核壳结构碳化钨复合微球催化剂对甲醇电催化性能

以偏钨酸铵微球为前驱体,在不同反应时间和CO/CO₂气氛条件下,通过原位还原碳化反应制备了具有核壳结构碳化钨复合微球。采用X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和扫描电镜（SEM）等对催化剂的形貌和结构进行了表征分析。硼氢化钠还原法将平均粒径为4.6 nm的Pt纳米粒子均匀分布在其表面,得到核壳结构碳化钨复合催化剂。采用循环伏安和计时电流法研究了在酸性溶液中催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化性能。结果表明,与Pt/WC-15 h和JM Pt/C催化剂的电化学性能相比,Pt/WC-6 h催化剂对甲醇呈现出更高的电催化氧化活性和稳定性。碳化钨复合微球表面少量WO₂成分的存在有利于甲醇在其表面的电催化氧化过程的发生。     

原位变温X射线衍射测试技术及其影响因素

在X射线衍射仪中引入加热台,可以实现原位变温X射线衍射分析.原位试验是研究材料在加热或冷却过程中材料动力学的有效手段.对变温X射线衍射测试样品的要求、测量方法的原理、布鲁克D8 advance衍射仪原位变温的测试步骤以及测试过程中样品的收缩问题、背底衍射峰干扰等常见影响因素进行了详细的说明,为变温X射线衍射测试提供了具体的试验指导.     

Ti和乳酸共改性α-Fe2O3光阳极光电化学性能研究

采用一步水热后在氮气中进行热处理的方法制备了Ti和乳酸共改性的纳米花状α-Fe₂O₃光阳极。对样品分别进行了X射线衍射、扫描电镜、X射线光电子能谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱和光电化学性能测试。与乳酸改性的纳米片状α-Fe₂O₃光阳极相比,最优的Ti与乳酸共改性样品0.075LA-Fe2O3-0.75Ti光阳极的光电流密度从0.55mA·cm^-2提高到1.39mA·cm^-2。Ti改性明显减少了0.075LA-Fe₂O₃膜的表面态,增加了表面载流子注入效率;同时Ti的掺入也增加了电极体内载流子浓度,增强了体内载流子的传输效率。     

纳米多孔β-Li3PS4固体电解质的溶剂脱除法制备及性能

以Li₂S和P₂S₅为反应物, 四氢呋喃为溶剂, 采用溶剂脱除法制备了室温下稳定的高离子电导率β-Li₃PS₄晶体电解质, 通过粉末X射线衍射、 差热-热重分析、 拉曼光谱、 氮气吸附-脱吸和交流阻抗测试等方法对其性能进行表征, 研究了热处理温度对溶剂脱除程度、 固体电解质结晶状态、 比表面积、 孔隙率和离子电导率的影响. 结果表明, 该方法制备得到的β-Li₃PS₄晶体可以在室温下稳定存在. 160 ℃加热条件下Li₃PS₄的离子电导率达到7.44×10^-6 S/cm. 热处理过程中四氢呋喃分3个阶段脱除, 导致产物颗粒表面和内部产生大量纳米孔. 大量纳米孔洞的存在提高了材料的表面能, 有利于新相形核, 加快了相变速度, 降低了相变温度, 使β-Li₃PS₄晶体在室温下保持稳定.     

光致变色的PW12/1,10DAD自组装超晶格多层膜

本文报道了在固体基底表面上用PE方法连续自组装沉积PW₁₂和1,10-DAD分子,构建了PW₁₂/1,10-DAD自组装多层膜.紫外-可见吸收、X射线衍射等分析结果表明此多层膜有好的超晶格结构,层间距为3.19nm.与真空蒸镀WO₃薄膜相比,PW₁₂/1,10-DAD自组装多层膜表现出更好的光致变色特性.     

Z型可见光催化剂Au NPs/g-C3N4/BiOBr的构建及其光催化性能

通过水热和原位还原法制备了一种新型Z型异质结三元复合材料Au NPs/g-C₃N₄/BiOBr,并通过X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、透射电子显微镜、紫外-可见漫反射光谱和光致发光发射光谱等技术对材料的形貌、结构进行了表征。通过在可见光下降解苯酚来评价光催化剂的活性。研究发现,Au NPs/g-C₃N₄/BiOBr显示出增强的光催化活性,对苯酚的降解能力是g-C₃N₄的3倍,是BiOBr的2.5倍。这可归因于三元复合材料的窄带隙（2.10eV）、Z型机理对光生电子-空穴对的有效分离和Au纳米颗粒的表面等离子体共振效应（SPR）。     

高压下铌酸锌钶铁矿结构相变的原位拉曼光谱和X射线衍射研究

通过原位高压拉曼光谱和X射线衍射对ZnNb₂O₆晶体在29 GPa以下的结构转变进行了研究.拉曼光谱显示, 多数拉曼峰强度减弱, 且随着压力增加向高波数方向移动.压力频移曲线分别在10, 16 和20 GPa处形成了拐点.原位X射线衍射谱在10.6 GPa以上有旧峰消失和新峰出现.结果分析表明, ZnNb₂O₆钶铁矿结构压缩过程中发生了一个可逆压致相变, 此相变从10 GPa左右开始, 到16 GPa左右完成, 继续增加压力到20 GPa以上则形成无序状态.     

