Ozonization of electronic conducting polymers: II. Degradation or doping

The ozonization of poly[3-pentylthiophene], poly[3-heptylthiophene] and poly[3-nonylthiophene] was carried out in room temperature. The DC conductivity changes during the ozonization have been recorded, revealing significant conductivity increase (up to two orders of magnitude). Moreover, an analysis of electron microscopy images has shown that ozone related swelling of polymer bundles caused the granular structure of the samples to fade away. The analysis of FTIR spectra indicated the presence of physisorbed ozone as well as oxidative degradation products in the ozonized polymer samples.     

Conducting and Photoactive Polymers on the Basis of Transition Metal Complexes: Electrochemical Synthesis

Mechanism of electrochemical oxidative polymerization and formation of polymers based on the transition metal complexes are considered. The complexes under study are assumed to have the resonance structures and a highly reactive imino group (–N=CH–) in the macrocyclic ring. IR spectra of the bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine ligand (H₂Salen), [NiSalen] and [PdSalen] monomers, and the respective polymers are examined and used for the experimental substantiation of the proposed mechanism underlying the formation of conducting polymers.     

Electrochemical characteristics of the blended polymer electrolytes containing lithium salts

Blend-based polymer electrolytes composed of poly(ethylene oxide), poly(oligo[oxyethylene]oxysebacoyl), and lithium salts have been prepared. These polymer electrolytes have been investigated in terms of ionic conductivity, transport number, and interfacial characteristics of the lithium electrode in contact with the polymer electrolyte. The influences of the blend composition, the salt used, and its concentration on the electrochemical behavior were studied. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Characterization of PVdF-HFP/Nafion/AlO[OH]n composite membranes for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC)

Poly-(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP)/Nafion ionomer/aluminum oxy hydroxide nanocomposite membranes were prepared by phase inversion technique. The resultant membranes were subjected to protonic conductivity, methanol permeability, infra-red and thermogravimmetric analysis. The infra-red spectroscopic measurements revealed the presence of sulfonic acid groups in the composite membranes. The thermal stability and ionic conductivity of the polymer membranes have been greatly varied upon the addition of AlO[OH]_n. Although the PVDF-HFP/Nafion/AlO[OH]_n composite membranes have moderate protonic conductivity it has lower methanol permeability and may be considered as a candidate for DMFC applications.     

Effect of Ionic Liquid Anion Type in the Performance of Solid Polymer Electrolytes Based on Poly(Vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene)

The effect of different anions within the ionic liquid in the characteristics of solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) based on P(VDF‐TrFE) has been investigated. 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate, [C₂mim][OAc], 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium triflate, [C₂mim][(CF₃SO₃)], 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium lactate, [C₂mim][Lactate], 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium thiocyanate, [C₂mim][SNC] and 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate [C₂mim][HSO₄] have been used in SPE prepared by solvent casting. The polymer phase, thermal and electrochemical properties of the SPE have been determined. The thermal and electrical properties of the SPEs strongly depend on the selected IL, as determined by their different interactions with the polymer matrix. The room temperature ionic conductivity increases in the following way for the different anions: [SNC]>[CF₃SO₃)]>[HSO₄]>[Lactate]>[OAc], which is mainly dependent on the viscosity of the ionic liquid.     

金属聚炔能带结构与化学键研究──Ⅰ．主链中金属对聚炔能带结构的影响

用紧束缚ＥＨＴ晶体轨道方法对含有过渡金属的聚炔化合物［─Ｃ≡Ｃ─Ｍ（ＰＨ_３）_２─Ｃ≡Ｃ─］_ｎ（Ｍ＝Ｐｄ，Ｐｔ，Ｎｉ）及［─Ｃ≡Ｃ─Ｍ─Ｃ≡Ｃ─］_ｎ（Ｍ＝Ｃｕ，Ａｇ，Ａｕ）进行了能带结构计算，发现在费米能级附近的导带或价带都是离域的ｄ－ｐπ键，这些能带对导电性起决定作用。根据重复单元碎片分子轨道和相互作用讨论了能带的组成与碎片分子轨道的相互关系。     

Complexes of organometallic compounds : XXXVII. Mössbauer and other studies on adducts of organotin(IV) chlorides with N,N′-ethylenebis(salicylideneiminato)-nickel(II)

Novel 1/1 adducts have been obtained from the complex N,N′-ethylenebis(salicylideneiminato)nickel(II) (NiSalen) with di- and mono-organotin(IV) chlorides, and their solid state configuration investigated by Mössbauer , IR and electronic spectroscopy and magnetic measurements. In coordinated NiSalen the square planar structure is maintained around Ni^II, and the coordination to tin involves three-coordinate phenolic oxygens. The environment of Sn^IV is judged to be octahedral in both types of compounds. A trans-R₂, cis-Cl₂ configuration is advanced for R₂SnCl₂NiSalen.     

