3D打印在分析化学中的应用研究

3D打印是一种以计算机三维设计数字模型文件为基础,运用特殊可粘合材料,借助光固化和纸层叠等方式逐层打印的,一种快速成形构造物体的新技术.本文侧重从色谱仪器分析、电化学仪器分析、原子分子光谱和质谱仪器分析等方面评论了近年来3D打印在分析化学中的应用研究,为现代仪器分析研究提供借鉴参考,以使3D打印技术和分析化学学科交叉融合协同发展.     

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography analysis of high-ethanol containing motor fuels

A comprehensive 2-D GC (GC x GC) instrument equipped with a flow-switching modulator was used to determine the concentration of ethanol and eight other alcohols in a retail pump sample of E85 fuel. E85 is a mixture of ethanol and gasoline where the ethanol concentration can range from 70 to 85 vol%. The increased peak capacity and selectivity generated by GC x GC analysis allowed the alcohols to be fully resolved from the gasoline hydrocarbons. GC x GC analysis was compared to the performance obtained with the standard analytical method for determining ethanol in fuel ethanol (ASTM D5501) and the standard method for determining oxygenate concentrations in gasoline (ASTM D4815). The GC x GC analysis required 14 min while the combined ASTM D5501 and ASTM D4815 analyses required more than 60 min. The ethanol concentration obtained by GC x GC was in excellent agreement with the value obtained by the D5501 method. Poorer agreement was observed between the GC x GC and D4815 concentrations for the other alcohols present in E85. In all cases, the differences could be attributed to deficiencies in the D4815 method that led to coelutions between the alcohols and gasoline hydrocarbons.     

A new isoflavonolignan from Pueraria alopecuroides Craib

A new isoflavonolignan has been isolated from the Pueraria alopecuroides Craib. The structure was elucidated by the combination of 1D, 2D NMR analysis and mass spectrometry.     

Petatrichol B： A Pentacyclic Triterpenoid with Unusual Skeleton from Petasites tricholobus

A novel pentacyclic triterpenoid, petatrichol B, was isolated from the rhizome of Petasites tricholobus. Its structure was established by means of spectroscopic analysis （EIMS, HRSIMS, IR, 1D NMR and 2D NMR）.     

新的滇桂艾纳香寡糖BROS结构分析

以滇桂艾纳香枝叶为原料,经陶瓷膜、有机膜分离,醇沉、Sevag法除蛋白,DEAE-纤维素柱层析和SephadexG- 10,SephadexG-50凝胶柱色谱纯化得到的BROS;经HPGPC检测分析表明,BROS为均一寡糖,MALDI-TOF-MS测定分子量为1314.用IR,HPLC,甲基化分析,GC-MS,NMR (1H NMR,13C NMR,1H)HCOSY,HMQC和HMBC)等方法对BROS结构进行表征,结果表明,该寡糖由1个葡萄糖(α-D-Glcp)和7个果糖(β-D-Fru组成,残基间以→2)Fruf-(1→链接,分子末端链接为a-Glcp-(1→,→2)-β-D-Fruf推出BROS的结构式为:β-D-Fruf1-(2→1)-β-D-Fruf2-(2→1)-β-D-Fruf3-(2→ 1)-β-D-Fruf4-(2→1)-β -D-Fruf5-(2→1)-β-D-Fruf6-(2→ 1)-β-D-Fruf7-(2→ 1)-a-D-Glcp.     

Application of ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the measurement of vitamin D in foods and nutritional supplements

Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)/MS/MS was applied to measure vitamin D in various foods and nutritional supplements. The run-time of the chromatographic separation was cut from 20 min in HPLC/MS/MS to 10 min in UPLC/MS/MS, while equal or better separation efficiency was achieved to deal with complex food matrixes. Under the optimized conditions, all the previtamins of vitamin D3, D2, and isotope-labeled vitamin D3 were baseline-separated from their corresponding vitamins. It was also demonstrated that many sterol isomers in complex food matrixes that interfere in the analysis could be well-separated from the analytes. Accuracy of this method was evaluated by analysis of NIST SRM 1849 infant formula reference material. With eight replicates, the average vitamin D3 concentration was 0.251 +/- 0.012 mg/kg, an excellent agreement with the certified value of 0.251 +/- 0.027 mg/kg. In addition, spike recovery from a commercial infant formula matrix was in the range of 100 to 108% for both vitamins D3 and D2 at three spike concentration levels. The spike recovery for an even more complex matrix, pet food, was 101-105%. LOQ values were 0.026 and 0.033 IU/g, or 0.086 and 0.11 IU/mL in solution, for vitamins D3 and D2, respectively. The dynamic range had three orders of magnitude, which made the method flexible and useful to deal with the wide concentration range of vitamin D in various samples. The method was robust based on the results of changing the parameters of LC separation and MS measurement. This accurate and reliable vitamin D method increased instrument efficiency and analysis productivity significantly.     

An unusual bioactive oleanane triterpenoid from Rhododendron campanulatum D.Don

An unusual oleanane triterpene(1) was isolated from aerial parts of Rhododendron campanulatum.The compound had shown prominent antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities.The structure of the compound was determined by spectroscopic data including 1D and 2D NMR spectral analysis.     

Identification and determination of fat-soluble vitamins and metabolites in human serum by liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring

A method for determination of fat-soluble vitamins K(1), K(3), A, D(2), D(3) and E (as alpha- and delta-tocopherol) and metabolites 25-hydroxyvitamin D(2) and D(3) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) in human serum by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) in positive mode is proposed. Highly selective identification of the target compounds in serum was confirmed by the most representative transitions from precursor ion to product ion. Quantitative MS/MS analysis was carried out by multiple reaction monitoring optimizing the most sensitive transition for each analyte in order to achieve low detection limits (from 0.012 to 0.3 ng/mL estimated with serum). The analysis was performed with 1 mL of serum, which was subjected to protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction to an organic phase, evaporation to dryness and reconstitution with methanol. The precision of the overall method ranged from 3.17-6.76% as intra-day variability and from 5.07-11.53% as inter-day variability. The method, validated by the standard addition method, provides complete information on the fat-soluble vitamins profile, which is of interest in clinical and metabolomics studies.     

Silvaglenamin—a novel dimeric triterpene alkaloid from Aglaia silvestris

An unusual dimeric triterpene structure with two dammarane units linked with an enaminic -NH- group was isolated from the root extract of Aglaia silvestris. The structure was elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR analysis and ESI mass spectrometry.     

Revised structure of palau’amine

The structure of palau’amine, a bioactive hexacyclic pyrrole-imidazole alkaloid, from the sponge Stylotella aurantium was revised by detailed analysis of its 2D ROESY and 1D NOESY data.     

Comparison of ethanol-soluble proteins from different rye (Secale cereale) varieties by two-dimensional electrophoresis

The major storage proteins from six rye varieties, grown under the same conditions in 1997 and 1998 in Rønhave, Denmark, were analyzed by two‐dimensional (2‐D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The proteins were extracted from ground rye kernels with 70% ethanol and separated by 2‐D electrophoresis. The gels were scanned, compared using ImageMaster® software and the data sets were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) using THE UNSCRAMBLER software. Afterwards MATLAB was used to make a cluster analysis of the varieties based on PCA. The analysis of the gels showed, that the protein patterns (number of different proteins and their isoelectric points and molecular weights) from the six rye varieties were different. Based on the presence of unique cultivar‐specific spots it was possible to differentiate between all six varieties if the two harvest years were investigated separately. When the results were combined from the two years five varieties could be differentiated. The results from the PCA confirmed the finding of the unique spots and cluster analysis was made in order to illustrate the results. The combination of the results from 2‐D electrophoresis and other grain characteristics showed that one protein spot was located close to the parameters bread volume and bread height.     

A new tetrastilbene from Caragana sinica

A new tetrastilbene named carasinol D （1） was isolated from the roots of Caragana sinica. Its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. Compound 1 was obtained from carasinol B （2） by an acid-catalyzed conversion.     

