Melting and freezing around a horizontal cylinder placed in a square cavity

Freezing/melting of water/ice around a horizontal cylinder placed in a square cavity of the inner side length H is investigated numerically. The cylinder is fixed at the centerline of the cavity and placed at various vertical distances of h = H/3, H/2 and 2H/3 from the bottom. Melting decreases considerably with increasing cylinder distance h. Freezing shows the utmost effect at h = H/2, other locations h = H/3 and h = 2H/3 will considerably retard freezing.     

Numerical and experimental investigation of flow-acoustic resonance of side-by-side cylinders in a duct

The phenomenon of flow-excited acoustic resonance is a design concern in many engineering applications, especially when wakes of bluff bodies are encountered in ducts, piping systems, heat exchangers, and other confined systems. In this paper, the case of self-excited acoustic resonance of two side-by-side cylinders in a duct with cross-flow is investigated both numerically and experimentally for a single spacing ratio of T/D=2.5, where D is the diameter of the cylinders and T is the centre-to-centre distance between them. The numerical investigation is performed using a finite-volume method at a Reynolds number of 3.0×10⁴ to simulate the unsteady flow field, which is then coupled with an imposed resonant sound field of the first acoustic cross-mode of the duct calculated through the use of Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The experimental investigation has been performed using phase-locked Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) of the flow field during the occurrence of a self-excited acoustic resonance condition in the duct. The results of both methods reveal that the flow-excited acoustic resonance produces a strong oscillatory flow pattern in the cylinder wakes, with strong in-phase vortex shedding being synchronized by the acoustic resonance. The distribution and strength of the aeroacoustic sources and sinks within the flow field have been computed by means of Howe׳s theory of aerodynamic sound for both the experimental and numerical cases, with the results of the two methods comparing favourably, showing comparable trends in the oscillating flow fields, and very similar trends in the distribution of net acoustic power.     

Two-phase frictional pressure drop multipliers for SUVA R-134a flowing in a rectangular duct

The adiabatic two-phase frictional multipliers for SUVA, R-134a flowing in a rectangular duct (with D_H = 4.8 mm) have been measured for three nominal system pressures (0.9 MPa, T_sat = 35.5 °C; 1.38 MPa, T_sat = 51.8 °C; and 2.41 MPa, T_sat = 75.9 °C) and three nominal mass fluxes (510, 1020 and 2040 kg/m²/s). The data is compared with several classical correlations to assess their predictive capabilities. The Lockhart–Martinelli model gives reasonable results at the lowest pressure and mass flux, near the operating range of most refrigeration systems, but gives increasingly poor comparisons as the pressure and mass flux are increased. The Chisholm B-coefficient model is found to best predict the data over the entire range of test conditions; however, there is significant disagreement at the highest pressure tested (with the model over predicting the data upwards of 100% for some cases). The data shows an increased tendency toward homogeneous flow as the pressure and flow rate are increased, and in fact the homogeneous model best predicts the bulk of the data at the highest pressure tested.     

Melting heat transfer along a horizontal heated tube immersed in a fluidized liquid ice bed

An experimental study was performed to determine the melting heat transfer characteristics along a horizontal heated circular tube immersed in a solid-air-liquid three-phase fluidized liquid ice bed. A mixture of fine ice particles and ethylene glycol acqueous solution was adopted as the liquid ice for the test. Measurements were carried out for a range of parameters such as airflow rate, heated tube diameter, and initial concentration of acqueous binary solution. It was found that the heat transfer coefficient for the fluidized liquid ice bed might be more than 20 times as large as that for the fixed liquid ice bed.     