一种新型的共价有机骨架膜的制备与气体分离性能

选用2,5-二甲氧基对苯二甲醛和四胺基四苯甲烷利用溶剂热的方法在反应釜中制备得到一种新型的含有醚氧基团的3D共价有机骨架（DMTA-COF）.通过理论模拟,粉末X射线衍射（PXRD）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、热重分析（TGA）以及N₂吸附-脱附曲线等表征证实了其结构、热稳定性以及多孔性.随后在聚苯胺（PANI）修饰的多孔氧化铝基底表面原位生长了一层致密连续的DMTA-COF膜.通过XRD和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）的表征证实了DMTA-COF膜具有较高的结晶性以及良好的共生性.由于极性的醚氧基团与电四极矩分子CO₂之间较强的相互作用进一步提高了希弗碱类型的DMTA-COF对CO₂的亲和力,从而增强了DMTA-COF膜的吸附扩散效应.在常温常压下,DMTA-COF膜的H₂/CO₂双组分分离系数为8.3,所对应的H₂渗透通量高达6.3×10^－7 mol·m^－2·s^－1·Pa^－1.     

石墨烯负载Pt/Co双金属纳米颗粒催化剂的制备及催化制氢性能

采用化学共还原方法制备了石墨烯负载Pt/Co双金属纳米颗粒（GBNPS）催化剂,并将其用于催化硼氢化钾（KBH₄）水解制氢.采用透射电子显微镜（TEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）仪和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）表征了该催化剂,并研究了双金属纳米颗粒的化学组成对其催化KBH₄水解制氢性能的影响.结果表明,制备的石墨烯负载Pt/Co双金属纳米颗粒平均粒径为3.2~3.9 nm,其中石墨烯负载Pt₂₀Co₈₀双金属纳米颗粒的催化活性最高,35℃时制氢活性可达35973 mol_H2·h^-1·mol^-1_Pt,且具有良好的耐久性,催化KBH₄水解反应的表观活化能为36 kJ/mol.     

CeO2-ZrO2催化材料对汽油车颗粒物的催化燃烧

采用共沉淀的方法合成了一系列不同CeO₂和ZrO₂质量比的催化剂（wCeO₂-（1-w）ZrO₂）并用于汽油车颗粒物的催化燃烧。采用程序控制以10 ℃·min^-1的升温速率,从室温升到850 ℃氧化测试催化剂的燃烧活性。同时,对催化剂进行了X射线衍射（XRD）、拉曼（Raman）光谱、氮气-吸脱附比表面（N₂-BET）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）分析、储氧能力（OSC）、氢气-程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）表征。经过800 ℃焙烧后,70%CeO₂-30%ZrO₂样品表现出最好的活性性能,其T_m（活性测试燃烧反应中燃烧产物浓度达到最大峰值铈所对应的燃烧温度）从空白样品的719 ℃降低到625 ℃。同时,70%CeO₂-30%ZrO₂样品也表现出优异的热稳定性能。催化燃烧性能与催化剂的结构、表面组成特性以及氧化还原性能有关。XRD和拉曼光谱表明富铈样品具有典型的立方相结构,富锆样品具有四方相结构。XPS表明不同催化剂的Ce中Ce³⁺的摩尔比例及表面氧与晶格氧的比例存在明显差异,其导致催化性能不同。同时,70%CeO₂-30%ZrO₂样品具有最大的储氧能力及最优异的还原性能。此外,焙烧温度的升高,70%CeO₂-30%ZrO₂样品在结构、表面组成和氧化还原能力并没有出现明显的下降和破坏,表明70%CeO₂-30%ZrO₂样品具有优良的热稳定性能。     

Vanadium(IV) oxide thin films on glass and silicon from the atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition reaction of VOCl3 and water

The dual source atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition (APCVD) reaction of VOCl₃ and H₂O was used to prepare thin films of vanadium oxides on glass and silicon substrates. The thin films were characterised by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. At reactor temperatures above 600 °C with a gas-phase excess of water over VOCl₃, vanadium(IV) oxide thin films were produced which show a thermochromic transition temperature of 67 °C. The APCVD process is directly compatible with high throughput float-glass production enabling the use of a thin film of VO₂ as an intelligent window coating. With reactor temperatures below 600 °C or with a gas-phase excess of VOCl₃ over water, V₂O₅ thin films were produced. Vanadium(IV) oxide thin films could also be prepared on silicon substrates from the APCVD reaction of VOCl₃ and H₂O, which opens up further technological applications for the APCVD of VO₂ thin films.     