Analytical applications of nano-baskets of calix[4]pyrroles

Calix[4]pyrrole is one such class which holds a great promise in the fields of sensors and their unique behavior as sensors owes to its structural flexibility. Anion binding ability of calix[4]pyrrole has been modified in a variety of ways. Introduction of electron releasing and electron withdrawing groups at the meso position or at β-pyrrolic positions leads to calix[4]pyrrole with deep cavities and fixed walls which shows increased selectivity and modified binding effects. Strapping of calix[4]pyrrole is another way to modify its structural behavior which is responsible for its binding behavior. Choice of strap could play a profound role not only in increasing the intrinsic anion binding affinity of calix[4] pyrrole, but also in modulating the receptor anion stoichiometry, thereby modifying potentially the inherent anion binding selectivity. Calix[n]pyrroles with extended cavities have also been synthesized. Such as calix[3]bipyrrole binds bromide substantially with high affinity than calix[4]pyrrole. Calix[4]pyrrole has also been used to produce anion sensors that can report the presence of anion by means of a color change. The medium effect on the complexation of calix[4]pyrrole and anion has been investigated in various solvents. Calix[4]pyrrole has also been used to increase the ionic conductivity of solid polymer electrolyte by anion complexation of the metal salt. Calix[4]pyrrole has been used to obtain optical sensors using surface plasmon resonance technique. Composite films of cellulose acetate containing calix[4]pyrrole has also been reported which has potential usage in packaging, storage and preservation. In nut shell, calix[4]pyrrole can be modified in a variety of ways to form versatile sensors which can be used in variety of ways in various areas.     

New conducting polymers, 3. Doping,stability, electrical,and optical characteristics of poly-(P-phenylphosphoethynediyl)

Studies on direct-current electrical conductivity and optical properties of a new solution of processable conducting polymer are reported. Electrical conductivity of thin films of the polymer on glass plate at room temperature was 6×10⁻⁶ S/cm. Study of conductivity with variation of temperature does not provide any definite thermal activation energy, which is in accordance with the amorphous nature of polymer. Optical absorption data adopting the Bardeen equation showed that maximum ‘optical gap’ (E _g ) is 3.30 eV. Doping with Br₂-vapor was found to be only partially effective in decreasingE _g by 0.43 eV. The polymer was found to be quite stable under normal atmospheric conditions. Environmental stability of both undoped and doped polymer has been discussed. Part 2: [5]     

ORMOCER Coatings Based on Titanium and Poly(tetraethylene glycol malonate)

Organically modified hybrid ceramic oxide coatings based on titanium and poly(tetraethylene glycol malonate) (PTEGM) have been prepared by sol-gel methods and the structure characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results indicate that malonate units (TEGM) in PTEGM form a co-ordination bond with titanium, enabling titania to be homogeneously distributed in the polymer matrix. For molar ratios [TEGM] : [TIP] = 1 and 4 maximum crack-free thicknesses of 1.2 and 15 m, respectively were achieved in a single dip. Ionic conductivity measurements were performed on coatings having molar ratios [TEGM] : [Ti] : [Li+] = 5 : 1.25 : 1, with lithium perchlorate as the electrolyte, giving a relatively high solid-state ionic conductivity of ca. 10–5 S cm–1 at room temperature.     

无定形梳状高分子固体电解质的二重玻璃化转变及典型VTF特征

研究了交替马来酸酐共聚物多缩乙二醇酯(CP350)-LiNO₃络合物的热行为及离子导电性。实验表明:CP350/LiNO₃络合物在所研究的[Li]/[EO]配比范围呈均相无定形并具有二重玻璃化转变。2个玻璃化转变温度均随盐含量的增加而上升。离子电导率随盐浓度的变化出现1个极大值,室温电导率最大可达3.72×10^-5S/cm.导电行为呈典型VTF特征。     

The enhancement of the oxidation resistance of carbonyl iron by polyaniline coating and consequent changes in electromagnetic properties

In order to enhance the stability of commercially unmodified processed carbonyl iron (CI) and to prevent corrosion, CI powders were coated with polyaniline (PANI) by using surfactant-stabilized PANI colloids in chloroform. PANI coats the individual particles with a film of a few micrometres thickness. Electromagnetic properties, as well as thermal and storage stability, of polymer composites filled with pristine and PANI-coated CI have been studied. The PANI overlayer has negligible influence on the magnetic and dielectric spectra of CI-filled polymer composites at ambient temperature. However, the temperature-frequency study of complex permittivity demonstrated that the composites containing PANI-coated CI powders are characterized by temperature-independent dielectric spectra, whereas the complex permittivity of polymer composites with pristine powders drastically decreased at elevated temperature. Additionally, the thermogravimetric analysis of pristine and PANI-coated CI powders in air has shown improvement in the stability. PANI overlayer prevents the oxidation of particles and acts as corrosion protection of CI.     