Period-doubling route to chaos in a two-degree-of-freedom flexibly-mounted rigid plate placed in water

Flow-induced instabilities of a flexibly-mounted rigid flat plate placed in water were investigated experimentally, when the plate had either one degree of freedom in the torsional direction or two degrees of freedom in the torsional and transverse directions. Tests were conducted in a re-circulating water tunnel and bifurcation diagrams were used to summarize the system behavior. The 1DoF system became unstable by divergence at a critical flow velocity after which the plate buckled. At higher flow velocities, periodic oscillations were observed and the amplitude of oscillations increased with increasing flow velocity. No other instability was observed at higher flow velocities. In the 1DoF system, the variations in the response frequency were related to the added mass moment of inertia. For the 2DoF system, the plate׳s original stability was lost at a critical flow velocity by divergence followed by a dynamic instability resulting in periodic oscillations, which in turn became unstable giving rise to period-2, period-4 and eventually chaotic oscillations.     

Heat transfer between gas-liquid spray stream flowing perpendicularly to the row of the cylinders

Experimental investigation and analysis of heat transfer process between a gas-liquid spray flow and the row of smooth cylinders placed in the surface perpendicular to the flow has been performed. Among others, there was taken into account in the analysis the phenomenon of droplets bouncing and omitting the cylinder as well as the phenomenon of the evaporation process from the liquid film surface.In the experiments test cylinders were used, which were placed between two other cylinders standing in the row.From the experiments and the analysis the conclusion can be drawn that the heat transfer coefficients values for a row of the cylinders are higher than for a single cylinder placed in the gasliquid spray flow.

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Wärmeübergang an eine senkrecht anf eine Zylinderreihe auftreffende Gas-Flüssigkeits-Sprüh-Strömung

Zusammenfassung Es wurden Messungen und theoretische Analysen des Wärmeübergangs zwischen einer Gas-FlüssigkeitsSprüh-Strömung und den glatten Oberflächen einer Zylinderreihe durchgeführt, die senkrecht zum Sprühstrahl angeordnet waren. Dabei wurde in der Analyse unter anderem das Phänomen betrachtet, daß die Tropfen die Zylinderwand treffen und verfehlen können und daß sich ein Verdampfungsprozeß aus dem flüssigen Film an der Zylinderoberfläche einstellt.Gemessen wurde an einem zwischen zwei Randzylindern befindlichen Zylinder.Die Experimente und die Analyse gestatten die Schlußfolgerung, daß der Wärmeübergangskoeffizient für eine Zylinderreihe höher ist als für einen einzelnen Zylinder in der Sprühströmung.

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Nomenclature a distance between axes of cylinders, m - c _l specific heat capacity of liquid, J/kg K - c _g specific heat capacity of gas, J/kg K - D cylinder diameter, m - g _l mass velocity of liquid, kg/m²s - ¯k average volume ratio of liquid entering film to amount of liquid directed at the cylinder in gas-liquid spray flow, dimensionless - k() local volume ratio of liquid entering film to amount of liquid directed at the cylinder in gas-liquid spray flow, dimensionless - L specific latent heat of vaporisation, J/kg - m mass fraction of water in gas-liquid spray flow, dimensionless - M constant in Eq. (9) - p pressure, Pa - p _g statical pressure of gas, Pa - p _w pressure of gas on the cylinder surface, Pa - p external pressure on the liquid film surface, Pa - r cylindrical coordinate, m - R radius of cylinder, m - T temperature, K, °C - T _l, t_l liquid temperature in the gas-liquid spray, K, °C - T _w,t_w temperature of cylinder surface, K, °C - T temperature of gas-liquid film interface, K - U liquid film velocity, m/s - w gas velocity on cylinder surface, m/s - w _g gas velocity in free stream, m/s - W _l liquid vapour mass ratio in free stream, dimensionless - W liquid vapour mass ratio at the edge of a liquid film, dimensionless - x coordinate, m - y coordinate, m - z complex variable, dimensionless - average heat transfer coefficient, W/m²K - local heat transfer coefficient, W/m² K - average heat transfer coefficient between cylinder surface and gas, W/m² K - _g, local heat transfer coefficient between cylinder surface and gas, W/m² K - mass transfer coefficient, kg/m²s - liquid film thickness, m - _lg dynamic diffusion coefficient of liquid vapour in gas, kg/m s - pressure distribution function on a cylinder surface - function defined by Eq. (3) - _l liquid dynamic viscosity, kg/m s - _g gas dynamic viscosity, kg/m s - cylindrical coordinate, rad, deg - _l thermal conductivity of liquid, W/m K - _g thermal conductivity of gas, W/m K - mass transfer driving force, dimensionless - _l density of liquid, kg/m³ - _g density of gas, kg/m³ - _w shear stress on the cylinder surface, N/m² - _w shear stress exerted by gas at the liquid film surface, N/m² - air relative humidity, dimensionless - T -T _w - _w =T _wT_l Dimensionless parameters I= enhancement factor of heat transfer - m ^*=M _l/M_g molar mass of liquid to the molar mass of gas ratio - Nu _g= D/ _g gas Nusselt number - Pr _g=c _{g g}/_g gas Prandtl number - Pr _l=c_lll liquid Prandtl number - ¯r=(r–R)/ dimensionless coordinate - Re _g=w_gD _g/_g gas Reynolds number - Re _g,max=w_g,max D _g/_g gas Reynolds number calculated for the maximal gas velocity between the cylinders - Sc=m ^* _g/_l–g Schmidt number =/R dimensionless film thickness     

