基于神经网络分位数回归的多期CVaR风险测度

与VaR金融风险测度相比,CVaR具有更好的数理性质,其计算方法成为关注的焦点。相对于单期CVaR而言,多期CVaR风险测度具有较强的非线性特征,其建模过程更加复杂。在神经网络分位数回归基础上,建立了一种新的多期CVaR风险测度方法;基于似然比检验,建立了多期CVaR风险测度返回测试评价准则。将该新方法应用于沪深300指数的多期CVaR风险测度,并将其与传统的测度方法进行了对比,返回测试结果表明:第一,该新方法具有较强的稳健性,各期平均绝对误差大小基本不变,特别适合于多期CVaR风险测度;第二,基于神经网络分位数回归的多期CVaR风险测度效果优于传统测度方法,表现为似然比检验拒绝次数最少和平均绝对误差最小。     

Empirical likelihood for heteroscedastic partially linear models

We make empirical-likelihood-based inference for the parameters in heteroscedastic partially linear models. Unlike the existing empirical likelihood procedures for heteroscedastic partially linear models, the proposed empirical likelihood is constructed using components of a semiparametric efficient score. We show that it retains the double robustness feature of the semiparametric efficient estimator for the parameters and shares the desirable properties of the empirical likelihood for linear models. Compared with the normal approximation method and the existing empirical likelihood methods, the empirical likelihood method based on the semiparametric efficient score is more attractive not only theoretically but empirically. Simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed empirical likelihood provides smaller confidence regions than that based on semiparametric inefficient estimating equations subject to the same coverage probabilities. Hence, the proposed empirical likelihood is preferred to the normal approximation method as well as the empirical likelihood method based on semiparametric inefficient estimating equations, and it should be useful in practice.     

Empirical likelihood based confidence intervals for copulas

Copula as an effective way of modeling dependence has become more or less a standard tool in risk management, and a wide range of applications of copula models appear in the literature of economics, econometrics, insurance, finance, etc. How to estimate and test a copula plays an important role in practice, and both parametric and nonparametric methods have been studied in the literature. In this paper, we focus on interval estimation and propose an empirical likelihood based confidence interval for a copula. A simulation study and a real data analysis are conducted to compare the finite sample behavior of the proposed empirical likelihood method with the bootstrap method based on either the empirical copula estimator or the kernel smoothing copula estimator.     

CVaR、VaR应用在RAROC的比较研究

本文将CVaR引入到RAROC(R isk-Ad justed Return on Cap ital)中,进行绩效评价。而且,将CVaR与VaR的结果进行了比较。在正态分布的情况下,CVaR与VaR的RAPM(R isk-Ad justedPerform ance M easure)对于绩效评价都是充分的、可靠的、有效的,且两者是等价的。但在非正态的情况下,CVaR的RAPM相对于VaR的RAPM更加充分、谨慎、可靠、有效。我们运用Bootstrap方法进行了实证研究。     

可转换债券风险测度的新方法——GAVaR模型

通过ARMAGARCH模型模拟出可转债收益率的分布,然后使用遗传算法的数据挖掘技术对此分布进行了有效的优化,结合Bootstrap算法将优化结果应用于VaR测度,得出了GAVaR模型下的风险值.对中国和台湾可转债市场进行实证研究,发现GAVaR模型压力测试和回顾测试的结果都优于历史模拟法等常用VaR模型,控制风险的能力适合可转债市场的需求.     

Multivariate approximations to portfolio return distribution

This article proposes a three-step procedure to estimate portfolio return distributions under the multivariate Gram–Charlier (MGC) distribution. The method combines quasi maximum likelihood (QML) estimation for conditional means and variances and the method of moments (MM) estimation for the rest of the density parameters, including the correlation coefficients. The procedure involves consistent estimates even under density misspecification and solves the so-called ‘curse of dimensionality’ of multivariate modelling. Furthermore, the use of a MGC distribution represents a flexible and general approximation to the true distribution of portfolio returns and accounts for all its empirical regularities. An application of such procedure is performed for a portfolio composed of three European indices as an illustration. The MM estimation of the MGC (MGC-MM) is compared with the traditional maximum likelihood of both the MGC and multivariate Student’s t (benchmark) densities. A simulation on Value-at-Risk (VaR) performance for an equally weighted portfolio at 1 and 5 % confidence indicates that the MGC-MM method provides reasonable approximations to the true empirical VaR. Therefore, the procedure seems to be a useful tool for risk managers and practitioners.     

