Influence of carbon and water vapour on the thermal dissociation of a basic aluminium-potassium sulfate

The process of obtaining a special aluminium oxide by means of the thermal dissociation of a basic aluminium-potassium sulfate in the presence of carbon (soot) and water vapour was studied. Under these conditions, the dissociation of the basic salt occurs at a lower temperature than in presence of air. K₂O-Al₂O₃ and/or Al₂O₃ are formed as fine-grained reaction residues, depending on the final temperature. The technologically useful range of temperatures for the process was established.

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Zusammenfassung Der Herstellungsprozess eines speziellen Aluminiumoxids durch thermische Zersetzung von basischem Kalium-aluminium-sulfat in Gegenwart von Kohlenstoff (Russ) und Wasserdampf wurde untersucht. Unter diesen Bedingungen verläuft die Zersetzung bei tieferer Temperatur als in Gegenwart von Luft, und K₂O.Al₂O₃ und/oder Al₂O₃ werden als feinkörnige Endprodukte (abhängig von der Endtempeatur) erhalten. Der technologisch günstigste Temperaturbereich für den Prozess wurde ermittelt.

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- () . , . , , ₂l₂₃ l₂₃ . .

     

Certification of fat-soluble vitamins,carotenoids, and cholesterol in human serum: Standard reference material 968b

In Standard Reference Material 968b, fat-soluble vitamins and cholesterol in human serum, certified values are provided for cholesterol, retinol, retinyl palmitate, -tocopherol, trans--carotene, total -carotene (trans plus cis isomers), total -carotene, and lutein. Non-certified values are also reported for -tocopherol (includes -tocopherol), -tocopherol, zeaxanthin, -cryptoxanthin, trans-lycopene, trans-lycopene, trans--carotene, total lycopene, 9-cis-carotene, 13- plus 15-cis--carotene, and 15-cis--carotene. Both certified and non-certified values are based on the agreement among results from three different liquid chromatographic analytical procedures developed at NIST and from an interlaboratory comparison exercise among institutions that participate in a NIST-managed Micronutrients Measurement Quality Assurance Program. Cholesterol is certified in this material using the NIST isotope dilution/mass spectrometric definitive method.     

Meeting the need for reference measurements

Summary Reference materials do fulfil a very useful function in that they provide means to check, verify and calibrate measurement procedures and instrumentation. However, the material is often idealized compared to real life samples: it is either (very) pure or does not correspond in concentration level or matrix to the real life case. It is shown how this situation could be remedied if real life samples with carefully assessed reference values could be made available regularly as unknowns to measurement laboratories. Comparison of the latter's measurements with the reference values then would provide a picture of the real performance of the particular measurement community in general and of each participating laboratory in particular. The opinion is expressed that isotope-specific methods have now matured to the stage that, if they are correctly applied under rigorous control and based on highly skilled expertise, they can provide such reference values against which laboratories can then evaluate their routine performance in regular Interlaboratory Measurement Evaluation Programmes (IMEPs).

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Wie der Notwendigkeit von Referenzmessungen entsprochen werden kann

     

Oxidizing properties of alumina towards alcohols. Possible reaction scheme

By chemical trapping, an acyl species has been evidenced in the oxidation of alcohols to carboxylate on an alumina surface. A possible reacton scheme is discussed.

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. .

     

Determination of basic sites on the surface of metal oxide catalysts by desorption of benzoic acid

A method has been developed for the determination of the concentration of basic sites on white and deeply colored solid porous materials, which is based on the displacement of adsorbed benzoic acid by acetic acid. The determination is rapid and gives results comparable with those obrained by the titration with benzoic acid using thymolphthalein as indicator.

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. . , , , .

     

Vapor phase oxidation of methylpyridines on zeolite catalysts

It has been established that zeolites containing Pd and Cu ions catalyze the vapor phase oxidation of methylpyridines. In oxidation of 2-methylpyridine on PdCuNa-mordenite at 375 °C the yield of 2-pyridinecarbaldehyde is 40 % of its theoretical values.

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, , Pd Cu, . 2- PdCuNa- 2- 375°C 40% .

     

ESR measurements of concentration for strong surface acceptor centers on zeolites and Al2O3 using nitroxide radical TEMPON

A method to measure concentrations of strong surface acceptor centers on aluminosilicate catalysts by their titration with a solution of TEMPON (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxypiperidine-1-oxyl) is suggested. The concentration of these centers corresponds to that of CO test molecules for the strongest acceptor centers (_CO 2210 cm^–1) obtained using IR spectroscopy. It is shown that for ZSM-5 zeolites most of these centers are localized on their external surface.

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. - - CO (_CO 2210 cm^–1). , ZSM-5 .