Flow structure around perforated cylinders in shallow water

The experimental investigations were carried out in order to have detailed information on the flow structure around perforated cylinders using high-image density Particle Image Velocimetry technique in shallow water flow. The depth-averaged free-stream velocity was kept constant as U_∞=100 mm/s corresponding to the Reynolds number of Re=10 000 based on the perforated cylinder diameter. In order to analyze the effect of porosity, β on the flow structure, the porosities in the range of 0.1≤β≤0.8 with an increment of 0.1 were used and the results were compared with the bare cylinder case by means of velocity and vorticity contours, turbulent kinetic energy, Reynolds shear stress and streamline topologies. It was concluded that the porosity, β had a substantial effect on the control of large-scale vortical structures downstream of the cylinder in which the shear layers were elongated, fluctuations were significantly attenuated and formation of Karman Vortex Street was successfully prevented by the use of perforated cylinders.     

Effect of polymeric additives on cavitation and radiated noise in water flowing past a circular cylinder

The present study is concerned with the effect of high molecular weight polymers on the cavitating flow around a cylinder. A decrease of the incipient cavitation number and disappearance of the transient cavitation regime are observed when polymers are added to the flow. Simultaneously, the radiated noise and the drag on the cylinder are substantially reduced for σ values above critical.     

高速斜入水和水平入水气炮水箱实验系统

为开展模型高速斜入水和水中高速航行的水流场实验研究,研制了立式和卧式气炮与水箱组合的实验系统。通过快速阀和活塞阀控制气炮激发和驱动状态,一级气炮采用高压空气直接驱动弹托和模型,二级气炮采用高压空气驱动重活塞压缩使集气腔中产生高压气体,再驱动弹托和模型达到预定速度。通过调节水箱和发射管角度,使高速模型斜入水或水平入水。其中,立式可变发射角二级气炮可发射质量1～1000 g的模型至2500 m/s最大速度,卧式一级气炮可发射质量1～100 kg的模型至300 m/s最大速度。和小气室、高燃气压力火药驱动方式相比,新型气炮采用大体积、中低驱动压力气室,高压气体更接近等熵膨胀做功,调节高压气体压力,能较好地满足模型质量和速度的宽范围要求。结合光反射通断法测速、高速摄影和阴影流场显示等测量技术,得到立式气炮压缩管重活塞运动速度、压缩管末端压力时间曲线和模型倾斜与水平入水的流场阴影图像。结果表明:重活塞速度在膜片破裂前和理论计算值符合较好,但破膜后差异较大。立式气炮流场阴影图像反映了模型斜入水产生的空中和水中激波以及在气水界面的反射激波、空泡形成和侧向气水界面的破碎与飞溅等现象。从卧式气炮的模型水平入水阴影图像提取气泡轮廓,清楚地看出尾部气泡气水界面的波动和失稳。和商业计算软件Fluent计算结果相比,空泡上游区域基本重合,但尾流区域强湍流导致两者存在明显差异。和水洞实验相比,气炮水箱实验系统近真实地再现高速入水过程伴随的冲击和动态空化等物理现象和模型尺度效应。     

