Monitoring/measurement of out-of-plane vibrations using shearing interferometry and interferometric grating

In this paper, an application of shear plate interferometry combined with moiré readout to monitor/measure out-of-plane vibrations is presented. Moiré fringes are produced between the fringe pattern from the shear plate and interferometric grating recorded by photographing the interference pattern generated from the shear plate. It is demonstrated that the method can be used to study periodic and non-periodic vibrations.     

Setting sensitivity in Talbot interferometry with modified gratings

A dual field grating has been introduced for use in Talbot interferometry. We report here results of an experimental investigation on setting sensitivity when using these gratings for testing.     

Volume-grating phase-shifting digital speckle pattern interferometry used for measurement of out-of-plane displacement field

A new digital speckle pattern interferometry, called volume-grating phase-shifting digital speckle pattern interferometry, is discussed in this paper. The out-of-plane displacement field of a bent plate can be quantitatively measured using volume-grating phase-shifting digital speckle pattern interferometry proposed in this paper. Theoretical and experimental results, as well as absolute errors, are given.     

Talbot interferometry with an adaptive light intensity compensator

Talbot interferometry with a larger applicable scope has been investigated based on the intensity amplification method to weak moiré fringes by using photorefractive crystal as a light amplifier. It not only has function of conventional Talbot interferometry, but also is suitable for situations such as weak incident beam and detected object with strong absorption. The investigation indicates that the method or technique is feasible and the results of theoretical analysis are verified by experiments. Based on this investigation, Talbot interferometry with an adaptive light intensity compensator is proposed and some merits and demerits of the technique have briefly been discussed.     

Refractive power mapping of progressive power lenses using Talbot interferometry and digital image processing

A method of refractive power mapping of a lens is presented which is based on Talbot interferometry and utilizes a digital image processor. By adding a digital image processing system, fast measurement of a lens power distribution is feasible. A test lens is placed in front of two collinearly arranged gratings. The light passing through the test lens produces a shifted Talbot image of the first grating on the second grating and generates moiré fringes. Given the inclination angle of moiré fringes, the refractive power of the lens can be calculated. The calculation is performed using a digital image processor. This method is effective in finding the refractive power distribution of progressive power lenses.     

Evaluation of the curvature of an object by Talbot interferometry

In this study a modified method of Talbot interferometry is developed to evaluate the curvature of an object. The tilt angle of moiré fringe formed by two gratings is related to the wavelength, the grating periods, the angle between these two gratings, and the object curvature. Therefore, substituting the known experimental parameters into a special derived equation the object curvature can be evaluated. In order to show the validity of this method, stainless steel balls with curvatures of 1.326 and 1.261 mm⁻¹ were measured. The measurement resolution of curvature was about 3.729 × 10⁻³ mm⁻¹. It is shown that this method is suitable for both transmission and opaque objects with high accuracy.     

Fast full-field out-of-plane deformation measurement using fringe reflectometry

Full-field out-of-plane deformation measurement of specular surfaces can be implemented quickly and conveniently using fringe reflectometry. The system configuration is simple and processing is fast. With the assistance of an advanced fringe pattern processing technique, the windowed Fourier ridges method, only a single two-directional fringe pattern is necessary for determination of the deformed surface profile. Thus, the whole measurement only requires a single image with the potential for high speed or even real time measurement.     

Quantitative vibration amplitude measurement with time-averaged digital speckle pattern interferometry

A new method of using time-averaged digital speckle pattern interferometry for the quantitative measurement of vibration amplitude was developed. Signal processing techniques especially the Hilbert transformation for quantitative evaluation of the Bessel fringes obtained in time-averaged digital speckle pattern interferometry were explored. The quadrature signal after Hilbert transformation is equivalent to a 90° phase-shifted interferogram for a monotonically increasing or decreasing phase function. An algorithm was developed for Bessel fringe contrast enhancement and phase extraction. The techniques were tested numerically and experimentally. Sub-fringe quantification of the time-averaged vibration fringes is realised with the proposed method. Compared with the commonly used phase shift method which requires a minimum of two images for image processing, this method requires only one fringe pattern for data extraction.     

