Uniform approximation by some Hermite interpolating splines

In this paper some upper bound for the error ∥ s-f ∥_∞ is given, where f ε C¹[a,b], but s is a so-called Hermite spline interpolant (HSI) of degree 2q ?1 such that f(x_i) = s(x_i), f′(rmx_i) = s′(x_i), s^(j) (x_i) = 0 (i = 0, 1, …, n; j = 2, 3, …, q ?1; n > 0, q > 0) and the knots x_i are such that a = x₀ < x₁ < … < x_n = b. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of convex HSI are given and upper error bound for approximation of the function fε C¹[a, b] by convex HSI is also given.     

A limit theorem for matrix-solutions of Hamiltonian systems

The following limit theorem on Hamiltonian systems (resp. corresponding Riccati matrix equations) is shown: Given(N, N)-matrices,A, B, C andn ∈ {1,…, N} with the following properties:A and kemelB(x) are constant, rank(I, A, …, A ^n?1) B(x)≠N,B(x)∈C _n(R), andB(x)(A ^T)^j-1 C(x)∈C _n-j(R) forj=1, …, n. Then \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to x_0 } \eta _1^T \left( x \right)V\left( x \right)U^{ - 1} \left( x \right)\eta _2 \left( x \right) = d_1^T \left( {x_0 } \right)U\left( {x_0 } \right)d_2 \) forx ₀∈R, whenever the matricesU(x), V(x) are a conjoined basis of the differential systemU′=AU + BV, V′=CU?A ^TV, and whenever η_i(x)∈R ^N satisfy η_i(x ₀)=U(x ₀)d _i ∈ imageU(x ₀) η′_i-Aη_ni(x) ∈ imageB(x),B(x)(η′_i(x)-Aη_i(x)) ∈C _n-1 R fori=1,2.     

RIGHT FOCAL BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM WITH SINGULARITY

This article proves existence results for singular problem (-1)^n-px⁽ⁿ⁾(t)=f(t, x(t), ..., x^(n-1)(t)), for 0(i)(0)=0, i=1, 2, ..., p-1, x⁽ⁱ⁾(1)=0, i=p, p+1, ... , n-1. Here the positive Carathedory function f may be singular at the zero value of all its phase variables. The interesting point is that the degrees of some variables in the nonlinear term f(t, x₀, x₁, ..., x_n-1) are allowable to be greater than 1. Proofs are based on the Leray-Schauder degree theory and Vitali's convergence theorem. The emphasis in this article is that f depends on all higher-order derivatives. Examples are given to illustrate the main results of this article.     

Existence of stable equilibrium point for dynamical systems of Volterra type

This paper presents sufficient conditions for the existence of a nonnegative and stable equilibrium point of a dynamical system of Volterra type, (1) $\text{(}\text{d}\text{dt}\text{) x}{}_{\mathrm{i}}\text{(t) = ?x}{}_{\mathrm{i}}\text{(t)[f}{}_{\mathrm{i}}\text{(x}{}_1\text{(t),…, x}{}_{\mathrm{n}}\text{(t)) ? q}{}_{\mathrm{i}}\text{], i = 1,…, n}$, for every q = (q₁,…, q_n)^T?Rⁿ. Results of a nonlinear complementarity problem are applied to obtain the conditions. System (1) has a nonnegative and stable equilibrium point if (i) f(x) = (f₁(x),…,f_n(x))^T is a continuous and differentiable M-function and it satisfies a certain surjectivity property, or (ii), f(x) is continuous and strongly monotone on R₊₀ⁿ.     