非线性模型中VaR估测的正态性改进

VaR风险测度技术已经被学界和业界广泛使用,但其局限性也是显而易见的,国内外学者对其进行了一系列的改进.由线性模型扩展为非线性模型以及由正态假定转换到非正态性均源于风险测度的精确化.探讨依数据特征改进和扩展VaR估测方法,使用Johnson转换方法与Cornish-Fisher扩展方法这两种正态性改进方法改善VaR估值,一方面利用正态假定成熟理论结果简化VaR估测方法的推演,另一方面从实证分析角度论证了正态性改进方法在VaR估测中的准确性与有效性.     

Empirical likelihood inference for the accelerated failure time model

Accelerated failure time (AFT) models are useful regression tools for studying the association between a survival time and covariates. Semiparametric inference procedures have been proposed in an extensive literature. Among these, use of an estimating equation which is monotone in the regression parameter and has some excellent properties was proposed by Fygenson and Ritov (1994). However, there is a serious under-coverage problem for small sample sizes. In this paper, we derive the limiting distribution of the empirical log-likelihood ratio for the regression parameter on the basis of the monotone estimating equations. Furthermore, the empirical likelihood (EL) confidence intervals/regions for the regression parameter are obtained. We conduct a simulation study in order to compare the proposed EL method with the normal approximation method. The simulation results suggest that the empirical likelihood based method outperforms the normal approximation based method in terms of coverage probability. Thus, the proposed EL method overcomes the under-coverage problem of the normal approximation method.     

一类重尾风险因子的模拟及其投资高风险值和置信区间的估计

由于金融市场中的日周期或短周期对数回报率的样本数据多数呈现胖尾分布，于是现有的正态或对数正态分布模型都在不同程度上失效，为了准确模拟这种胖尾分布和提高投资风险估计及金融管理，本文引进了一种可根据实际金融市场数据作出调正的蒙特卡洛模拟方法．这个方法可以有效地复制金融产品价格的日周期对数回报率数据的胖尾分布．结合非参数估计方法，利用该模拟方法还得到投资高风险值以及高风险置信区间的准确估计。     

基于GARCH族模型的沪深300股指VaR度量

本文在修正了沪深300股票指数收益率序列的非平稳性和自身相关性之后,把ARMA模型与GARCH模型、GJR模型、IGARCH模型、FIGARCH模型、FIEGARCH模型、FIAPARCH模型、HYGARCH模型相结合,然后依次假设残差分布服从正态分布、t分布和偏t分布,来描述沪深300股票指数日对数收益率序列的尖峰厚尾性、杠杆效应和长记忆特性,利用上述模型分别计算沪深300股票指数的VaR值.在空头和多头投资者情况下,不同的波动性模型和不同残差分布的VaR预测有效性差距很大.比较得知,在不同的置信水平下,沪深300股票指数收益率序列空头和多头的VaR预测成功概率比较高的模型有HYGARCH和FIEGARCH这两类具有长记忆性的模型.     

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This paper is focused on testing the parameters of the quantile regression models. For complete observation, it is shown in literature that the test statistics, based on empirical likelihood (EL) method and smoothed empirical likelihood (SEL) method, both converge weakly to the standard Chi-square distribution $\chi_M^2$ under the null hypothesis. For right censored data, the statistics in literature, by the EL method, have a weighted Chi-square limiting distribution, but the weights are unknown. In this paper, we show that the statistics based on the EL method and the SEL method also converge weakly to $\chi_M^2$ under the null hypothesis, so there is no need to estimate any weights. As its estimating function is smoothed, the SEL method can be Bartlett corrected. Numerical results show that the SEL method, via Bartlett correction, outperforms some recent methods.     

金融风险管理中VaR度量的光滑估计效率

本文研究了金融风险管理理论中风险价值(VaR)的非参数核光滑估计和经验估计的效率问题.对非独立的时间序列损失/收益样本,在均方误差(MSE)准则的意义下引入亏量的概念,亏量越大表明估计效率越低.并利用亏量对VaR模型的核光滑估计和基于样本分位数的经验估计进行了比较,在理论上证明了VaR模型的核光滑估计优于经验估计.同时,通过计算机模拟证实了理论获得的结论.本文还对国内沪深两市上的证券投资基金进行了实证分析,计算了样本基金的VaR风险度量的经验估计和核光滑估计,并计算了样本基金基于周收益率和VaR估计的风险调整收益(RAROC)值,以此对样本基金的业绩做出了有用的评价.     