Structure and phase transitions in guanidinium halogenobismuthates(III)

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dilatometric and dielectric measurements have been used to study the phase transitions in [C(NH₂)₃]₃BiBr₆. The [C(NH₂)₃]₃BiBr₆ crystal undergoes four phase transitions: at 419, 429, 475 and 495 K (on heating). The high-temperature phase transition is clearly of first-order type and its high entropy effect allows classifying it as of the order–disorder type. X-ray diffraction studies showed that [C(NH₂)₃]₃BiBr₆ crystallises in monoclinic, centrosymmetric space group, C2/c. The anionic sublattice is composed of isolated BiBr₆³⁻ octahedra. The infrared between 100 and 350 K and Raman spectra at room temperature in the frequency range related to the internal vibrations of guanidinium cations were studied for [C(NH₂)₃]₃BiBr₆, [C(NH₂)₃]₃Bi₂Br₉, [C(NH₂)₃]₃BiCl₆xCl₂ and C(NH₂)₃Cl to analyse the dynamical state of cations. At room temperature, the cations in the studied guanidinium halogenobismuthates(III) are almost rigid, so the mechanism of high-temperature phase transitions is probably connected with the release of rotation of the cations.     

Preparation of epitaxial La0.6Ca0.4Mn1−xFexO3 (x = 0, 0.2) thin films: Variation of the oxygen content

Perovskite thin films with a nominal composition of La_0.6Ca_0.4Mn_1−xFe_xO₃ (x = 0, 0.2) were deposited by pulsed reactive crossed beam laser ablation. The film properties, such as electrical conductivity and magnetoresistance are studied as a function of the oxygen content and substrate type. The oxygen content of the thin films was determined by Rutherford Backscattering and controlled by varying the background gas pressure, pressure of the gas pulse and by using alternatively O₂ and N₂O as the gas pulse.

LaAlO₃ and SrTiO₃ were used as substrates at deposition temperature of 650 °C. The grown films were analyzed by X-ray diffraction in order to optimize the growth conditions, i.e. to obtain epitaxial thin films. Thin films doped with 20% Fe were grown under the same experimental conditions as the undoped LCMO films and the effect of the doping on the structural and transport properties of the thin films has been investigated.

The temperature of the metal–insulator transition was measured as a function of the oxygen content and substrate type.     

Study of CCl3F hydrate formation and dissociation in W/O emulsion by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and time-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction as a function of temperature (XRDT) were combined in a novel way in order to study conditions of formation and the amount of gas clathrate formed in dispersed systems. The formation and dissociation of trichlorofluoromethane hydrate CCl₃F·(H₂O)₁₇ in a water-in-oil emulsion were followed by using these combined techniques. An emulsion containing 3 wt.% NaCl was submitted to a cooling and heating cycle between 20 and −50 °C. During cooling, a single exothermic peak at −43 °C, found in DCS thermograms was assigned to the freezing of under-cooled water droplets; however, no noticeable signal related to hydrate crystallisation was detected. Conversely, during subsequent heating, the progressive melting of ice was followed by an endothermic signal indicative of hydrate decomposition. From X-ray diffraction performed on an emulsion sample, it was possible to identify the exact condition of CCl₃F·(H₂O)₁₇ formation. XRDT diffraction patterns clearly demonstrated that only ice crystallised in the aqueous droplets during cooling and that the hydrate only formed during heating simultaneously with melting of ice. From the solid–liquid phase diagrams of systems H₂ONaCl and CCl₃FH₂ONaCl and from the DSC and XRDT experiments, the composition of the droplets was deduced. The upper limit of the amount of hydrate that could form in the system was calculated.     

不同整比性VO2纳米粉体的合成

以V₂O₅,HCl,N₂H₄·2HCl和NH₄HCO₃为原料合成了紫红色多晶(NH₄)₅[(VO)₆(CO₃)₄(OH)₉]·10H₂O(I),产率80％～95％.在N₂气流中对前体I进行了TG/DTG和DTA热分析.研究了前体I在N₂-空气气流中热解时氧分压(po₂)和反应温度对产物VO₂整比性的影响.结果表明,在500℃条件下,VO_x中的x值与po₂呈正比关系,在po₂=30.3Pa条件下,在450～520℃区间,产物为缺氧VO₂;在t<450℃和t>520℃时,产物为富氧VO₂.在合适的条件下,成功地合成了从VO_1.927到VO_2.080之间不同整比性的VO₂粉体.产物组成均匀,其XRD谱未观察到非VO₂的杂质峰.VO₂粉体颗粒的平均粒径为20nm,粒度分布均匀并呈球形.     