Finite‐difference approximation for the u(k)‐derivative with O(hM−k+1) accuracy: An analytical expression

An approximation of function u(x) as a Taylor series expansion about a point x₀ at M points x_i, ～ i = 1,2,…,M is used where x_i are arbitrary‐spaced. This approximation is a linear system for the derivatives u^(k) with an arbitrary accuracy. An analytical expression for the inverse matrix A ^?1 where A = [A_ik] = (x_i ? x₀)^k is found. A finite‐difference approximation of derivatives u^(k) of a given function u(x) at point x₀ is derived in terms of the values u(x_i). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2006     

A Functional Equation Of J.A. Baker Involving Integral Means

The functional equation $$f(x)={1\over 2}\int^{x+1}_{x-1}f(t)\ dt\ \ \ {\rm for}\ \ \ x\ \in\ {\rm R}$$ has the linear functions ?(x) = a + bx (a, b ∈ ?) as trivial solutions. It is shown that there are two kinds of nontrivial solutions, (i) ?(x) = eλ_i ^x (i = 1, 2, …), where the λ_i∈ ? are the fixed points of the map z ? sinh z, and (ii) C^∞-solutions ? for which the values in the interval [?1,1] can be prescribed arbitrarily, but with the provision that ?^(j)(? 1) = ?^(j)(0) = ?^(j)(1) = 0 for all j = 0, 1, 2 …     

Note on the local growth of iterated polynomials

The local behavior of the iterates of a real polynomial is investigated. The fundamental result may be stated as follows: THEOREM. Let x_i, for i=1, 2, ..., n+2, be defined recursively by x_i+1=f(x_i), where x₁ is an arbitrary real number and f is a polynomial of degree n. Let x_i+1?x_i≧1 for i=1, ..., n + 1. Then for all i, 1 ≦i≦n, and all k, 1≦k≦n+1?i, $$ - \frac{{2^{k - 1} }}{{k!}}< f\left[ {x_1 ,... + x_{i + k} } \right]< \frac{{x_{i + k + 1} - x_{i + k} + 2^{k - 1} }}{{k!}},$$ where f[x_i, ..., x_i+k] denotes the Newton difference quotient. As a consequence of this theorem, the authors obtain information on the local behavior of the solutions of certain nonlinear difference equations. There are several cases, of which the following is typical: THEOREM. Let {x_i}, i = 1, 2, 3, ..., be the solution of the nonlinear first order difference equation x_i+1=f(x_i) where x₁ is an arbitrarily assigned real number and f is the polynomial \(f(x) = \sum\limits_{j = 0}^n {a_j x^j } ,n \geqq 2\) . Let δ be positive with δ^n?1=|2^n?1/n!a_n|. Then, if n is even and a_n<0, there do not exist n + 1 consecutive increments Δx_i=x_i+1?x_i in the solution {x_i} with Δx_i≧δ. The special case in which the iterated polynomial has integer coefficients leads to a “nice” upper bound on a generalization of the van der Waerden numbers. Ap _k -sequence of length n is defined to be a strictly increasing sequence of positive integers {x ₁, ...,x _n } for which there exists a polynomial of degree at mostk with integer coefficients and satisfyingf(x _j )=x _j+1 forj=1, 2, ...,n?1. Definep _k (n) to be the least positive integer such that if {1, 2, ...,p _k (n)} is partitioned into two sets, then one of the two sets must contain ap _k -sequence of lengthn. THEOREM. p_n?2(n)≦(n!)^(n?2)!/2.     

On the structure of cluster point sets of iteratively generated sequences

LetX be a closed subset of a topological spaceF; leta(·) be a continuous map fromX intoX; let {x _i} be a sequence generated iteratively bya(·) fromx ₀ inX, i.e.,x _i+1 =a(x _i),i=0, 1, 2, ...; and letQ(x ₀) be the cluster point set of {x _i}. In this paper, we prove that, if there exists a pointz inQ(x ₀) such that (i)z is isolated with respect toQ(x ₀), (ii)z is a periodic point ofa(·) of periodp, and (iii)z possesses a sequentially compact neighborhood, then (iv)Q(x ₀) containsp points, (v) the sequence {x _i} is contained in a sequentially compact set, and (vi) every point inQ(x ₀) possesses properties (i) and (ii). The application of the preceding results to the caseF=E ⁿ leads to the following: (vii) ifQ(x ₀) contains one and only one point, then {x _i} converges; (viii) ifQ(x ₀) contains a finite number of points, then {x _i} is bounded; and (ix) ifQ(x ₀) containsp points, then every point inQ(x ₀) is a periodic point ofa(·) of periodp.     