An empirical likelihood approach under cluster sampling with missing observations

The parameter of interest considered is the unique solution to a set of estimating equations, such as regression parameters of generalised linear models. We consider a design-based approach; that is, the sampling distribution is specified by stratification, cluster (multi-stage) sampling, unequal selection probabilities, side information and a response mechanism. The proposed empirical likelihood approach takes into account of these features. Empirical likelihood has been mostly developed under more restrictive settings, such as independent and identically distributed assumption, which is violated under a design-based framework. A proper empirical likelihood approach which deals with cluster sampling, missing data and multidimensional parameters is absent in the literature. This paper shows that a cluster-level empirical log-likelihood ratio statistic is pivotal. The main contribution of the paper is to provide the rigorous asymptotic theory and underlining regularity conditions which imply \({\surd {n}}\)-consistency and the Wilks’s theorem or self-normalisation property. Negligible and large sampling fractions are considered.

     

VaR测度下的风险对冲策略研究

本文分别在正态分布和任意分布设定下讨论最小在险价值(VaR)的风险对冲问题。在正态分布设定下,本文深入讨论最小方差对冲比率和最小VaR对冲比率的性质,并得出最小VaR对冲策略下组合收益率的均值和方差大于最小方差策略下组合收益率的均值和方差。在任意分布设定下,本文构建一种新的VaR对冲模型,该模型引入非参数核估计方法对VaR进行估计,然后基于VaR核估计量建立风险对冲问题,实现风险估计与风险对冲同步进行。实证结果非常稳健地表明,不做任何分布假设下的核估计法得到的风险对冲效果优于最小方差对冲策略和正态分布设定下的最小VaR对冲策略。     

基于经验似然的部分线性模型的统计诊断

经验似然方法己经被广泛应用于许多模型的统计推断.本文基于经验似然对部分线性模型进行统计诊断.首先给出模型的估计方程,进而得到模型参数的极大经验似然估计;其次,基于经验似然研究了三种不同的影响曲率;最后通过随机模拟和实例分析,说明了统计诊断方法的有效性.     

线性混合效应模型的正交经验似然推断

基于经验似然方法和QR分解技术, 对线性混合效应模型提出了一个基于正交经验似然的估计方法. 在一些正则条件下, 证明了所提出的经验对数似然比函数渐近服从卡方分布, 进而给出了模型固定效应的置信区间估计. 所提出估计过程不受模型随机效应的影响, 进而保证了所给出的估计是比较有效的. 一些数值模拟和实例分析进一步表明了所提出的估计方法是行之有效的.     

部分线性变量含误差模型的经验似然估计

本文把经验似然方法推广到部分线性变量含误差模型 ,得到了Wilks定理的非参数形式 ,定理用来构造参数向量的渐近置信区间 .结果与WangandJing (1 999)对一般部分线性模型的经验似然结果加以比较 ,并且与正态逼近法得到的结果也作了比较 .     

Bayesian parameter inference for models of the Black and Scholes type

In this paper, we describe a general method for constructing the posterior distribution of the mean and volatility of the return of an asset satisfying dS=SdX for some simple models of X. Our framework takes as inputs the prior distributions of the parameters of the stochastic process followed by the underlying, as well as the likelihood function implied by the observed price history for the underlying. As an application of our framework, we compute the value at risk (VaR) and conditional VaR (CVaR) measures for the changes in the price of an option implied by the posterior distribution of the volatility of the underlying. The implied VaR and CVaR are more conservative than their classical counterpart, since it takes into account the estimation risk that arises due to parameter uncertainty. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

m-目依误差下部分线性模型的经验似然统计推断

本文中,我们针对误差为m-相依序列的固定设计的部分线性模型,运用经验似然方法和分组经验似然方法,构造了回归参数的对数经验似然比检验统计量,并且证明了分组经验似然比检验统计量在参数取真值时是渐近地服从卡方分布的.模拟计算表明分组经验似然方法的有效性.     

Empirical likelihood for the smoothed LAD estimator in infinite variance autoregressive models

This paper proposes an empirical likelihood method to estimate the parameters of infinite variance autoregressive (IVAR) models and to construct confidence regions for the parameters. Simulation studies suggest that in small sample case, the empirical likelihood confidence regions may be more accurate than the confidence regions constructed by the normal approximation based on the self-weighted LAD estimator proposed by Ling (2005).