Exploration of 3D activity cliffs on the basis of compound binding modes and comparison of 2D and 3D cliffs

Activity cliffs are formed by pairs or groups of structurally similar compounds having large differences in potency and are focal points of structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis. The choice of molecular representations is a critically important aspect of activity cliffs analysis. Thus far, activity cliffs have predominantly been defined on the basis of molecular graph or fingerprint representations. Herein we introduce 3D activity cliffs derived from comparisons of experimentally determined compound binding modes. The analysis of 3D activity cliffs is generally applicable to target proteins for which structures of multiple ligand complexes are available. For two popular targets, β-secretase 1 (BACE1) and factor Xa (FXa), public domain X-ray structures with bound inhibitors were collected. Crystallographic binding modes of inhibitors were systematically compared using a 3D similarity method taking conformational, positional, and atomic property differences into account. In addition, standard 2D similarity relationships were also determined. SAR information associated with individual compounds substantially changed when either bioactive conformations or 2D molecular graphs were used for similarity evaluation. 3D activity cliffs were identified for BACE1 and FXa inhibitor sets and systematically compared to 2D cliffs. It was found that less than 40% of 3D activity cliffs were conserved when 2D similarity was applied. The limited conservation of 3D and 2D cliffs provides further evidence for the strong molecule representation dependence of activity cliffs. Moreover, 3D cliffs represent a new class of activity cliffs that convey SAR information in ways that differ from graph-based similarity measures. In cases where sufficient structural information is available, the comparison of 3D and 2D cliffs is expected to aid in SAR analysis and mapping of critical binding determinants.     

Capillary column high-performance liquid chromatographic-electrospray ionization triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometric analysis of proteins separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis application to cerebellar protein mapping

A method is presented for the structural characterization of proteins separated by two-dimensional poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE). The method includes separation of a protein mixture by 2D-PAGE, recovery of proteins from the gel spots revealed by copper staining and analysis of the proteins by triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometry using an electrospray ionization interface (ESI-TSQMS). Prior to the mass spectrometric analysis, the extracted proteins were passed through a small reversed-phase column (10 × 4.0 mm I.D.) to remove salts and gel-derived contaminants and then introduced into the mass spectrometer through a reversed-phase capillary column with 0.25 mm I.D. Application of the method to the analysis of rat cerebellar proteins suggests that the molecular mass could be accurately determined with sub-picomole amounts of protein samples derived from one or two 2D gels. The method was also useful for peptide mapping and determination of amino acid sequences of proteins micro-prepared from the 2D gel. Because 2D-PAGE has an excellent resolving power in protein separation and because capillary LC-ESI-TSQMS provides structural information with very small amounts of samples, the combined system of 2D-PAGE and capillary LC-ESI-TSQMS described here should allow wide applications to molecular studies of genes and proteins, such as identifications of protein spots on 2D gels, confirmation of gene/protein sequences and analysis of post-translational modification of proteins present naturally in tissue/cell extracts or expressed by recombinant DNA techniques.     

Recombination analysis of autosomal short tandem repeats in Chinese Han families

Recombination fractions between forensic STRs can be extrapolated from the International HapMap Project, but the concordance between recombination fractions predicated from genetic maps and derived from observation of STR transmissions in families is still ambiguous for autosomal STRs because of limited family studies. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to compare recombination fractions estimated by pedigree analysis with those derived from HapMap phase SNP data. Genotypes of nine autosomal STR pairs (TPOX‐D2S1772, D5S818‐CSF1PO, D7S3048‐D7S820, D8S1132‐D8S1179, TH01‐D11S2368, vWA‐D12S391, D13S325‐D13S317, D18S51‐D18S1364, and D21S11‐PentaD) from 207 two‐generation families with two to five children (the number of families with five, four, three, and two children was 2, 3, 20, and 182, respectively) were used to analyze the recombination. The linkage analysis showed that significant linkage was observed at six STR pairs (D5S818‐CSF1PO, D8S1132‐D8S1179, TH01‐D11S2368, vWA‐D12S391, D13S325‐D13S317, and D18S51‐D18S1364) with genetic distances <36.22 cM in HapMap. Their recombination fractions calculated from family data were very close to those derived from HapMap. However, three STR pairs of TPOX‐D2S1772, D7S3048‐D7S820, and D21S11‐PentaD showed no significant linkage with genetic distances from 43.38 to 91.49 cM. Our results indicate that recombination fractions extrapolated from HapMap can provide a substitute if empirical data are unavailable for the linkage STR pair with a genetic distance spanned <36.22 cM.     

