Oxygen dependency of the hydrogen sensor based on high-temperature proton conductors

Oxygen dependency of the hydrogen sensor using high-temperature proton conductors with titanium/titanium hydride solid reference material was studied. It was found that the oxygen in a measuring atmosphere led to a considerable p-type conduction which was responsible for the instability of the sensor electromagnetic field (EMF). The sensor EMF increased continuously due to the insertion of protons and decreased due to the depletion of protons upon exposure to an oxidizing atmosphere. It is revealed that the EMF behavior of the sensor is decided by the electronic conduction that relatively changed with hydrogen concentration in a highly oxidizing atmosphere. The transient behavior of the hydrogen sensor under various atmospheres containing oxygen was discussed in this work.     

The effect of an axial external magnetic field on the output power of a small-bore CuBr laser

In this work, the effect of an axial external moveable magnetic field on the output power of a CuBr laser with small-bore tube has been investigated. In all experiments, by applying an EMF along the tube axis, the laser output power has been decreased and by moving the EMF toward the cathode region, more substantial decrease of output power has been observed. The effect is more significant at a magnetic field intensity of 1100 G, Ne gas pressure of 35 Torr, frequency of 19 kHz and voltage of 3.8 kV, such that there was no laser emission when the EMF was placed around the cathode.     

The nonlinear optical properties of nanotubes with spiral defects in a longitudinal magnetic field

It is demonstrated that the anisotropic transfer of photon momentum to an electronic subsystem results in induction of a photon-drag EMF in a standing electromagnetic wave along the axis of a nanotube with a spiral defect, which confirms the assumption found in the literature that the occurrence of such an effect in the presence of an external magnetic field is possible not only in 2-D systems but also in nanotubes with a spiral symmetry. One of the potential mechanisms of inducing the EMF connected with the spatial asymmetry of the electron-phonon interaction in a nanotube with a spiral defect is considered. This mechanism allows for such an EMF to occur upon heating the electron system by the Joule heat of the photon-drag current that flows through the nanotube.     

Thermal study of PN thermoelectric couple by laser induced Seebeck EMF measurement

We propose in this paper an in-depth study of a method, both experimental and theoretical, for the determination of thermoelectric properties, in single, or multi-layered thermoelectric devices. We use a modulated laser beam as a heater in order to generate a thermally induced Seebeck EMF. The laser beam, line shaped, can be focused at any location along the sample surface, allowing spatially resolved measurements. Seebeck EMF measurements, associated with a versatile modeling method based on the thermal quadrupoles, allow determining sample Seebeck EMF profile. We contemplate to apply this technique to thermal and thermoelectric properties identification.     

Textile materials for electromagnetic field shielding made with the use of nano- and micro-technology

Studies have been carried out aimed at the development of structures and technology for making special multi-layer textile-polymeric systems of shielding electromagnetic field (EMF). The use of textiles as EMF shielding materials is commonly known, however the EMF attenuation obtained practically exclusively results from the reflection of EMF, while the materials used for this purpose as a rule, show poor EMF absorption abilities. The basic assumption for a new solution is the exploitation of the multiple internal reflection of incident EMF either in textile-polymeric coating materials containing fine-particle electromagnetic materials or in special textile structures. This paper presents the results of investigating the EMF shielding effectiveness of several selected and developed textile-polymeric materials in respect of both their practical applications (protective clothing elements, technical materials, masking elements, etc.) and the structure and content of components with various EMF reflection and absorption properties. The measurement method for independent determination of reflection and transmission coefficients with a wavequide applicator was used. The results obtained with the 2.5 GHz to 18 GHz frequency range show a low value of transmission coefficient (min. ?35 dB) and accepted reflection attenuation from about ?4 dB to ?15 dB for higher frequencies.     