The effect of arbitrary small discrepancy between normal directions of grating planes in Talbot interferometry

The effect of nonparallel grating planes in Talbot interferometry is discussed when an arbitrary relative inclination exists between the normal directions of the two grating planes. The inclination can be composed of the two angles, and β, which are generated by rotating the beam splitter grating about the two axes parallel to and perpendicular to the line direction of the grating. Theoretical analyses indicate that the tilt angle of the moiré fringes is very sensitive to but not to β. Experimental results coincide well with the theoretical analyses. Methods of judging and removing the two small angles are briefly discussed.     

光学频率梳基于光谱干涉实现绝对距离测量

详细分析了光学频率梳光谱干涉的原理, 建立了较全面的光谱干涉的数学模型, 为实现绝对距离测量提供理论分析基础. 基于光谱干涉, 指出通过光谱干涉条纹的振荡频率, 即一次傅里叶变换, 可以实现绝对距离测量, 数值模拟结果表明, 最大测量误差为1.5 nm; 提出了一种等效的多波长并行零差干涉的方法, 分析了多波长并行零差干涉法的测距原理. 数值模拟结果表明, 多波长并行零差干涉法的最大误差为8.7 nm; 通过脉冲啁啾实现绝对测距, 分析了基于脉冲啁啾实现绝对测距的原理, 数值模拟结果表明, 最大测距误差为5.3 nm.     

Low-coherence interferometry based roughness measurement on turbine blade surfaces using wavelet analysis

In this paper, a non-contact optical system, a low-coherence interferometer (LCI), is introduced for the purpose of measuring the surface roughness of turbine blades. The designed system not only possesses a high vertical resolution and is able to acquire the roughness topography, but also it has a large vertical scanning range compared to other commonly used optical systems. The latter characteristic allows us to measure turbine blades surfaces with large curvature without collisions between the lens and the measurement object. After obtaining the surface topography, wavelet analysis is applied to decompose the original surface into multiple bandwidths to conduct a multiscale analysis. The results show that the developed LCI system proofs a good performance not only in obtaining the surface topography in the roughness scale but also in being able to measure surfaces of objects that possess a complex geometry in a large vertical range. Furthermore, the applied biorthogonal wavelet in this study has performed good amplitude and phase properties in extracting the roughness microstructures from the whole surface. Finally, the traditional roughness parameters, such as the mean surface roughness S_a and the Root Mean Square (RMS) roughness S_q, are evaluated in each decomposed subband and their correlations with the scale of each subband are analyzed.     

CD-R groove measurement by phase stepping interferometry

The interferometric CD-R groove measurements in transmission and reflection mode with He–Ne and Ar⁺ lasers are presented. The phase micro-inhomogeneities on the surface relief of polycarbonate substrates are compared with the surface relief of a stamping onto copper layer metal master for rainbow holograms, used as a test object. The grid density of the test object is about 60% higher than the density of the CD-R groove at a similar relief depth. The reason for the phase inhomogeneities is due to the refractive index variations of the polymer substrate. The RMS of the measurements is not higher than 0.1 rad.     

Display of tilt information of vibrating object in time average mode using lateral shearing interferometry and interferometric grating

We have experimentally demonstrated vibration analysis of a reflecting object in time-average mode using shearing interferometry and interferometric grating. Experimental results show that time-average moiré fringes, formed between fringe pattern reflected from object and sinusoidal grating are modulated spatially by the amplitude of vibrating tilt. From the experimental results, information regarding tilt of vibrating objects can be determined.     

Review of surface profile measurement techniques based on optical interferometry

With the fast development of modern science and technology, two or three-dimensional surface profile measurement techniques with high resolution and large dynamic range are urgently required. Among them, the techniques based on optical interferometry have been widely used for their good properties of non-contact, high resolution, large dynamic measurement range and well-defined traceability route to the definition of meter. A review focused on surface profile measurement techniques of optical interferometry is introduced in this paper with a detailed classification sorted by operating principles. Examples in each category are discussed and analyzed for better understanding.     

