高散射媒质中的光程可分割动态光散射研究

为研究散射光强度随光子在散射媒质中散射光程的变化,基于单散射理论与扩散波光谱理论,采用了低相干动态光散射装置对不同粒径大小的聚苯乙烯悬浮液进行研究。将测量得到的背散射光光场强度谱的线宽与相应的理论计算结果相比较发现,在短光程区域,考虑容器壁附近拖曳效应的影响后,对于不同粒径的颗粒,光程为约5倍粒子平均自由程的区域可看成为单散射区域;对于光程大于225 m的区域可看成为扩散光波区域。实验结果表明低相干动态光散射法可实现高散射媒质从单散射区域到低次散射再到扩散区域的全光程的可分割的光场强度谱测量。     

生物组织单光程光谱技术的理论研究

高灵敏度光谱检测技术在临床诊疗和组织光学参数测量中具有极其重要的意义。文章提出了一种差分调制激光光谱技术,将经过生物组织后的散射光与参考光的光程差转换为光谱信号的频率特征,通过相敏检测技术将不同频率的信号进行分离,从而实现生物组织散射光的光程分离。文章分析了差分调制激光光谱的机理及信号的谱特征,并基于文献中的生物组织散射光的光程分布,从理论上讨论了差拍信号的谱特征,即光源调制速率一定时,光谱信号中的主频成分位置只与散射光和参考光的光程差有关;生物组织对光信号的衰减系数会影响光谱信号中频率成分的能量强度分布。分析结果表明,差分调制激光光谱能对生物组织的光谱信号进行光程分离,从而实现生物组织的单光程光谱检测。     

基于多普勒非对称空间外差光谱技术的多普勒测速仿真

阐述了多普勒非对称空间外差光谱仪用于被动式多普勒测速的基本原理,通过综合考虑干涉条纹对比度和仪器测速灵敏度等关键因素,建立了效率函数,分别针对高斯线型和洛伦兹线型发射谱线,从理论上推导了最优单臂偏置量的选择依据,并以高斯线型目标谱线为例进行了仿真验证.同时,提出了一种基于部分干涉条纹反演多普勒速度的数据处理方法,简化了多谱线目标源的数据处理过程.结合自适应频率跟踪算法对单谱线目标源和多谱线目标源进行了仿真比较,仿真结果表明,在不考虑噪声的情况下,该方法针对多谱线目标源的多普勒测速最大绝对误差在0.004 m/s以内,与针对单谱线目标源的处理精度相当,可以满足实际应用的精度要求.     

Doppler spectrum-based polar nephelometer

The particle scattering asymmetry parameter of an ensemble of submicrometer particles, as well as the complete scattering phase function (angular distribution), is determined by measuring the Doppler spectrum of the scattered light. No calibration is required. The monitor incorporates a 532?nm laser with long coherence length, an integrating sphere to collect the scattered light, and a heterodyne (interferometric) detection scheme. Measurements of monodisperse polystyrene latex spheres and polydisperse ammonium sulfate particles indicate that the measured value of the asymmetry parameter is generally within ±0.03 of that calculated using Mie theory.     

Optical path-length matrix method for estimating skin spectrum

In this article, we propose a new method??the optical path-length matrix method (OPLM)??as a faster alternative to the Monte Carlo for multi-layered media (MCML), which is often used to simulate the skin spectrum. Theoretically, peripheral oxygen saturation can be estimated by iterating MCML, but it is not a realistic strategy because it requires huge computation time. The optical path-length matrix is obtained as the probabilistic density histograms of the optical path length in skin using MCML, and once the matrix is obtained, skin spectral reflectance can be calculated by accumulating all combinations of elements in the matrix and by setting an absorption coefficient based on the Beer-Lambert law. The computational time of OPLM was approximately 26,000 times faster than that of MCML.     

Numerical investigation of multi-beam laser heterodyne measurement with ultra-precision for linear expansion coefficient of metal based on oscillating mirror modulation

This paper proposes a novel method of multi-beam laser heterodyne measurement for metal linear expansion coefficient. Based on the Doppler effect and heterodyne technology, the information is loaded of length variation to the frequency difference of the multi-beam laser heterodyne signal by the frequency modulation of the oscillating mirror, this method can obtain many values of length variation caused by temperature variation after the multi-beam laser heterodyne signal demodulation simultaneously. Processing these values by weighted-average, it can obtain length variation accurately, and eventually obtain the value of linear expansion coefficient of metal by the calculation. This novel method is used to simulate measurement for linear expansion coefficient of metal rod under different temperatures by MATLAB, the obtained result shows that the relative measurement error of this method is just 0.4%.     