荧光光谱法研究蛋白质构象的电磁-温度协同效应

长期以来电磁生物效应受到人们普遍关注，近年来从各个角度进行了相关研究。电磁－温度协同效应是当前的热点。本研究通过电磁场及温度协同对蛋白质影响的研究，发现蛋白质在电磁场作用下的不可逆变性，而且这种变性也遵循Arrhenius规律，并进一步得出电磁－温度协同作用的蛋白质变性模型。本文从分子反应动力学的角度解释了电磁－温度协同效应，并对非热效应作了一定的探讨。     

Theory of absorption and amplification spectra of a weak electromagnetic field by two-level quantum systems

A theory is developed of the absorption and amplification spectra of a weak (probe) electromagnetic field (EMF) by open two-level quantum systems in a strong quasiresonant EMF, assuming separability of the triplet spectrum components. The theory describes the intensity and the form of the spectral lines for arbitrary intensities and detunings of the strong EMF, and also the dependence of the parameters of the adiabatic relaxation on the frequency of the weak EMF. The influence of nonlinear dynamic effects (NDE) due to the dependence of the relaxation on the EMF parameters on the shape of the spectral lines is investigated. It is shown, in particular, that under certain conditions the NDE can lead to a nonlinear dynamic transformation of the dispersion of the sideband dispersion lines into Lorentzian lines and to a considerable increase of the absorption in the central region of the spectrum. Particular attention is paid to an investigation of the NDE on the characteristics of the central component of the spectrum. Methods and results of an investigation of the spectra in a basis of unperturbed wave functions in in a basis of dressed states are compared.Radiophysics Division, Lebedev Physics Institute. Translated from Preprint No. 117 of the Lebedev Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, 1990.     

Non-perturbational calculation of the Bloch-Siegert effect in semiclassical and quantum approaches

It is reported that it is possible in practice to calculate with a computer the analytical expression of the density matrix elements of a two-level quantum system interacting with an EMF, without using perturbation methods. Formulae including terms up to second order in the coupling are given in the semi-classical case (with and without averaging over the phase of the field) and in the quantum case. Results are in accordance with those of Pegg for the case of the classical EMF averaged over ? Disaccordances with other works are reported and reasons for performing the same calculation up to fourth order are given.     

Experimental Investigation of Integrated Optical Intensive Impulse Electric Field Sensors

We design and fabricate an integrated optical electric field sensor with segmented electrode for intensive impulse electric field measurement. The integrated optical sensor is based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with segmented electrodes. The output/input character of the sensing system is analysed and measured. The maximal detectable electric field range （-75 kV/m to 245kV/m） is obtained by analysing the results. As a result, the integrated optics electric field sensing system is suitable for transient intensive electric field measurement investigation.     

Coherence properties of submicron GaAs/AlGaAs rings with a ferromagnetic gate

In the present work, the Aharonov–Bohm effect in submicron GaAs/AlGaAs ring with an in-plane ferromagnetic gate is investigated. The experiment is based on the study of the derivatives of magnetoresistance and microwave EMF to gate voltage. The experimental results are explained by electron wave interference in the presence of an inhomogeneous magnetic field in the ring.     

Interaction of magnetostatic waves with current carriers in stratified structures

The interaction of magnetostatic waves with charge carriers in ferrite-semiconductor and ferrite-electron flux structures is reviewed. The basic equations needed to calculate the interaction effects in these structures are provided. Attention is turned to the possibility of amplifying fast magnetostatic waves in bodies of revolution by means of circular electron drift over the body surface. The possibility is discussed of amplifying magnetostatic waves in a ferrite film by an electron flux band. The interaction of magnetoelastic waves with electrons in ferrite-semiconductor structures is considered. A method of calculating the static EMF (electromotive force), induced by traveling MSW (magnetostatic waves) in a ferrite-semiconductor structure, is discussed. Attention is turned to circular currents, flowing in the semiconductor, which can vary substantially the longitudinal EMF and lead to generation of a transverse EMF in the structure. We discuss experimental studies on detection of interaction of magnetostatic waves with charge carriers, suggesting the possibility of wave amplification in ferrite-semiconductor and ferrite-electron flux structures, and exploring EMF induction mechanisms in the regime of traveling waves and ferromagnetic resonance.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 1, pp. 5–29, January, 1989.     