     

Thermal investigation of the phase composition of poly(ethylene terephthalate). Analysis of different methods of determination of the degree of crystallinity of partially crystalline substances

The literature data on the degree of crystallinity of non-deformed poly(ethylene terephthalate) measured at various temperatures have been subjected to comparative analysis. There is no correlation between the results obtained by the different methods. The reason for this is shown to be the imperfections in the methods of determining the degree of crystallinity, which do not provide the true composition of the crystalline phase. Consideration has been paid to the validity of the main principles involved in the thermal method of determining the degree of crystallinity, so as to eliminate the imperfections in the existing methods and to provide the correct value of the mass of the crystalline phase. The phase composition of PET has been analyzed by the thermal method at different temperatures and conditions of crystallization. A marked difference from the literature data is observed in the range of low temperatures.

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Zusammenfassung Eine vergleichende Analyse der Literaturangaben bezüglich des bei verschiedenen Temperaturen gemessenen Kristallisationsgrades von nicht-deformiertem Poly(äthylen-terephthalat) wurde durchgeführt. Zwischen den mit verschiedenen Methoden erhaltenen Ergebnissen besteht keine Korrelation. Es wurde gezeigt, daß der Grund hierfür in der Unvollkommenheit der Methoden zur Bestimmung des Kristallisationsgrades liegt, da diese nicht die wahre Zusammensetzung der Kristallinen Phase angeben. Die Gültigkeit der wichtigsten Prinzipien, welche die thermische Bestimmung des Kristallisationsgrades unter Ausschaltung der Unvollkommenheit der bestehenden Methoden gewährleisten und den richtigen Wert der Masse der kristallinen Phase angeben, wurden in Erwägung gezogen. Die Analyse der Phasenzusammensetzung von PET wurde durch die thermische Methode bei verschiedenen Temperaturen und Kristallisationsbedingungen durchgeführt. Ein deutlicher Unterschied zu den Literaturangaben kann im Bereich der niedrigen Temperaturen beobachtet werden.

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. , , . , , . , , . . .

     

Determination of the acidity of catalysts by thermoadsorption with a cyclic temperature program

A novel method is described, consisting in the determination of admolecules which are the most loosely bonded on the surface. This permits a better characterization of active centers on catalysts.

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, , , , .

     

Electron microscopic studies of platinum catalysts prepared via decomposition of Al2O3-anchored metal complexes

Reduced alumoplatinum and alumoplatinum-tin catalysts prepared via interaction of an organometallic platinum complex and platinum-tin compounds of various composition with Al₂O₃ mainly contain platinum particles of 10 Å.

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, Al₂O₃, , , 10 Å.

     

Ethylene hydroformylation over a nafion-supported rhodium catalyst

Ethylene hydroformylation over a Nafion-supported rhodium catalyst has been studied under atmospheric pressure in the temperature range of 100–135 °C, using the transient response method.

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, , 100–135°C, .

     

State of copper ions, bond energy of oxygen and catalytic properties in hydrogen oxidation for a copper-magnesium system

The bond energy of surface oxygen in a copper-magnesium catalyst and its reactivity are shown to be greatly dependent on the structure of the nearer environment of copper ions. For catalysts prepared at low temperatures (773 K) this structure changes from a symmetrical square planar in CuO to an octahedral with various degrees of axial distortion depending on the copper content.

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, . , (773 ), CuO .

     

Catalytic activity of honeycomb catalysts, I. The benzene-cyclohexane (de)hydrogenation reaction

Monolithic supported platinum catalysts were investigated with respect to their hydrogenation and dehydrogenation activity towards benzene and cyclohexane, respectively, between 250° and 350°C. Conversion of benzene to cyclohexane is optimal for the volume ratio H₂/Bz=5 at lower temperatures. In the cyclohexane dehydrogenation reaction, high temperatures, associated with lower N₂/Cy ratios, are beneficial. No byproducts were observed in the two reactions.

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, , 250 °C 350 °C. H₂/=5. N₂/ . .

     

Catalytic properties and phase composition of multicomponent catalysts for oxidative ammonolysis of propane

Studies of the phase composition and catalytic properties of several complex oxide catalysts for oxidative ammonolysis of propane indicate that the active phases of these catalysts are antimonates of the respective metals. Phosphorus and tungsten additives to the catalysts promote the formation of such phase compositions, i.e. the formation of antimonates and the binding of excess antimony oxide.

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. , ; , .

     

Thermogravimetric changes influenced by the compaction of graphite-CrO3 intercalation compounds

The changes resulting from the compression of graphite-CrO₃ intercalation compounds are demonstrated in the TG curves. In comparison with the samples examined in the form of a flake bed, the compacted compounds begin to decompose at lower temperatures and their weight loss is higher, particularly above 220 °C. To explain the obtained results, the pressure-induced changes in the structures and the activities of the compounds are considered in relation to the method of intercalation, the concentration of the intercalant and the extent of exfoliation.

