Gravitational radiation and neutrinos

A class of neutrino-gravitational fields with zero energy-momentum tensor is defined. These space-times may also be interpreted as describing gravitational waves and are of Petrov typeD orN. A wave-like example of the latter is given.     

Gravitational radiation: the theoretical aspect

Abstract

Electron Spin Resonance. By N. M. Atherton. (Ellis Horwood, 1973.) [Pp. 438.] £11.50. Scope: Treatise/textbook. Level: Specialist/postgraduate; undergraduate.

The Riddle of the Pyramids. By Kurt Mendelssohn. (Thames and Hudson, 1974.) [Pp. 224. £3.50. Level: General reader.

Radioactivity in Nuclear Spectroscopy, Vol. 1. Editors, J. H. Hamilton and J. C. Manthuruthil. (Gordon &; Breach, 1972.) [Pp. xi+578.] £18.75. Scope: Conference Proceedings. Level: Specialist/postgraduate.

The Scanning Electron Microscope: Part I. The Instrument. By C. W. Oatley. (Cambridge University Press, 1972.) [Pp. viii+194.] £5.30. Scope: Treatise/textbook. Level: Specialist/postgraduate.

Louis de Broglie: sa Conception du Monde Physipue. Contributed papers, with a preface by M. Druon. (Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1973.) [Pp. xxvii+387.] 160F.

Statistical Mechanics. By R. K. Pathria. (Pergamon, 1972.) [Pp. xiii+527.] £8.00. Scope: Treatise/textbook. Level: Specialist/graduate.

Market Survey for Nuclear Power in Developing Countries—A General Report printed by the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna. Price £6.00; U.S. dollar;15.00

Physical Models for Semiconductor Devices. By J. E. Carroll. (Edward Arnold, 1974.) [Pp. xvi+253.] £6.50 (Paper, £3.25). Scope: Textbook. Level: Undergraduate.

An Introduction to Linear Electric Circuits. By L. V. Kite. (Longman, 1974.) [xiii+290.] £3.95. Scope: Treatise/textbook. Level: Undergraduate.

Lecture Notes in Physics, Vol. 28: Lectures in Statistical Physics. Edited by W. C. Schieve and J. S. Turner. (Springer-Verlap: Berlin, Heidelberg and New York, 1974.) [Pp. vi+342.] DM34; about £5.75. Scope: Conference proceedings; treatise. Level: Specialist/post-graduate.

Scanning Electron Microscopy: Systems and Applications. Edited by W. C. Nixon. (The Institute of Physics, 1973.) [Pp. x+338.] £15.00. Scope: Conference proceedings. Level: Specialist/postgraduate.

Subatomic Physics. By H. Frauenfelder and E. M. Henley. (Prentice Hall, 1974.) [Pp. xv+554.] Scope: Treatise/textbook. Level: Specialist/post-graduate; undergraduate.

Channeling. Edited by D. V. Morgan. (John Wiley &; Sons, 1974.) [Pp. xv+486.] £11.75. Scope: Survey. Level: Specialist/postgraduate.

Principles of Heavy Current Engineering. By P. G. Lund and A. M. Howatson. (Chapman and Hall, 1974.) [Pp. 115.] Price: £1.65. Level: Undergraduate; School; General reader.

From Circuits to Computere. Edited by L. Solymar. (Chapman and Hall, 1974.) [Pp. 184.] £2.50. Level: Undergraduate; School; General reader.

Exciting Electrical Machines. By E. R. Laithwaite. (Pergamon, 1974.) [Pp. 68.] £0.60. Level: Undergraduate; School; General reader.

Microwave Spectroacopy of Free Radicals. By A. Carrington. (Academic Press, 1974.) [Pp. ix+264.] £4.50. Scope: Textbook; survey. Level: Post-graduate; research.

Optics. By E. Hecht and A. Zajac. (Addison-Wesley, 1974.) [Pp. viii+565.] Scope: Textbook; library. Level: General reader; undergraduate.

The Physics of Liquid Cystals. By P. G. de Gennes. (Clarendon Press: Oxford University Press, 1974.) [Pp. xi+333.] £11.50.

Mathemtical Methods for the Physical Sciencw. By K. F. Riley. (Cambridge University Press, 1974.) [Pp. xvi+533.] Cloth £8.75; paper £3.75. Scope: Textbook. Level: Undergraduate.

Human Engineering. By John Lenihan. (Wiedenfeld and Nicholson, 1974.) [Pp. 207.] £3.00. Level: Undergraduate, School, General reader.     

String corrections to the Sagnac effect

In an effort to investigate string effects in physical observations, we have analyzed the rotating Kerr–Sen metric in a Sagnac type experiment and have deduced exact expressions for the delay. For an Earth bound configuration, it turns out that a correction to the basic Sagnac delay by an order of ∼10⁻¹⁴ s leads to a terrestrial dilatonic charge of amount ∼10²⁴ esu, a value nearly 200 times larger than the electronic charge of the Earth's magnetosphere.     