茴香醛丙氨酸席夫碱的合成及还原

希夫碱在配位化学中占有重要的地位,是配位化学研究的重点内容之一[1].氨基酸希夫碱在化学研究、医药、军事、工业、农业、海洋等各个领域中已经得到了广泛的应用[2].     

ReaxFF MD局部区域反应追踪与物理性质可视化分析

Recently, the application of ReaxFF based reactive molecular dynamics simulation (ReaxFF MD) in complex processes of pyrolysis, oxidation and catalysis has attracted considerable attention. The analysis of the simulation results of these processes is challenging owing to the complex chemical reactions involved, coupled with their dynamic physical properties. VARxMD is a leading tool for the chemical reaction analysis and visualization of ReaxFF MD simulations, which allows the automated analysis of reaction sites to get overall reaction lists, evolution trends of reactants and products, and reaction networks of specified reactants and products. The visualization of the reaction details and dynamic evolution profiles are readily available for each reactant and product. Additionally, the detailed reaction sites of bond breaking and formation are available in 2D chemical structure diagrams and 3D structure views; for specified reactions, they are categorized on the basis of the chemical structures of the bonding sites or function groups in the reacting species. However, the current VARxMD code mainly focuses on global chemical reaction information in the simulation system of the ReaxFF MD, and is incapable of locally tracking the chemical reaction and physical properties in a 3D picked zone. This work extends the VARxMD from global analysis to a focused 3D zone picked interactively from the 3D visualization modules of VARxMD, as well as physical property analysis to complement reaction analysis. The analysis of reactions and physical properties can be implemented in three steps: picking and drawing a 3D zone, identifying molecules in the picked zone, and analyzing the reactions and physical properties of the picked molecules. A 3D zone can be picked by specifying the geometric parameters or drawing on a screen using a mouse. The picking of a cuboid or sphere was implemented using the VTK 3D view libraries by specifying geometric parameters. The interactive 3D zone picking was implemented using a combination of observer and command patterns in the VTK visualization paradigm. The chemical reaction tracking and dynamic radial distribution function (RDF) of the 3D picked zone was efficiently implemented by inheriting data obtained from the global analysis of VARxMD. The reaction tracking between coal particles in coal pyrolysis simulation and dynamic structure characterization of carbon rich cluster formation in the thermal decomposition of an energetic material are presented as application examples. The obtained detailed reactions between the coal particles and comparison of the reaction between the locally and globally picked areas in the cuboid are helpful in understanding the role of micro pores in coal particles. The carbon to carbon RDF analysis and comparison of the spherical region picked for the layered molecular clusters in the pyrolysis system of the TNT crystal model with the standard RDF of the 5-layer graphene demonstrate the extended VARxMD as a chemical structure characteristic tool for detecting the dynamic formation profile of carbon rich clusters in the pyrolysis of TNT. The extended capability of VARxMD for a 3D picked zone of a ReaxFF MD simulation system can be useful for interfacial reaction analysis in a catalysis system, hot spot formation analysis in the detonation of energetic material systems, and particularly the pyrolysis or oxidation processes of coal, biomass, polymers, hydrocarbon fuels, and energetic materials.     

Sagittamides A and B. Polyacetoxy long-chain acyl amino acids from a didemnid ascidian

[structure: see text]. An unidentified tunicate from Pohnpei, Micronesia, yielded sagittamides A and B-compounds comprising a long-chain C26 dicarboxylic acid that acylates terminal L-valine and L-ornithine groups. The structures, which contain an unprecedented internal O-hexacetyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaol moiety, were determined by combined spectroscopic analysis including mass spectrometry and 1D and 2D NMR and chemical degradation. The partial absolute stereochemistry of the new compounds was addressed by Marfey's analysis.     

Two novel norlignans from Gymnotheca chinensis

Two novel norlignans, gymnothedelignans A and B were isolated from the whole plants of Gymnotheca chinensis. These norlignans possess a rare 2/5 epoxy benzocycloheptanone skeleton. Their structures were established on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectral data analysis, and the absolute stereochemistry of gymnothedelignans A and B was further confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.