Work and energy for particles in electromagnetic field

Physics of Atomic Nuclei - Defining the energy and work for particles interacting with electromagnetic field (EMF) is an open problem, because—due to the gauge-freedom—there exist...     

Integrated optical electric field sensor based on a Bragg grating in lithium niobate

We demonstrate a new sensor concept for the measurement of oscillating electric fields that is based on Bragg gratings in LiNbO₃:Ti channel waveguides. This miniaturized sensor that works in a retroreflective scheme does not require metallic electrodes and can be directly immersed in an oscillating electric field. The electric field induces a shift of the Bragg wavelength of the reflection grating that is due to the electro-optic effect. The operating point of the sensor is chosen by adjusting the laser wavelength to the slope of the spectral reflectivity function of the grating. In this way the magnitude of an external electric field is measured precisely as the amplitude of modulated reflected light intensity by using a lock-in amplifier. The sensor principle is demonstrated by detecting low-frequency electric fields ranging from 50 V/cm to 5 kV/cm without any conducting parts of the sensor head. Furthermore, the ability of the sensor to determine the three-dimensional orientation of an external electric field by a single rotation along the waveguide direction is demonstrated. PACS 42.40.Eq; 42.82.-m; 42.82.Et     

Magnetized SPR sensor for enhanced functionality

It is known that a magnetic field changes the RI and the SPR angle of specific analytes. We have applied an external magnetic field to a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor to exploit this phenomenon. A gold film is used for excitation of SPR in the sensor with a Kretschmann configuration. According to the concentration of 4-type analyte, we observed unique changes of the SPR angle due to the magnetic field, providing better classification of material type than a conventional SPR sensor.     

Toward the theory of a loop antenna in an anisotropic plasma

We consider the problem of determining the current distribution along a loop antenna consisting of an infinitely thin perfectly conducting strip coiled into a ring. The antenna is immersed in an anisotropic plasma medium perpendicular to the external magnetic field and is excited by a given EMF. Primary attention is focused on the frequency band in which the excitation of electrostatic waves is possible. The problem is reduced to solving a system of integral equations with logarithmic and singular kernels. Using the solution of these equations, we found expressions for the antenna current distribution and input impedance. The analysis of these expressions is presented. Radiophysical Research Institute, Lobachevsky State University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. Translated from izvestiya Vysshikh Uchbnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 358–373, March, 1998.     

Excitation of plant growth in dormant temperature by steady magnetic field

Experimental results of applying a steady magnetic field (20 and 30 mT) on agricultural plants reveal that their growth is more than that of control plants. Considering that these plants have ferritin cells, and each ferritin cell has 4500 Fe atoms, it is obvious that they have an outstanding role in the plants’ growth. As the last spin magnetic moment (SMM) of the Fe atom posed to an external magnetic field (EMF), the composition of SMM and EMF create an oscillator in the system. Then we have a moment of force on ferritin cells. This oscillator exerts its energy, then damps and finally locates in the field direction. The relaxed energy increased the internal temperature (i.e., the effective temperature of the magnetic spin system of plant) so that it is situated in a proper temperature for growing. This phenomenon (temperature increasing) occurs in the initial minutes of applying the magnetic field. So it depends on the number of times of locating the plant in magnetic field in a day (n). If this number (n) passes the critical value, the plant reaches a burning temperature and growth is perturbed. In this paper, the plant growth rate and critical temperature in a steady magnetic field were investigated and formulated theoretically. An innovative result in this research is as follows: if a plant's environment was in the dormant temperature, we could increase the internal temperature of the plant by applying a magnetic field n times in a day (for growth).     