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Zusammenfassung Anhand von TG-Kurven wurden Veränderungen demonstriert, die durch das Verdichten von Graphit-CrO₃-Einlagerungsverbindungen hervorgerufen werden. Im Vergleich zu Proben, untersucht in Form von Flocken, beginnen die kompakten Verbindungen sich bei niedrigeren Temperaturen zu zersetzen und zeigen einen grösseren Masseverlust, insbesondere beim Überschreiten von 220 °C. Zur Deutung der erhaltenen Ergebnisse wurden die druckverursachten Veränderungen in Hinsicht auf das Verfahren der Einlagerung, die Einlagerungskonzentration und auf das Ausmass der Abbröckelung in Betracht gezogen.

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, -r₃. , , , 220°. , , .

     

New instruments and methods for enthalpimetric analysis and calibration

A review is given of recently developed instruments used in thermometric analysis and new methods of direct injection enthalpimetry.In the past two years, several types of Tronac (Orem, Utah) and Setaram (Lyon, France) calorimeters have been developed. A new mixing cell construction led to development of a flow instrument for automated thermometric analyses (Technicon, Tarrytown N. Y.). A new type of Hungarian instrument, Ditermanal (Orion, Budapest) permits arbitrary analyses.At the Technical University in Brno, small table twin isoperibol instruments allowing the direct analyses of solid samples have been developed. The use of PTC thermistors and a calibration device improved the accuracy of measurements.Many new methods of silicate and lime analysis, water determination, etc. have been elaborated.

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Zusammenfassung Eine Übersicht über die zur thermometrischen Analyse eingesetzten, entwickelten Instrumente und neuen Methoden der Direkt-Injektion Enthalpimetrie wird gegeben.In den zwei vergangenen Jahren wurden verschiedene Kalorimetertypen TRONAC (Orem, Utah) und SETARAM (Lyon, France) entwickelt. Eine neue Mischzellenkonstruktion ermöglichte es ein Durchflussinstrument für automatische thermometrische Analysen (TECHNICON, Tarrytown, N. Y.) zu entwickeln. Ein neuer ungarischer Instrumententyp, DITERMANAL (ORION, Budapest), ermöglicht die Durchführung von Schiedsanalysen.An der Technischen Universität Brno wurden kleinen Zwillings-Isoperibol-Tisch Instrumente entwickelt, welche auch die direkten Analysen fester Proben ermöglichen. Der Einsatz von PTC-Thermistoren und einer Eichvorrichtung erhöhte die Messgenauigkeit.Viele neue Methoden der Silikat- und Kalkanalyse, Wasserbestimmungen usw. wurden erarbeitet.

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Résumé On passe en revue les instruments récemment mis au point et utilisés en analyse thermométrique ainsi que les nouvelles méthodes d'enthalpimétrie par injection directe.Dans les deux dernières années, divers types de calorimètres ont été mis au point: TRONAC (Orem, Utah) et SETARAM (Lyon, France). La réalisation d'une nouvelle cellule de mélange a permis de mettre au point un appareil à flux pour les analyses thermométriques automatiques (TECHNICON, Tarrytown, N. Y.). Un nouveau type d'instrument hongrois, DITERMANAL (ORION, Budapest) permet d'effectuer des analyses arbitrales.A l'université technique de Brno de petites tables instruments jumeaux isopériboliques permettant aussi d'effectuer des analyses directes des corps solides ont été réalisés. L'application de thermistors PTC et un dispositif pour l'étalonnage augmentent l'exactitude des mesures.Des méthodes nouvelles nombreuses pour l'analyse des silicates, des pierres calcaires, de l'eau, etc., ont fait l'objet d'études.

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, . (, ) (, ). (H, , -). (, ) . , . . , , .

     

Mechanism of silane oxidation

The polymerization of acrylonitrile has been studied in dimethylformamide in the presence of the complex catalyst tris-(-allyl/chromium and pyridine. The structure of the active sites of polymerization is discussed on the basis of experimental data.

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, , - .

     

On the interpretation of differences in mechanisms, kinetics and dynamics of oxidation reactions on metal and oxide catalysts

Langmuir-Hinshelwood type mechanisms with competitive adsorption are suggested to be more typical for metal catalysts, since, unlike on oxide systems, oxidizable substance and molecular oxygen can be adsorbed on the same (reduced) active sites. Therefore, multiple steady states and critical phenomena are more characteristic for catalysis on metals.

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, - , , () . .

     

Low temperature adsorption of oxygen on Ni(100)

LEED, AES and data indicate the nonreconstructive character of oxygen adsorption on Ni(100) at 170 K and reconstructive chemisorption at T>270 K with the formation of a c(2×2)0 structure.

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, , Ni (100) 170 >270 (2×2)0.