Chemical stability and characterization of rhodium-diisocyanide coordination polymers

Poly-[Rh(1,4-phenylene diisocyanide)+4/2(Cl)-] has a two-dimensional template structure, where Rh atoms are bonded by the -conjugated 1,4-phenylene diisocyanide (pdi) ligands in the x-y plane and through overlapping dz orbitals in the z direction. The more conductive metallic bonds in the z direction create anisotropy in the electrical conductivity. The anisotropy and unique geometry of poly-[Rh(pdi)+4/2(Cl)-] make it a useful test bed for examining the relationship between electrical properties and chemical stability in metal-isocyanide molecular wire systems. The bulk powder of poly-[Rh(pdi)+4/2(Cl)-] is estimated to have a room-temperature bulk conductivity of 3.4 x 10(-11) S x cm(-1), an electrical activation energy of 0.9 eV, and a dielectric constant of 7.5. In this paper, impedance spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction were used to show the dependence of the electrical conductivity on the metal-metal bonding of pressed bulk powders of poly-[Rh(pdi)+4/2(Cl)-]. Thermo-gravimetric analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to demonstrate air sensitivity in the polymer and elucidate the mechanism of oxidative degradation.     

梳状高分子固体电解质的离子导电性研究

深入研究了交替马来酸酐共聚物多缩乙二醇酯（ＣＰ３５０）两种锂盐络合物ＣＰ３５０／ＬｉＡｓＦ＿６和ＣＰ３５０／ＬｉＰＦ＿６的离子传导性能,给出了与复阻抗谱相对应的等效电路．离子电导率随［Ｌｉ］／［ＥＯ］的变化而出现一极大值,室温下,两体系电导率极大值分别为１．３８×１０（－４）,８．３２×１０（－５）Ｓ／ｃｍ．电导率随温度升高而增加．导电行为呈非－Ａｒｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ特征．阴阳离子半径之和（ｒ＿ｃ＋ｒ＿ａ）愈大,离子电导率愈高．     

TiO2/P(VdF-HFP)杂化纤维微孔膜的制备及其电化学性能

用电纺法制备了TiO₂/P(VdF-HFP)(聚偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物)杂化纤维微孔膜, 用SEM观察了杂化纤维微孔膜的形貌, 并测算了这类由超细纤维相互搭接而形成的微孔膜的孔隙率. 这种微孔膜吸附LiPF₆/EC-DMC-EMC(碳酸乙烯酯-二甲基碳酸酯-碳酸甲乙酯)电解质溶液后得到凝胶聚合物电解质膜. 用电化学方法测试了聚合物电解质膜的离子电导率、锂离子迁移数等参数, 并研究了TiO₂纳米晶的掺入对聚合物电解质电化学性能的影响. 结果表明, TiO₂的掺入降低了P(VdF-HFP)聚合物基体的结晶度, 改善了凝胶聚合物电解质的低温电化学性能.     

Preparation of poly(2‐anilinoethanol) containing azobenzene group under electrical field and its liquid crystalline properties investigation

