Drying characteristics of garlic (Allium sativum L) slices in a convective hot air dryer

The effects of drying temperatures on the drying kinetics of garlic slices were investigated using a cabinet-type dryer. The experimental drying data were fitted best to the Page and Modified Page models apart from other theoretical models to predict the drying kinetics. The effective moisture diffusivities varied from 4.214 × 10^?10 to 2.221 × 10^?10 m² s^?1 over the temperature range studied, and activation energy was 30.582 kJ mol^?1.     

TG-DSC method applied to drying characteristics and heat requirement of cotton stalk during drying

Drying characteristics of cotton stalk were investigated at four temperatures (60, 80, 100 and 120?°C) using a simultaneous thermal analyzer (TG-DSC). Heat requirements of cotton stalk during drying were calculated ranging from 189 to 406?kJ/kg. Consequently, Midilli-Kucuk model showed the best fit to experimental drying data. The values of effective diffusivity ranged from 4.38?×?10^?9 to 8.15?×?10^?9?m²/s, and the activation energy was calculated to be 11.6?kJ/mol.     

Thin-layer drying characteristics of sweet potato slices and mathematical modelling

The effect of blanching and drying temperature (50, 60 and 70°C) on drying kinetics and rehydration ratio of sweet potatoes was investigated. It was observed that both the drying temperature and blanching affected the drying time and rehydration ratio. The logarithmic model showed the best fit to experimental drying data. The values of effective moisture diffusivity and activation energy ranged from 9.32 × 10⁻¹¹ to 1.75 × 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s, and 22.7–23.2 kJ/mol, respectively.     

Investigation on rough rice drying kinetics at various thin layers of a deep bed

Moisture content gradients along the bed column are commonly neglected during simulation of deep-bed grain drying. In this study, rough rice drying kinetics at various thin layers of a deep bed was investigated. The experiments were conducted under different drying conditions and the data were compared with the values predicted by a previously developed non-equilibrium model for numerical simulation of grain drying. The moisture content gradients related to the rough rice column indicated that the higher the drying layer, the more was the moisture content at each drying time. The constant drying rate period was observed neither for any thin layers nor for the entire drying column. The drying rate of the lower layers continuously decreased with drying time, whereas that of the upper layers firstly increased and then decreased. The implemented model predicted drying process with a high accuracy at various layers. However, the values of maximum relative error (RE _max ) and mean relative error (MRE) increased as the air temperature increased, and reversely decreased with the air velocity. The higher values of MRE and RE _max were related to the layer 1 (0–5 cm bed height) at temperature of 60 °C and air velocity of 0.4 m s^?1, and the lower values belonged to the layer 4 (15–20 cm bed height) at temperature of 40 °C and air velocity of 0.9 m s^?1.     

The Effect of Grain Size on Deformation and Failure of Ti<Subscript>2</Subscript>AlC MAX Phase under Thermo-Mechanical Loading

An experimental investigation was performed to analyze the effects of grain size on the quasi-static and dynamic behavior of Ti₂AlC. High-density Ti₂AlC samples of three different grain sizes were densified using Spark Plasma Sintering and Pressureless sintering. A servo-hydraulic testing machine equipped with a vertical split furnace, and SiC pushrods, was used for the quasi-static experiments. Also, a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus and an induction coil heating system were used for the dynamic experiments. A series of experiments were conducted at temperatures ranging from 25 °C to 1100 °C for strain rates of 10^?4 s^?1 and 400 s^?1. The results show that under quasi-static loading the specimens experience a brittle failure for temperatures below Brittle to Plastic Transition Temperature (BPTT) of 900–1000 °C and large deformation at temperatures above the BPTT. During dynamic experiments, the specimens exhibited brittle failure, with the failure transitioning from catastrophic failure at lower temperatures to graceful failure (softening while bearing load) at higher temperatures, and with the propensity for graceful failure increasing with increasing grain size. The compressive strengths of different grain sizes at a given temperature can be related to the grain length by a Hall-Petch type relation.     

Hot-air drying of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.)