A group of integral points in a matrix parallelepiped

Let A be an n×n integral matrix with determinant D>0, and let P(A) be the n-parallelepiped determined by the columns {A_i}ⁿ_i=1 of A,

$\text{P(A)=}\text{∑}\text{i=1}\text{n}\text{x}{}_{\mathrm{i}}\text{A}{}_{\mathrm{i}}\text{0<x}{}_{\mathrm{i}}\text{<1}$

Let L be the set of integral vectors in P(A), and let G(A) be the subset of L consisting of vectors whose coefficients x_i satisfy 0?x_i<1. We show that G(A), equipped with addition modulo 1 on the coefficients x_i, is an Abelian group of order D, whose invariant factors are the invariant factors of the integral matrix A. We give a formula for |L|, and show that |L| is not a similarity invariant.     

Positive solutions for multi-point boundary value problems for nonlinear fractional differential equations

The paper studies the problem of existence of positive solution to the following boundary value problem: $D_{0^ + }^\sigma u''(t) - g(t)f(u(t)) = 0$ , t ∈ (0, 1), u″(0) = u″(1) = 0, au(0) ? bu′(0) = Σ _i=1 ^m?2 a _i u(ξ _i ), cu(1) + du′(1) = Σ _i=1 ^m?2 b _i u(ξ _i ), where $D_{0^ + }^\sigma$ is the Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative of order 1 < σ ≤ 2 and f is a lower semi-continuous function. Using Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorems in a cone, the existence of one positive solution and multiple positive solutions for nonlinear singular boundary value problems is established.     

Uniform approximation on compact subsets of the real line

Let {? _i } _i=∩ ⁿ be continuous real functions on the compact set M?R. We consider the problem of best uniform approximation of the function? by polynomials \(\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^n {c_i \varphi _i }\) on M. Let V(?₀, A) be a set of polynomials of best approximation on A ? M. We show that \(V(\varphi _0 ,M) = \mathop \cap \limits_{A_{n + 1} } V(\varphi _0 ,A_{n + 1} )\) , where A_n+1 represents all the possible sets of n+ 1 points {x₁, ..., x_n+1} in M, containing the characteristic set of the given problem of best approximation and for which the the rank of ∥?_i ∥ (i=1, ...,n; j=1,..., n+1) is equal to n. This theorem is applied to a problem of uniform approximation where {? _i } _i=1 ⁿ is a weakly Chebyshev system.     

Harmonic analysis and asymptotic behavior of solutions to the abstract cauchy problem

LetC _ub ( $\mathbb{J}$ , X) denote the Banach space of all uniformly continuous bounded functions defined on $\mathbb{J}$ 2 ε {?⁺, ?} with values in a Banach spaceX. Let ? be a class fromC _ub( $\mathbb{J}$ ,X). We introduce a spectrumsp?(φ) of a functionφ εC _ub (?,X) with respect to ?. This notion of spectrum enables us to investigate all twice differentiable bounded uniformly continuous solutions on ? to the abstract Cauchy problem (*)ω′(t) =Aω(t) +φ(t),φ(0) =x,φ ε ?, whereA is the generator of aC ₀-semigroupT(t) of bounded operators. Ifφ = 0 andσ(A) ∩i? is countable, all bounded uniformly continuous mild solutions on ?⁺ to (*) are studied. We prove the bound-edness and uniform continuity of all mild solutions on ?⁺ in the cases (i)T(t) is a uniformly exponentially stableC ₀-semigroup andφ εC _ub(?,X); (ii)T(t) is a uniformly bounded analyticC ₀-semigroup,φ εC _ub (?,X) andσ(A) ∩i sp(φ) = Ø. Under the condition (i) if the restriction ofφ to ?⁺ belongs to ? = ?(?⁺,X), then the solutions belong to ?. In case (ii) if the restriction ofφ to ?⁺ belongs to ? = ?(?⁺,X), andT(t) is almost periodic, then the solutions belong to ?. The existence of mild solutions on ? to (*) is also discussed.     