Analysis of saltation characteristics of bed-load transport in flowing water

The study of bed-load transport is of great significance both in theory and in practice. This paper discusses the saltation of bed-load solid grains in flowing water. Experiments and theoretic analysis have been made by means of high-speed photographing and advanced data processing technique with a combined method based on mechanical and statistical theories. It indicates that the saltation is the main form of the bed-load transport under ordinary flowing conditions. In the meantime, taking successive saltation as the model of bed-load transport, systematic analysis has been made with regard to the kinematic properties and mechanism of saltation. The statistical analysis shows that the probability density functions of the relative height and length of saltation are in conformity with Γ-type distribution, while the probability density functions of the relative velocities of saltation are in conformity with the Gaussian distribution. The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Numerical study of evaporation by mixed convection of a binary liquid film flowing down the wall of two coaxial cylinders

Evaporation by mixed convection of a binary liquid film flowing down the external wall of a vertical cylinder has been investigated numerically. Two cases were considered: one where the cylinder wall is soaked with a liquid, and another where a liquid film flows along this wall. Heat, mass and momentum transfer in the liquid film and the vapor phase are modelled by mixed convection equations. In order to locate the liquid–vapor interface, a suitable coordinate transformation is carried out with suitable variables. The discretization of the dimensionless equations by an implicit difference scheme leads to a system of algebraic equations, which are solved by using Gauss algorithm for the momentum conservation equations and Thomas algorithm for the energy and diffusion conservation equations. The film thickness is calculated by the Newtons method. Results show, in particular, that the film thickness cannot be neglected and that the latent heat transfers are increasingly significant as the liquid film components become more volatile.     

Hydrodynamic interaction between two vertical cylinders in water waves

I.IntroductionWiththeconstructionoflargeoffshorestructures-wavediffractionandradiationproblemscausedbyseveralbodiesbecomeincreasinglyimportant.LargeoffShoreplatforms,wave-powerextractiondevices,Iargestoragefacilitiesandoffshorefloatingairportsl']havebeenp…     

Diffraction of cnoidal waves by vertical cylinders in shallow water

Diffraction of nonlinear waves by single or multiple in-line vertical cylinders in shallow water is studied by use of different nonlinear, shallow-water wave theories. The fixed, in-line, vertical circular cylinders extend from the free surface to the seafloor and are located in a row parallel to the incident wave direction. The wave–structure interaction problem is studied by use of the nonlinear generalized Boussinesq equations, the Green–Naghdi shallow-water wave equations, and the linearized version of the shallow-water wave equations. The wave-induced force and moment of the Green–Naghdi and the Boussinesq equations are presented when the incoming waves are cnoidal, and the forces are compared with the experimental data when available. Results of the linearized equations are compared with the nonlinear results. It is observed that nonlinearity is very important in the calculation of the wave loads on circular cylinders in shallow water. The variation of wave loads with wave height, wavelength and the spacing between cylinders is studied. Effect of the neighboring cylinders, and the shielding effect of upwave cylinders on the wave-induced loads on downwave cylinders are discussed.     

Penetrative convection in a horizontally isotropic porous layer

Penetrative convection in a horizontally isotropic porous layer is investigated primarily using an internal heat sink model and alternatively, a quadratic density temperature law. Employing the heat sink model, we show that the temporal growth rate for the linearised system is real, which allows us to perform a linear instability analysis. A nonlinear energy analysis is also presented, yielding a global stability threshold. We compare the heat sink model to the quadratic density model and find that the linearised systems are adjoint, implying that the instability boundaries which can be derived from the two models are the same. Received April 12, 2002 / Published online September 4, 2002 RID="a" ID="a" e-mail: Magdalen.Carr@durham.ac.uk RID="b" ID="b" e-mail: s.d.putter@tue.nl Communicated by Brian Straughan, Durham