Drying characteristics of purslane was experimentally studied in a cabinet dryer. The experimental drying data were fitted best to Modified Henderson and Pabis and Midilli et al. models apart from other models to predict the drying kinetics. The effective moisture diffusivity varied from 1.12 × 10^?9 to 3.60 × 10^?9 m²/s over the temperature range studied and activation energy was 53.65 kJ/mol.     

The effect of temperature and slice thickness on drying kinetics tomato in the infrared dryer

In this study thin layer drying of tomato slices were investigated in the infrared dryer. Drying rate increased with increasing temperature and reduction thickness and thus reduced the drying time. The effective diffusivity increased with increasing temperature and with increasing thickness of the samples. The effective diffusivity values changed from 1.094 × 10^?9 to 4.468 × 10^?9 m²/s and for activation energy varied from 110 to 120 kJ/mol. The best model for drying process of tomato slices was Midilli model.     

Synchronous Full-Field Strain and Temperature Measurement in Tensile Tests at Low,Intermediate and High Strain Rates

Tensile tests with simultaneous full-field strain and temperature measurements at the nominal strain rates of 0.01, 0.1, 1, 200 and 3000 s^?1 are presented. Three different testing methods with specimens of the same thin and flat gage-section geometry are utilized. The full-field deformation is measured on one side of the specimen, using the DIC technique with low and high speed visible cameras, and the full-field temperature is measured on the opposite side using an IR camera. Austenitic stainless steel is used as the test material. The results show that a similar deformation pattern evolves at all strain rates with an initial uniform deformation up to the strain of 0.25–0.35, followed by necking with localized deformation with a maximum strain of 0.7–0.95. The strain rate in the necking regions can exceed three times the nominal strain rate. The duration of the tests vary from 57 s at the lowest strain rate to 197 μs at the highest strain rate. The results show temperature rise at all strain rates. The temperature rise increases with strain rate as the test duration shortens and there is less time for the heat to dissipate. At a strain rate of 0.01 s^?1 the temperature rise is small (up to 48 °C) but noticeable. At a strain rate of 0.1 the temperature rises up to 140 °C and at a strain rate of 1 s^?1 up to 260 °C. The temperature increase in the tests at strain rates of 200 s^?1 and 3000 s^?1 is nearly the same with the maximum temperature reaching 375 °C.     

Concurrent calorimetric and interferometric studies of steady-state natural convection from miniaturized horizontal single plate-fin systems and plate-fin arrays

Concurrent calorimetric and interferometric studies have been conducted to investigate the effect that reduction of the base-plate dimensions has on the steady-state performance of the rate of natural convection heat transfer from miniaturized horizontal single plate-fin systems and plate-fin arrays. The effect was studied through comparison of the present results with those of earlier relevant calorimetric, interferometric, or numerical studies. Results shown that a reduction of the base-plate area by 74% increased natural convection coefficient by 1.5 times to 26.0 W m^?2 K^?1 for single fin systems and by 1.8 times to 18 W m^?2 K^?1 for fin arrays in the range of the base-plate temperature excess of 20–50°C. A simple correlation for the Nusselt number of miniaturized horizontal plate-fin arrays is proposed in the range of Rayleigh number divided by the number of fins to the 2.7 power from 2 × 10 to 5 × 10⁵.     

Design of an experimental set up for convective drying: experimental studies at different drying temperature

An experimental setup is designed to investigate the convective drying of moist object experimentally. All the design data, components of setup, materials and specifications are presented. Transient moisture content of a rectangular shaped potato slice (4 × 2 × 2 cm) is measured at different air temperatures of 40, 50, 60 and 70 °C with an air velocity of 2 m/s. Two different drying rate periods are observed. Results are compared with available results from literature.     