Approximating minimum norm solutions of rank-deficient least squares problems

In this paper we consider the solution of linear least squares problems min_x∥Ax - b∥²₂ where the matrix A ∈ R ^{m × n} is rank deficient. Put p = min{m, n}, let σ_i, i = 1, 2,…, p, denote the singular values of A, and let u_i and v_i denote the corresponding left and right singular vectors. Then the minimum norm solution of the least squares problem has the form x* = ∫^r_{i = 1}(u^T_ib/σ_i)v_i, where r ≤ p is the rank of A. The Riley–Golub iteration, x_{k + 1} = arg min_x{∥Ax - b∥²₂ + λ∥x − x_k∥²₂} converges to the minimum norm solution if x₀ is chosen equal to zero. The iteration is implemented so that it takes advantage of a bidiagonal decomposition of A. Thus modified, the iteration requires only O(p) flops (floating point operations). A further gain of using the bidiagonalization of A is that both the singular values σ_i and the scalar products u^T_ib can be computed at marginal extra cost. Moreover, we determine the regularization parameter, λ, and the number of iterations, k, in a way that minimizes the difference x* − x_k with respect to a certain norm. Explicit rules are derived for calculating these parameters. One advantage of our approach is that the numerical rank can be easily determined by using the singular values. Furthermore, by the iterative procedure, x* is approximated without computing the singular vectors of A. This gives a fast and reliable method for approximating minimum norm solutions of well-conditioned rank-deficient least squares problems. Numerical experiments illustrate the viability of our ideas, and demonstrate that the new method gives more accurate approximations than an approach based on a QR decomposition with column pivoting. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Parameter Dependence of Stable Manifolds for Nonuniform (μ, ν)-dichotomies

We construct stable invariant manifolds for semiflows generated by the nonlinear impulsive differential equation with parameters x'= A(t)x + f(t, x, λ), t≠τi and x(τ+i) = Bix(τi) + gi(x(τi), λ), i ∈ N in Banach spaces, assuming that the linear impulsive differential equation x'= A(t)x, t≠τi and x(τ+i) = Bix(τi), i ∈ N admits a nonuniform (μ, ν)-dichotomy. It is shown that the stable invariant manifolds are Lipschitz continuous in the parameter λ and the initial values provided that the nonlinear perturbations f, g are sufficiently small Lipschitz perturbations.     

New properties of King’s operators

We prove the existence of a sequence of King’s operators which approximate each continuous function on [0, 1] and preserve the functions e ₀(x) = 1 and e _2i (x) = x ²ⁱ . Moreover, we construct a sequence of polynomial bounded positive linear operators possessing similar properties.     

Equality of two variable weighted means: reduction to differential equations

Summary. Let F, Y \Phi, \Psi be strictly monotonic continuous functions, F,G be positive functions on an interval I and let n ? \Bbb N \{1} n \in {\Bbb N} \setminus \{1\} . The functional equation¶¶F^-1 ([(?_i=1ⁿF(x_i)F(x_i))/(?_i=1ⁿ F(x_i)]) Y^-1 ([(?_i=1ⁿY(x_i)G(x_i))/(?_i=1ⁿ G(x_i))])  (x₁,?,x_n ? I) \Phi^{-1}\,\left({\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}\Phi(x_{i})F(x_{i})\over\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n} F(x_{i}}\right) \Psi^{-1}\,\left({\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}\Psi(x_{i})G(x_{i})\over\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n} G(x_{i})}\right)\,\,(x_{1},\ldots,x_{n} \in I) ¶was solved by Bajraktarevi' [3] for a fixed n 3 3 n\ge 3 . Assuming that the functions involved are twice differentiable he proved that the above functional equation holds if and only if¶¶Y(x) = [(aF(x) + b)/(cF(x) + d)],       G(x) = kF(x)(cF(x) + d) \Psi(x) = {a\Phi(x)\,+\,b\over c\Phi(x)\,+\,d},\qquad G(x) = kF(x)(c\Phi(x) + d) ¶where a,b,c,d,k are arbitrary constants with k(c²+d²)(ad-bc) 1 0 k(c^2+d^2)(ad-bc)\ne 0 . Supposing the functional equation for all n = 2,3,... n = 2,3,\dots Aczél and Daróczy [2] obtained the same result without differentiability conditions.¶The case of fixed n = 2 is, as in many similar problems, much more difficult and allows considerably more solutions. Here we assume only that the same functional equation is satisfied for n = 2 and solve it under the supposition that the functions involved are six times differentiable. Our main tool is the deduction of a sixth order differential equation for the function j = F°Y^-1 \varphi = \Phi\circ\Psi^{-1} . We get 32 new families of solutions.     