光程对黄酒金属元素近红外透射光谱分析精度的影响

应用近红外透射光谱分析技术开展了不同光程对黄酒中金属元素(钾、钙、镁、锌和铁)分析结果影响的研究。实验采用傅里叶变换近红外光谱仪(800～2 500 nm)及不同光程(1,2,5,10 mm),石英比色皿以空气为参比进行了光谱采集,并采用偏最小二乘法进行了数据分析。金属含量采用原子吸收光谱分析法测定。分析结果表明, 5 mm光程的分析结果最优,对于钾、钙、镁、锌和铁的相关系数(r2)分别为0.93,0.85,0.93,0.72,0.66,交互验证误差(RMSECV)分别为26.5,35.6,4.63,0.26,0.64 mg·L-1;而10 mm光程的光谱分析结果最差,其r2分别为0.61,0.65,0.63,0.09,0.25。通过实验说明, 光程对近红外透射光谱分析的影响,不是光程越长或越短越好,需要通过测试及对比分析确定。     

Frequency-resolved coherent lidar using a femtosecond fiber laser

We demonstrate a coherent lidar that uses a broadband femtosecond fiber laser as a source and resolves the returning heterodyne signal into N spectral channels by using an arrayed-waveguide grating. The data are processed incoherently to yield an N-times improvement in the Doppler measurement of a surface vibration. For N=6, we achieve a sensitivity of 153 Hz, corresponding to a 0.12 mm/s motion, in 10 ms despite a signal that is speckle broadened to 14 kHz. Alternatively, the data are processed coherently to form a range image. For a flat target, we achieve a 60 microm range resolution, limited mainly by the source bandwidth, despite the dispersion of 1 km of optical fiber in the signal path.     

High angle phase modulated low coherence interferometry for path length resolved Doppler measurements of multiply scattered light

We describe an improved method for coherence domain path length resolved measurements of multiply scattered photons in turbid media. An electro-optic phase modulator sinusoidally modulates the phase in the reference arm of a low coherence fiber optic Mach-Zehnder interferometer, at a high phase modulation angle. For dynamic turbid media this results in Doppler broadened phase modulation interference peaks at the modulation frequency and its multiples. The signal to noise ratio is increased by almost one order or magnitude for large modulation angles and the shape of the spectral peaks resulting from the interference of Doppler shifted sample waves and reference light is not changed. The path length dependent Doppler broadening is compared with the theoretical predictions in the single scattered and diffusive regimes. The experimentally measured optical path lengths are validated with the Monte Carlo technique.     

Negative length orbits in normal-superconductor billiard systems

The path-length spectra of mesoscopic systems including diffractive scatterers and connected to a superconductor are studied theoretically. We show that the spectra differ fundamentally from that of normal systems due to the presence of Andreev reflection. It is shown that negative path lengths should arise in the spectra as opposed to the normal system. To highlight this effect we carried out both quantum mechanical and semiclassical calculations for the simplest possible diffractive scatterer. The most pronounced peaks in the path-length spectra of the reflection amplitude are identified by the routes that the electron and/or hole travels.     

回转件弯扭测量系统及其不确定度分析

为了准确诊测轴系振动特性,基于激光多普勒的频移原理,提出一种能同时测量旋转轴系弯曲振动、扭转振动和轴系旋转速度的方法。设计了能分离弯扭振动的多普勒外差干涉光路,结合光学差拍及参考光技术,构建了测量系统数学模型。对影响激光多普勒弯扭振动测量的主要因素进行了分析,讨论了各参量对测量结果的影响,并给出了相应的测量不确定度。在置信水平为95%时,瞬时转速的不确定为0.079 r/min,弯曲振动速度分量的不确定为0.001 4 mm/s,其精度能满足旋转状态下轴系振动的综合测量要求。     