Modeling of water transport in roof tiles by removal of moisture at isothermal conditions

The main objective of this article is to describe the drying process of ceramic roof tiles, shaped from red clay, using diffusion models. Samples of the product with initial moisture content of 0.24 (db) were placed inside an oven in the temperatures of 55.6, 69.7, 82.7 and 98.6°C; and the data of the drying kinetics were obtained. The analytical solutions of the diffusion equation for the parallelepiped with boundary conditions of the first and third kinds were used to describe the drying processes. The process parameters were determined using an optimization algorithm based on inverse method coupled to the analytical solutions. The analysis of the results makes it possible to affirm that the boundary condition of the third kind satisfactorily describes the drying processes. The values obtained for the convective mass transfer coefficient were between 8.25 × 10⁻⁷ and 1.64 × 10⁻⁶ m s⁻¹, and for the effective water diffusivity were between 9.21 × 10⁻⁹ and 1.80 × 10⁻⁸ m² s⁻¹.     

Influence of Portevin-Le Chatelier Effect on Shear Strain Path Reversal in an Al-Mg Alloy at Room and High Temperatures

The main objective of this study is to characterize the mechanical behaviour of an Al-Mg alloy in conditions close to those encountered during sheet forming processes, i.e. with strain path changes and at strain rates and temperatures in the range 1.2×10^?3–1.2×10^?1 s^?1 and 25–200°C, respectively. The onset of jerky flow and the interaction of dynamic strain ageing with the work-hardening are investigated during reversed-loading in specific simple shear tests, which consist of loading up to various shear strain values followed by reloading in the opposite direction, combined with direct observations of the sample surface using a digital image correlation technique. Both strain path changes and temperature are clearly shown to influence the occurrence and onset of the Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) effect. Moreover, the Bauschinger effect observed in the material response shows that the PLC effect has a major influence on the kinematic contribution to work-hardening as well as its stagnation during the reloading stage, which could open up interesting lines of research to improve theoretical plasticity models for this family of aluminium alloys.     

Thin-layer drying of tomato (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. cv. Rio Grande</Emphasis>) slices in a convective hot air dryer

The effects of different drying temperatures on the drying kinetics of tomato slices were investigated using a cabinet-type dryer. The experimental drying data were fitted best to the to the Page and Modified Page models apart from other theoretical models to predict the drying kinetics. The effective moisture diffusivities varied from 1.015 × 10⁻⁹ to 2.650 × 10⁻⁹ m² s⁻¹over the temperature range studied, and activation energy was 22.981 kJ mol⁻¹.     

Mass transfer kinetics during deep fat frying of wheat starch and gluten based snacks

Mass transfer (moisture loss and oil uptake) kinetics during deep fat frying of wheat starch and gluten based snacks was investigated. Both followed a modified first order reaction. Activation energies, z-value, and highest values of D and k for moisture loss and oil uptake were 28.608 kJ/mol, 129.88 °C, 490 and 0.0080 s^?1; and 60.398 kJ/mol, 61.79 °C, 1,354.71 and 0.0052 s^?1, respectively.     

Composite viscoelasticity in glassy,transitional and molten states

As part of a study of viscous and elastic behaviors, over a range of temperatures from below the glass transition up to the hot melt, we here report steady-shear viscosities at 0.007 to 13 s^?1 and at 160 to 220 °C of polystyrene containing 0 to 60% by mass of 0.18-micron diameter titanium dioxide particles. The materials were shearthinning without a yield stress, with a constant activation energy at constant stress, but having a shear-dependent activation energy at constant shear rate — proportional to the volume fraction of the polymer matrix. Superposition of the flow curves at different temperatures for the unfilled and filled systems was possible. All the data were represented by one equation with four parameters: 1) a shear stress coefficient (units Pa · s²); 2) a characteristic stress level for non-Newtonian behavior, independent of temperature and composition; 3) an activation energy at constant stress; and 4) an Einstein coefficient (or intrinsic viscosity of the filler). Other equations also fitted the data, but the others diverged widely when extrapolated.     

Experimental Technique to Characterize the Plastic Behaviour of Metallic Materials in a Wide Range of Temperatures and Strain Rates: Application to a High-Carbon Steel

This paper presents high temperature quasi-static and dynamic tensile testing. Samples are heated by an induction system controlled with a pyrometer. A high-speed camera (500 fps) is used to determine displacement fields with a digital image correlation software. For such tests a specific marking procedure of the sample is applied. This method is used to characterize the mechanical behaviour of a C68 high-carbon steel at temperatures up to 720 °C. Stress-strain curves are given from room temperature up to 720 °C at strain rates ranging from 400 /s to 4 × 10² /s.     