A Katona-type proof of an Erd?s-Ko-Rado-type theorem

Let p?1/2 and let μ_p be the product measure on {0,1}ⁿ, where μ_p(x)=p^∑x_i(1-p)^n-∑x_i. Let A⊂{0,1}ⁿ be an intersecting family, i.e. for every x,y∈A there exists 1?i?n such that x_i=y_i=1. Then μ_p(A)?p. Our proof uses a probabilistic trick first applied by Katona to prove the Erd?s-Ko-Rado theorem.     

A class of parabolic quasi-variational inequalities,II

We consider a quasi-variational inequality (q.v.i.) introduced by A. Friedman and D. Kinderlehrer. A q.v.i. of this form gives rise, at least formally, to a Stefan problem of melting of water, where the relation ?v_x(x, t) = ?a(x, t)·(t) + b(x, t) holds on the free boundary x = s(t), and a > 0, b ? 0; the water temperature, v(x, t), is not necessarily nonnegative. In the standard Stefan problem a ≡ 1, b ≡ 0, and v ? 0. Friedman and Kinderlehrer proved the existence of a solution of the q.v.i. by a fixed point theorem for monotone mappings. Here we prove the existence of a solution by an entirely different method, based on finite difference approximations. The solution is shown to be smoother than that constructed by Friedman and Kinderlehrer.     

Existence of multiple positive solutions for one-dimensional p-Laplacian operator

In this paper, we consider the multipoint boundary value problem for one-dimensional p-Laplacian $$(\phi_{p}(u'))'+f(t,u,u')=0,\quad t\in [0,1],$$ subject to the boundary value conditions: $$u'(0)=\sum_{i=1}^{n-2}\alpha_{i}u'(\xi_{i}),\qquad u(1)=\sum_{i=1}^{n-2}\beta_{i}u(\xi_{i}),$$ where φ _p (s)=|s| ^p?2?s,p>1;ξ _i ∈(0,1) with 0<ξ ₁<ξ ₂<???<ξ _n?2<1 and α _i ,β _i satisfy α _i ,β _i ∈[0,∞),0≤∑ _i=1 ^n?2 α _i <1 and 0≤∑ _i=1 ^n?2 β _i <1. Using a fixed point theorem for operators in a cone, we provide sufficient conditions for the existence of multiple positive solutions to the above boundary value problem.     

Impulsive control systems without commutativity assumptions

This paper is concerned with optimal control problems for an impulsive system of the form $$\dot x(t) = f(t, x, u) + \sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {g_i } (t, x, u)\dot u_i ,u(t) \in U,$$ where the measurable controlu(·) is possibly discontinuous, so that the trajectories of the system must be interpreted in a generalized sense. We study in particular the case where the vector fieldsg _i do not commute. By integrating the distribution generated by all the iterated Lie brackets of the vector fieldsg _i , we first construct a local factorizationA ₁ ×A ₂ of the state space. If (x ¹,x ²) are coordinates onA ₁ ×A ₂, we derive from (1) a quotient control system for the single state variablex ¹, withu, x ² both playing the role of controls. A density result is proved, which clarifies the relationship between the original system (1) and the quotient system. Since the quotient system turns out to be commutative, previous results valid for commutative systems can be applied, yielding existence and necessary conditions for optimal trajectories. In the final sections, two examples of impulsive systems and an application to a mechanical problem are given.