In this project, 2‐[N‐ethyl‐N‐[4‐[(4′‐nitrophenyl)azo]‐phenyl]amino]ethanol (Disperse Red‐I) was prepared by adding of (N‐ethyl‐2‐anilinoethanol) with the salt diazonium p‐nitroaniline. The main mesogenic liquid crystalline (LC) 2‐[N‐ethyl‐N‐[4‐[4′‐nitrophenyl)azo]‐phenyl]amino]ethyl‐3‐chloro propionate (Disperse Red‐II) was synthesized by reaction of disperse Red I and 3‐chloropropanoeic acid at the alkaline condition. Then 2‐anilinoethyl‐3‐chloropropionate‐{2‐[ethyl[4‐[(4′‐nitrophenyl)azo]phenyl]amino] ethanol}, (2AECP‐Red‐I) was prepared via reaction of disperse red‐II and 2‐anilinoethanol. On the other hand, poly 2‐anilinoethyl‐3‐chloropropionate‐{2‐[ethyl[4‐[(4′‐nitrophenyl)azo]phenyl]amino]ethanol} and poly(2AECP‐Red‐I) have been synthesized by polymerization of 2AECP‐Red‐I in two separate schemes. These include polymerization in the absence of electric field (EF) and polymerization under different EFs. A comparison of the results reveals that the polymer produced under electric field is more linear, regular in shape with high electrical conductivity, as well as good LC behavior with semectic texture. The resulted monomer and poly(2AECP‐Red‐I) are characterized by using Fourier transform infrared and ultraviolet–visible and were studied by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Scanning electron microscopy images supported the formation of poly(2AECP‐Red‐I) and showed morphology feature and homogeneous structure on poly(2AECP‐Red‐I). Electrical conductivity of poly(2AECP‐Red‐I) has been studied by four‐point probe method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Lithium environment in dilute poly(ethylene oxide)/lithium triflate polymer electrolyte from REDOR NMR spectroscopy

The role of the lithium ion environment is of fundamental interest regarding transport and conductivity in lithium polymer electrolytes. X-ray crystallography has been used to characterize the lithium environment in completely crystalline poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) electrolytes, but this approach cannot be used with dilute PEO electrolytes. Here, using solid-state NMR data collected with the rotational-echo double-resonance 13C[7Li] (REDOR) pulse sequence, we have been able to characterize the crystalline microdomains of a PEO-lithium triflate sample with an oxygen/lithium ratio of 20:1. Our data clearly demonstrates that the lithium crystalline microdomains are nearly identical to those of a completely crystalline 3:1 sample, for which the crystal structure is known.     

Catalytic Metallopolymers from [2Fe‐2S] Clusters: Artificial Metalloenzymes for Hydrogen Production

Reviewed herein is the development of novel polymer‐supported [2Fe‐2S] catalyst systems for electrocatalytic and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reactions. [FeFe] hydrogenases are the best known naturally occurring metalloenzymes for hydrogen generation, and small‐molecule, [2Fe‐2S]‐containing mimetics of the active site (H‐cluster) of these metalloenzymes have been synthesized for years. These small [2Fe‐2S] complexes have not yet reached the same capacity as that of enzymes for hydrogen production. Recently, modern polymer chemistry has been utilized to construct an outer coordination sphere around the [2Fe‐2S] clusters to provide site isolation, water solubility, and improved catalytic activity. In this review, the various macromolecular motifs and the catalytic properties of these polymer‐supported [2Fe‐2S] materials are surveyed. The most recent catalysts that incorporate a single [2Fe‐2S] complex, termed single‐site [2Fe‐2S] metallopolymers, exhibit superior activity for H₂ production.     

Electrical conductivity,photoconductivity, and optical properties of poly(1,4‐diaminoanthraquinone) organic semiconductor for optoelectronic applications

The electrical conductivity and optical properties of the poly(1,4‐diaminoanthraquinone) [poly(1,4‐DAAQ)] have been investigated. The electrical conductivity of the polymer increases with temperature and room temperature conductivity was found to be 2.68 10^?5 S cm^?1. The optical band gap of the polymer is 1.87 eV due to the direct optical transitions. The photoconductivity of the polymer is higher than that of dark conductivity. When the light is switched on, the resistance decreases abruptly and when it is switched off, the resistance increases. This confirms that the polymer is a photoconductive material. The obtained results indicate that the poly(1,4‐DAAQ) is a photoconducting organic semiconductor with photovoltaic and dark current properties. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impact of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride on the electrospinning of cellulose acetate nanofibers

Additives like ionic liquids (ILs) have proven to be excellent materials useful in improving the electrospinnability and conductivity of both synthetic and biopolymers. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of 1-buthyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [BMIM]Cl on the electrospinnability of cellulose acetate (CA). The results showed that [BMIM]Cl has the greater effect on viscosity and conductivity of the spinning solution while the morphology of the nanofibers significantly improved as the concentration of the IL increases from 0% to 12% (v/v) of [BMIM]Cl. To understand the interaction between CA and [BMIM]Cl, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has been used. Observations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) suggested that [BMIM]Cl significantly altered the morphology of the CA nanofibers and 12% (v/v) of [BMIM]Cl would be an ideal concentration producing uniform fibers with a mean diameter of 180nm. In addition, the membranes showed a significant increase in conductivity (from 0 to 2.21 × 10^?7S/cm) as the concentration of ionic liquid increases up to 12% (v/v) that indicates a successful loading of IL inside the nanofibers.