Thermomechanical behavior of casting sands: Experiments and elastoplastic modeling

The thermomechanical behavior of casting sands is discussed from an experimental and a theoretical point of view. Uniaxial compression tests at temperatures ranging from 20°C to 950°C and at different values of strain rate (ϵ = 10⁻² s⁻¹, ϵ = 10⁻³ s⁻¹ and ϵ = 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹) have been performed. They show that casting sands exhibit no strain rate effect in the temperature range 20–600°C, and that an elastoplastic model is well suited to describe the experimental results. Three thermoelastoplastic models, derived from Cam Clay and Hujeux models have been developed. These new models take into account the cohesion of the material. The physical parameters needed for these models have been obtained in the temperature range 20–300°C by using triaxial tests, uniaxial compression tests, isotropic compression tests and die pressing tests. An original triaxial apparatus has been built allowing a temperature of 800°C and a pressure of 4 MPa to be reached. In the temperature at which the parameters have been obtained (20–300°C), two additional triaxial compression tests at different confining pressures are used to check the validity of the thermoelastoplastic models used. The best quantitative results are obtained with the revised modified Cam Clay model.     

Relationship between Local Strain Jumps and Temperature Bursts Due to the Portevin-Le Chatelier Effect in an Al-Mg Alloy

Local strain and temperature of an AA5754-O aluminum alloy sheet have been full-field measured during monotonous tensile tests carried out at room temperature. Sharp strain increases and temperature bursts which are locally generated by the Portevin-Le Chatelier phenomenon have been measured at the same point for two strain rates: V2?=?1.9?×?10^?3?s^?1 and V10?=?9.7?×?10^?3?s^?1. A relationship, which is based on the underlying physical mechanisms, has been established between the strain and the temperature and experimentally verified for the highest strain rate V10. The discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental results for the lowest strain rate V2 suggests that the localized plastic deformations do not follow an adiabatic transformation. Such a set-up seems to offer a direct and experimental method to check the adiabatic character of localized plastic deformations.     

A transition phenomenon of ice formation in water flow between two horizontal parallel plates

Experiments have been performed to investigate the icetransition profiles and heat-transfer characteristics for water flows between two horizontal parallel plates. The experiments are carried out under the condition that upper plate is cooled at uniform temperature kept less than freezing temperature of water, while the lower plate is heated at uniform temperature kept higher than the temperature of water flow. The temperatures of the upper and lower plates range from ?8 to ?14°C and from 10 to 60 °C, respectively, with inlet-water temperature varied from 1.5 to 4.5 °C. The cooling and heating temperature ratios, θ_c and θ_h, are ranging from 1.78 to 9.33 and from 1.22 to 39, respectively. By using three kinds of heightH of 16, 30 and 40 mm between the horizontal parallel plates, the Reynolds and Grashof numbers are varied from 3.2 × 10² to 1.5 × 10⁴ and from 3.4 × 10³ to 8.97 × 10⁶, respectively. As a result of this investigation two ice-transition modes are observed. The first ice-transition mode is due to an interruption of upper and lower thermal boundary layers, while the second mode is due to an instability of laminar boundary layer formed on water-ice interface. In order to determine the kind of ice-transition mode, criterion correlation formulas including the Reynolds numberRe _H , Grashof numberGr _H , and heating temperature ratio θ_h are determined and may be written as follows: For thermal icetransition mode (th.I.T.M.)Re _H /(Gr _H ·θ _h )^0.23<1.6×10^?3 and for hydrodynamical ice-transition mode (hy.I.T.M.)Re _H /(Gr _H ·θ _h )^0.23>2.3×10^?3 By introducing the freezing parameterB _f , correlation equations for local and mean Nusselt numbers along the water-ice interface at steady-state condition are determined. From the current experimental results it is found that the local Nusselt number may be described as the following equation:Nu _x =0.835 Re _H ^0.278 · B _f ^0.834 ·x/H)^?0.139