近红外光谱无创生化检测中不定光程对模型精度的影响研究

利用近红外血流容积光谱相减方法无创伤定量分析人体血液生化成分时,获得的在体血液光谱对应的样品光程是不确定的。为研究样品间的光程差异对定标模型预测精度的影响,配制了30份模拟血清样品,利用可变光程样品池,采用傅里叶光谱仪分别测量了相同光程和不定光程两组样品的近红外光谱。以分析血清白蛋白成分为例,对两组样品的定标模型精度进行比较,结果显示不定光程组的模型精度与相同光程组的模型精度相比明显下降,交叉检验标准差(RMSECV)由110.0mg/dL增大至156.0mg/dL。采用多元散射校正算法对上述光谱数据校正后,RMSECV降低至98.1mg/dL。对比分析处理前后两组模型的精度,证实了采用适当的预处理方法能够有效校正不定光程引起的光谱误差,提高模型预测精度。     

Diffraction phase microscopy for quantifying cell structure and dynamics

We have developed diffraction phase microscopy as a new technique for quantitative phase imaging of biological structures. The method combines the principles of common path interferometry and single-shot phase imaging and is characterized by subnanometer path-length stability and millisecond-scale acquisition time. The potential of the technique for quantifying nanoscale motions in live cells is demonstrated by experiments on red blood cells.     

多光束激光外差高精度测量玻璃厚度的方法

利用基于激光外差测量技术和激光多普勒技术的非接触式多光束激光外差测量方法,得到了光电探测器输出电流的谐波表达式.讨论了该测量方法用于玻璃厚度超精密测量的可行性及理论依据,并利用Matlab软件对不同情况进行了仿真实验.结果表明：该方法在不同入射角时测量平板玻璃厚度最大的误差为0.3%,明显比其他测量方法精度高. 关键词： 外差探测 多光束激光外差 激光多普勒技术 非接触式测量     

Velocity-estimation accuracy and frame-rate limitations in color Doppler optical coherence tomography

Color Doppler optical coherence tomography (CDOCT) is a recent innovation that allows spatially localized flow-velocity mapping simultaneously with microstructural imaging. We present a theoretical model for velocity-image formation in CDOCT. The proportionality between the heterodyne detector current Doppler power spectrum in CDOCT and the optical source power spectrum is established. We show that stochastic modifications of the Doppler spectrum by fluctuating scatterer distributions in the flow field give rise to unavoidable velocity-estimation inaccuracies as well as to a fundamental trade-off between image-acquisition rate and velocity precision. Novel algorithms that permit high-fidelity depth-resolved measurements of velocities in turbid media are also reported.     

Correction of atmospheric scattering effects in space-based observations of carbon dioxide: Model study of desert dust aerosol

We describe an original methodology for CO₂ retrievals using space-based measurements of reflected sunlight spectra. The effects of optical-path modification by aerosols were considered in terms of photon path-length statistics. First, the general approach was verified using a representative set of photon trajectories produced by the Monte Carlo technique. This method enabled accurate consideration of optical-path modification by aerosols and was effective in CO₂ retrievals if aerosol optical properties were assumed. The next approach involved a limited number of parameters that describe the photon path-length distribution function (PPDF) and which were retrieved simultaneously with the CO₂ amount. This approach was efficient under conditions of strong path modification by desert dust aerosol. The retrieval procedure included the following: estimation of PPDF parameters from radiance spectra in the O₂ A-band; the necessary correction to use these estimated parameters in the 1.6-μm band; and, finally, CO₂ retrievals from the 1.6-μm band. The procedure was verified by numerical simulations using an independent radiative transfer approach to produce radiance spectra expected for the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) sensor.     

光外差超声无损探伤系统的实验设计和信号处理

对光外差超声无损探伤实验系统的结构、原理进行了说明.分析了系统参数设计中信号光与本振光的光程差、探测器的相对位置和聚焦透镜的焦距这三个要素对外差效率的重要影响,根据理论计算所设计的光外差超声无损探伤系统,外差效率可达0.965.该系统用于由脉冲激励超声工件的内部探伤,观察到距离1 555 mm处钢管微小裂缝的超声反射信号.对零差信号利用三角函数拟合和最小二乘法进行数学处理,可测得裂缝处相对探测点的距离,相对误差为0.19%,可以达到对金属管道远程无损探伤的要求.     

Frequency-domain wide-field laser Doppler in vivo imaging

We present a new instrument, based on a low-frame-rate (8 Hz) CCD camera used in a heterodyne optical-mixing configuration, that can create wide-field laser Doppler maps. As an illustration, we show results obtained in a mouse brain, in vivo, showing the Doppler signature of blood flow. The instrument is based on a frequency-shifting digital holography scheme.