂并没有改变CuO的晶相结构, 但增强了活性组分和载体间的相互作用, 使CuO的还原温度得到提高; 催化剂表面的酸量和酸强度随钠元素修饰量的增加而显著降低; 钠的最佳负载量为1.0% (w), Na-Cu/SiO₂催化剂能够有效抑制副产物甲苯的生成, 显著地提高产物苯甲醇的高温选择性.     

Cr/CeO2体系及其对乙烷脱氢反应催化性能的研究

The dehydrogenation reaction of ethane over Cr/CeO₂ catalysts in presence of CO₂ was studied with fixed-bed micro-reactor. The Cr/CeO₂ catalysts of different Cr loading have been synthesized using impregnation techniques. The Cr/CeO₂ system has already been found to be active and selective in the reaction at around 740 ℃. The function of carbon dioxide is to remove coke and hydrogen to accelerate dehydrogenation of ethane. The results of catalysts characterizations indicated that Cr³⁺ and Cr⁶⁺ occurred on the surface of the catalysts. The 1.2 mmol Cr/100m₂ CeO₂ catalyst sample with a monolayer dispersion of Cr on CeO₂ support showed a stronger surface acidity and a maximum yield of ethylene of about 35.5% at 36.6% conversion of ethane.     

Decomposition of Nitrous Oxide on CoOX/ZrO2, CuOX/ZrO2 and FeOX/ZrO2 Catalysts

On CoO_x/ZrO₂, CuO_x/ZrO₂ and FeO_x/ZrO₂ catalysts, below the limits shown by characterization to have high metal dispersion, the turnover frequency for N₂O decomposition is nearly independent of metal content.     

超细CuO/ZnO/TiO2-SiO2的表征和CO2加氢合成甲醇性能研究

用溶胶-凝胶法制备了铜、锌质量分数不同的超细Cu/ZnO/TiO2-SiO2催化剂。通过BET、TPR、XRD及FT-IR等方法对催化剂前驱体CuO/ZnO/TiO2-SiO2的物化性能进行表征。用固定床连续流动微反装置，考察催化剂CO2加氢合成甲醇的催化性能。研究结果表明，溶胶-凝胶法制备的CuO/ZnO/TiO2-SiO2催化剂比表面较大（240 m2/g～590 m2/g），孔径分布单一，晶相组成为CuO。随着铜、锌质量分数的增大，催化剂的比表面积减小，最可几孔径增大; CuO微晶结晶度增大,同时微晶尺寸逐渐增大至20 nm。催化剂具有较高的反应活性和选择性，当氧化铜、氧化锌质量分数各为25%时，在260 ℃，2 500 h－1，CO2∶H2=1∶3（mol比），2.0 MPa的反应条件下，甲醇时空收率为0.126g/(h·g)。     

蒸氨压力对Cu/SiO_2催化剂的影响及其草酸二甲酯加氢性能

以Si O2为载体,铜氨溶液为前驱体,采用蒸氨法在不同蒸氨压力下制备了系列铜负载量质量分数为20.0%的Cu/Si O2催化剂。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、H2-程序升温还(H2-TPR)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、X射线诱导俄歇电子能谱(XAES)等技术手段对催化剂的物理化学性能进行了表征。考察了蒸氨速率对催化剂物化结构及其草酸二甲酯催化加氢制乙二醇的催化性能影响。在反应温度200℃、压力3.0 MPa、液时空速LHSV=0.4 h-1、氢气草酸二甲酯摩尔比80∶1的反应条件下测定了催化剂的活性。结果表明,在蒸氨压力为31.3 k Pa条件下制备的催化剂表现出了最佳活性和选择性,草酸二甲酯转化率达到了99.9%,乙二醇选择性达94.4%。H2-TPR、XRD、TEM、FTIR及XAES表征结果表明,较低蒸氨压力有利于铜氨离子快速分解负载在载体上,避免铜粒子聚集长大,还原后形成Cu2O和Cu0物种颗粒尺寸较小,分散比较均匀,催化活性,尤其是乙二醇的选择性更佳。     

Preparation,Characterization, and Catalytic Behavior of Nanostructured Mesoporous CuO/ZrO2 Catalysts for Low-Temperature CO Oxidation

High-surface area mesoporous 20 mol% CuO/ZrO₂ catalyst was prepared by a surfactant-assisted method of nanocrystalline particle assembly, and characterized by x-ray powder diffraction (XRD), N₂ adsorption, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), H₂-TPR, TG-DTA, and x-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) techniques. The catalytic properties of the CuO/ZrO₂ nanocatalysts calcined at different temperature were evaluated by low-temperature carbon monoxide oxidation using a CATLAB system. The results showed that these mesoporous nanostructured CuO/ZrO₂ catalysts were very active for low-temperature CO oxidation and the CuO/ZrO₂ catalyst calcined at 400°C exhibited the highest catalytic activity.     

助剂促进的Rh-Fe/Al2O3催化剂上CO加氢制乙醇反应性能

考察了Fe,Rh载量以及助剂对Rh-Fe/Al2O3催化剂上合成气制乙醇反应性能的影响.结果表明,随着Fe载量的增加,甲醇选择性持续上升伴随着甲烷选择性的持续下降,而乙醇选择性有最优值.助剂的添加或多或少促进了甲醇耦合、CO插入和解离的活性,或抑制了催化剂加氢能力,使得乙醇选择性有所上升,甲醇选择性有所下降,而烃类选择性变化不大.随着CO加氢反应的进行,Rh-Fe/Al2O3催化剂上烃类选择性逐渐下降,但甲醇的生成活性逐渐上升,而乙醇选择性和生成活性逐渐下降;然而,助剂的添加并未提高催化剂的稳定性.这可能是由于在反应过程中Fe物种逐渐被合成气还原使得乙醇生成活性位数量逐渐减少所致.