Manipulating electromagnetic wave with the magnetic surface plasmon based metamaterials

In this work, we have investigated the optical properties of the magnetic metamaterials (MMs) consisting of periodically/randomly arranged ferrite rods. By calculating the photonic band diagrams and transmittance, we have identified a photonic band gap originating from the magnetic surface plasmon (MSP) resonance. In addition, by tuning the external magnetic field (EMF), an MM slab can be used as an optical switch. Our simulated results also suggest that the optical properties of the MMs are robust against the position disorder and the size fluctuation of the ferrite rods. Moreover, by examining the relation between the transmittance and the EMF, we can optimize the EMF to realize the best switching effect. With the retrieved effective constitutive parameters ε _eff and μ _eff obtained from the effective-medium theory, the optimal EMF can be understood in a more clear manner.     

New features of excitonic emission in metal nanoparticle/semiconductor quantum dot nanosystem

We study theoretically the excitonic emission properties of a hybrid nanosystem composed of a spherical metal nanoparticle (NP) and a spherical quantum dot (QD). We show that electromagnetic field (EMF) emitted by a single QD has only dipole, quadrupole, and octupole components, i.e., QD cannot in principle be regarded as an oscillating point dipole, which emits infinite series of multipoles. This leads to a substantial deviation of the characteristics of QD excitonic emission from the emission characteristics of point dipole (molecular fluorophore) located in a vicinity of metal NP at small interparticle distances. The observed fluorescence spectra of the CdTe QD/Ag NP nanostructure are found to be in good agreement with the calculated ones.     

Synthesis of manganese oxide nanocrystal by ultrasonic bath: effect of external magnetic field

A novel technique was used for the synthesis of manganese oxide nanocrystal by applying an external magnetic field (EMF) on the precursor solution before sonication with ultrasonic bath. The results were compared in the presence and absence of EMF. Manganese acetate solution as precursor was circulated by a pump at constant speed (7 rpm, equal to flow rate of 51.5 mL/min) in an EMF with intensity of 0.38 T in two exposure times (t_MF, 2 h and 24 h). Then, the magnetized solution was irradiated indirectly by ultrasonic bath in basic and neutral media. One experiment was designed for the effect of oxygen atmosphere in the case of magnetic treated solution in neutral medium. The as prepared samples were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM, TEM), energy-dispersive spectrum (EDS), and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) analysis. In neutral medium, the sonication of magnetized solution (t_MF, 24 h) led mainly to a mixture of Mn₃O₄ (hausmannite) and γ-MnOOH (manganite) and sonication of unmagnetized solution led to a pure Mn₃O₄. In point of particle size, the larger and smaller size of nanoparticles was obtained with and without magnetic treatment, respectively. In addition, the EMF was retarded the nucleation process, accelerated the growth of the crystal, and increased the amount of rod-like structure especially in oxygen atmosphere. In basic medium, a difference was observed on the composition of the products between magnetic treated and untreated solution. For these samples, the magnetic measurements as a function of temperature were exhibited a reduction in ferrimagnetic temperature to T_c = 39 K, and 40 K with and without magnetic treatment, respectively. The ferrimagnetic temperature was reported for the bulk at T_c = 43 K. A superparamagnetic behavior was observed at room temperature without any saturation magnetization and hysteresis in the measured field strength. The effect of EMF on the sample prepared in the basic medium was negligible but, in the case of neutral medium, the EMF affected the slope of the magnetization curves. The magnetization at room temperature was higher for the samples obtained in neutral medium without magnetic treatment. In addition, a horizontal shift loop was observed in neutral medium at low temperature.     

Design of a silicon-based plasmonic optical sensor for magnetic field monitoring in the infrared

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor chip is proposed for magnetic field monitoring in the infrared wavelength region. The structure is based on silicon substrate and gold as SPR-active metal used with an appropriate magnetic fluid film. The angular interrogation method has been used to study the sensor’s performance in terms of large shift and small width of the SPR curve for a wide range of magnetic field between 30 and 220 Oe. The effect of field incidence angle is also studied on the proposed sensor’s performance, and it is observed that the field should be incident as parallel to the magnetic fluid surface as possible. Any possibility of oxidation problem to the proposed SPR sensor is addressed by using a stable buffer layer. All the performance parameters were found to be significantly large for the above field incidence condition. The proposed sensor is able to achieve a resolution of the order as high as 0.18 Oe for magnetic field detection.