Hydrothermal synthesis and structure of one-dimensional Co(dien)2(VO3)3·(H2O) (dien=diethylenetriamine)

One-dimensional Co(dien)₂(VO₃)₃·(H₂O) was prepared from the hydrothermal reaction of NH₄VO₃, Co₂O₃, diethylenetriamine (dien) and H₂O at 130 °C. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P2₁/c with a=16.1581(6) Å, b=8.7006(3) Å, c=13.9893(4) Å, β=103.1483(11)°, V=1915.13(11) Å³, Z=4, and R₁=0.0268 for 3060 observed reflections. Single crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that the structure is composed of infinite one-dimensional chains formed by corner-sharing VO₄ tetrahedra with Co(dien)³⁺ complex cations and crystallization water molecules occupying the interchain positions, which are held together to a three-dimensional network via extensive hydrogen-bonding interactions. The compound, with a new zig-zag conformation of metavanadate chains, is the first example of vanadium oxides incorporating trivalent transition metal coordination groups. Other characterizations by elemental analysis, IR and thermal analysis are also described.     

Substrate-induced anisotropy of c-axis textured NaxCoO2 thin films

Na_xCoO₂ [x = 0.51, 0.54, and 0.59] thin films have been grown on SrTiO₃ (100)-oriented single crystals with a 5° vicinal cut towards [010] by pulsed laser deposition. We analysed the films by X-ray diffractometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and dc-transport measurements. X-ray diffraction patterns of the films show single phase and c-axis textured growth with the film plane closely aligned to the [001]-direction of 5° miscut SrTiO₃ (001) substrates. In addition to the structural analysis of these films we performed transport measurements along and perpendicular to the substrate tilt direction and determined the resistivity anisotropy as a function of temperature. The results enable the development of a strategy for the fabrication of Na_xCoO₂ based thermoelectric thin film devices.     

自蔓延高温燃烧合成法制备CeWTiO_x催化剂及其NH_3-SCR性能

采用自蔓延高温燃烧合成法制备了CeWTiO_x系列催化剂并考察了其氨选择性催化还原NO_x(NH_3-SCR)性能。利用X射线衍射、N_2吸附-脱附、H_2程序升温还原、X射线光电子能谱、NH_3程序升温脱附表征和分析了催化剂晶相、结构、氧化还原能力和酸性强度与其活性之间的关系。结果表明,Ce_(40)W_(10)TiO_x催化剂在150-430℃NO转化率可达80%以上,含硫条件下200℃NO转化率可保持在97%左右。结果表明,该催化剂的低温活性和抗硫性能主要与W的掺杂有关。钨的存在减弱了Ce-O键的强度,降低了CeO2的结晶度和减小了晶粒粒径,增加了催化剂表面活性氧含量和酸量,提高了其性能。     

Solid-solid phase transition of (1-C14H29NH3)2ZnCl4 in nanopores of silica gel for thermal energy storage

Latent heat storage performance of a layered perovskite-type compound, 1-C_(14)H_(29)NH_3)_2ZnCl_4(C_(14)Zn),embedded in a series of silica gel(SG) with pore sizes of d = 15–200 nm is investigated using differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), and powder X-ray diffractions(XRD). C_(14)Zn in the nanopores of silica gel shows size-dependent phase transition temperature, enthalpy change and supercooling. They have a stable transition temperature and heat capacity at each size in a short-term thermal cycling. Similar Xray diffraction patterns are observed for the nano-sized and the bulk C_(14)Zn. The encapsulation of a phase change material in nanopores is a new way of tuning its thermal energy storage properties for a wider range of temperature regulation.     

两个多钒盖帽的Keggin型多铌钒酸盐衍生物的水热合成与表征

通过水热方法合成了2个由多铌酸盐和过渡金属配合物形成的有机-无机杂化配合物[Cu(TETA)]₄[VNb₁₂(VO)₄O₄₀][OH]·10H₂O(1)和[Cu(TETA)]₄[VNb₁₂(VO)₆O₄₀][OH]₅·5H₂O(2)(TETA=三亚乙基四胺). 化合物1和2的多阴离子分别是由4个{VO₅}帽和6个{VO₅}帽加盖在Keggin型多铌酸盐的方形缺口上形成的, 它们通过多酸阴离子中Nb-O_t (O_t =端氧)与[Cu(TETA)]²⁺配合物的金属中心配位构筑形成三维结构. 价键计算结果表明, Keggin中心的钒为+5价, 帽位的钒为+4价, X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)结果也证实了这一结论. 通过单晶X射线衍射分析、红外光谱(IR)、粉末X射线衍射(PXRD)、热重(TG)分析和元素分析对这2个化合物的结构和性质进行了表征.