Gravitational radiation from Coulomb collisions

The problem is considered of gravitational bremsstrahlung radiation from collisions between nonrelativistic charged particles at arbitrary values of the Born parameter ¦e₁e₂¦/hv (with exact Coulomb wave functions). It is shown that the existing estimates of this type of radiation from the solar plasma are far too high as they are based on equations for the cross section which are not applicable at the given temperature. A new estimate is derived.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshykh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 94–99, December, 1974.     

Gravitational radiation by quantum systems

The limits of validity of the semiclassical theory in which gravity is unquantized are discussed. This is done by comparing the emission of classical gravitational waves in the semiclassical theory with graviton emission in quantum gravity theory. It is shown that these can be quite different even for macroscopic systems. Thus quantum gravitational effects can manifest themselves on a macroscopic scale. A hypothetical experiment to demonstrate the existence of gravitons by means of such effects is discussed.     

Gravitational radiation of isolated systems

The gravitational radiation of isolated systems is studied by introducing a class of reference systems that is the analog of the class of inertial systems in flat space. Expressions for the total energy of these systems and the flux of gravitational radiation are obtained. The fundamental role of the Bondi-Metzner-Sachs asymptotic symmetry groups in the general theory of relativity is explained; transformations of the group characterize transitions from one reference system of a given class to another.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 11, pp. 47–54, November, 1973.     

Gravitational scattering of electromagnetic radiation

The scattering of electromagnetic radiation by linearized gravitational fields is studied to second order in a perturbation expansion. The incoming electromagnetic radiation can be of arbitrary multipole structure, and the gravitational fields are also taken to be advanced fields of arbitrary multipole structure. All electromagnetic multipole radiation is found to be scattered by gravitational monopole and time-varying dipole fields. No case has been found, however, in which any electromagnetic multipole radiation is scattered by gravitational fields of quadrupole or higher-order multipole structure. This lack of scattering is established for infinite classes of special cases, and is conjectured to hold in general. The results of the scattering analysis are applied to the case of electromagnetic radiation scattered by a moving mass. It is shown how the mass and velocity may be determined by a knowledge of the incident and scattered radiation.This work was supported in part by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation. It incorporates some of the results of the first author's doctoral dissertation at the University of Pittsburgh.     

Gravitational radiation in quantum gravity

The effective field theory of quantum gravity generically predicts non-locality to be present in the effective action, which results from the low-energy propagation of gravitons and massless matter. Working to second order in gravitational curvature, we reconsider the effects of quantum gravity on the gravitational radiation emitted from a binary system. In particular, we calculate for the first time the leading order quantum gravitational correction to the classical quadrupole radiation formula which appears at second order in Newton’s constant.     

Gravitational radiation,radiation damping,and the fast-motion approximation

The sign of the gravitational energy radiated by a material system, as calculated by one or another appropriate stress-energy pseudotensor, is shown always to be positive. A fastmotion approximation that finds this quantity to be negative is shown to violate one of the conditions that ensure its positivity. As a consequence the calculation based on this approximation is shown to neglect terms of the same order (G ²) as it retains.     

Gravitational radiation in spherical coordinates

The law of gravitation is taken in the formR ₄₄=0, whereR ₄₄ is the time curvature component of the Ricci tensor. Space-time separable equations are developed in spherical coordinates for the nonlinear wave equation determined byR ₄₄=0. One exact solution is examined in detail.     

Theory of nonlinear Sagnac effect

A nonlinear wave interaction is considered as a technique to increase the rotation sensitivity of the ring laser. The gyroscopic scale factor K is calculated in an active laser gyro with a dispersive medium. K is in reverse proportion to the group index n* = n + vdn/dv of the medium. In a monolithically-integrated GaAs ring laser, the value K ∼5000 is obtainable (radius ∼1 cm) in a linear case. In the presence of a strong wave, the dynamic nonlinear anomalous dispersion can provide an increase of K by 10–100 times in the vicinity of critical points where n* passes zero. An expression of K is derived for the nonlinear Sagnac effect. The nonlinear dispersion is discussed in terms of “slow/fast” light.     

Coriolis force and Sagnac effect

The optical Sagnac effect is considered, when the fictitious gravitational field simulates the reflections from the mirrors. It is shown that no contradiction exists between the conclusions of the laboratory and rotated observers. Because of the acting of a gravity-like Coriolis force, the trajectories of coand anti-rotating photons have different radii in the rotating reference frame, while in the case of equal radii the effective gravitational potentials for the photons have to be different.     

Gravitational radiation recoil on anN-body system

The main purpose of this paper is to present a formula of gravitational radiation recoil of an N-body material system.     

Gravitational radiation from a binary system

It is shown that the gravitational radiation energy flux from a quasiperiodic binary system is given by the quadrupole formula contribution plus a nonlinear contribution which has been neglected in the past. The latter is found to depend on both the intensity of the gravitational field and the history of the radiating system. For PSR 1913+16, the nonlinear contribution to the energy flux may be neglected relative to that of the quadrupole formula.