Low-frequency harmonic vibration analysis with temporal speckle pattern interferometry

In this paper, the time sequence phase method (TSPM) has been applied to measure the displacement caused by low-frequency vibration in temporal speckle pattern interferometry (TSPI). The principle is that by capturing the temporal speckle patterns related to the object vibration, the whole-field displacement responses (amplitude and phase) of the vibrating object can be calculated through scanning these fluctuations. Thus, quantitative measurement can be carried out using a conventional ESPI system without a camera synchronized to the object vibration or a phase shifting system. The elaboration on the method is given and experimental results are presented.     

基于合成波长法的飞秒激光外差干涉测距方法

本文提出了一种基于合成波长法的飞秒激光外差干涉测距方法.系统采用两个带通滤波器产生两个具有一定波长差的单波长,用于产生合成波长.本方法结构简单,能量利用率高.与双频激光干涉仪在40 mm范围内的比对结果表明,该方法比对残差的标准差为91 nm.     

Continuous wavelet transform for micro-component profile measurement using vertical scanning interferometry

White-light interferometric techniques have been widely used in three-dimensional (3D) profiling. This paper presents a new method based on vertical scanning interferometry (VSI) for the 3D profile measurement of a micro-component that contains sharp steps. The use of a white-light source in the system overcomes the phase ambiguity problem often encountered in monochromatic interferometry and also reduces speckle noises. A new algorithm based on the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) is used to retrieve the phase of an interferogram. The algorithm accurately determines local fringe peak and improves the vertical resolution of the measurement. The proposed method is highly resistant to noise and is able to achieve high accuracy. A micro-component (lamellar grating) fabricated by sacrificial etching technique is used as a test specimen to verify the proposed method. The measurement uncertainty of the experimental results is discussed.     

The measurement of 3-D asymmetric temperature field by using real time laser interferometric tomography

A real time nondestructive temperature measurement technique based on laser holographic interference tomography technique is presented. An He–Ne laser is used as light source, and a CCD video camera is used to grab the interferogram. This laser holographic tomography technique is applied to the measurement of the temperature fields generated by two heated rods. Since data error is inevitable in engineering measurement, it is necessary to study the reconstruction techniques for reconstructing the temperature field. Three techniques including convolution back projection (CBP), algebra reconstruction technique (ART) and simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (SIRT) are studied. Based on the reconstruction techniques and experimental situation, ART is used to reconstruct the asymmetric temperature fields. The thermocouples are used to measure the temperatures of the two heated rods. Comparing the reconstructed result with the measured temperature value, a satisfactory result is obtained.     

目标角振动的散斑法实时测量

论述了利用激光散斑实时测量目标散射面角振动的原理,并从干涉条纹的角度对仿真参数进行了分析。理论分析及仿真结果表明,探测器接收的光功率起伏包含了目标散射面角振动的信息,利用散斑实时测量目标角振动是可行的。目标散射面照明尺寸越小,目标散射面绝大多数微元的间距也就控制得越小,探测到的光功率交流分量起伏越大,即信号也越强。光学接收天线光阑边长并不是越大越好,随着其值的增大,光功率交流分量并不是简单的随之增大,而是表现出周期性的起伏。因此,可以对接收天线加可调光阑,从而达到最佳的探测效果。利用此原理构建的系统测量的目标角振动振幅有一定的范围,测量上限受限于相位调制因子。     

Real time addition or subtraction of two images by vector wave interferometry

The present article reports a new optical method for real time addition or subtraction of two photographic images. Two transparencies which are placed in the two arms of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with two orthogonal polarizers are subsequently added or subtracted by rotating an analyser inserted in the output beam. A linear combination of the amplitudes of the two images can also be observed for different orientations of the transmission axis of the analyser. Some experimental results are presented.