全局方向模板对非结构有限体积梯度与高阶导数重构的影响

模板选择方式对非结构有限体积方法的计算准确性会产生显著影响. 在之前的工作中, 基于局部方向模板存在的问题, 我们探索了一种更加简单有效的全局方向模板选择方法, 并将其应用于二阶精度非结构有限体积求解器. 基于该方法找到的模板单元均沿着壁面法向与流向, 可有效捕捉流场变化, 反映流动的各向异性, 并且模板选择过程脱离了对网格拓扑的依赖, 避免了局部方向模板选择方法中复杂的阵面推进与方向判断过程, 克服了在大压缩比三角形网格上模板单元偏离壁面法向的现象, 同时在二阶精度求解器上得到了较高的计算精度与计算准确性. 为了进一步验证全局方向模板在高阶精度非结构有限体积方法中应用的可行性, 本文初步测试了该模板对变量梯度及高阶导数重构的影响. 经检验, 在不同类型的网格上, 采用全局方向模板得到的变量梯度与高阶导数误差明显低于局部方向模板, 同时也低于共点模板的计算误差. 此外, 在高斯积分点处由全局方向模板得到的变量点值与导数误差同样在三种模板中最低. 因此该模板选择方法在非结构有限体积梯度与高阶导数重构方面具有较好的数值表现, 具备在高阶精度非结构有限体积求解器中应用并推广的可行性.      

基于非结构/混合网格的高阶精度格式研究进展

尽管以二阶精度格式为基础的计算流体力学(CFD) 方法和软件已经在航空航天飞行器设计中发挥了重要的作用, 但是由于二阶精度格式的耗散和色散较大, 对于湍流、分离等多尺度流动现象的模拟, 现有成熟的CFD 软件仍难以给出满意的结果, 为此CFD 工作者发展了众多的高阶精度计算格式. 如果以适应的计算网格来分类, 一般可以分为基于结构网格的有限差分格式、基于非结构/混合网格的有限体积法和有限元方法,以及各种类型的混合方法. 由于非结构/混合网格具有良好的几何适应性, 基于非结构/混合网格的高阶精度格式近年来备受关注. 本文综述了近年来基于非结构/混合网格的高阶精度格式研究进展, 重点介绍了空间离散方法, 主要包括k-Exact 和ENO/WENO 等有限体积方法, 间断伽辽金(DG) 有限元方法, 有限谱体积(SV) 和有限谱差分(SD) 方法, 以及近来发展的各种DG/FV 混合算法和将各种方法统一在一个框架内的CPR (correctionprocedure via reconstruction) 方法等. 随后简要介绍了高阶精度格式应用于复杂外形流动数值模拟的一些需要关注的问题, 包括曲边界的处理方法、间断侦测和限制器、各种加速收敛技术等. 在综述过程中, 介绍了各种方法的优势与不足, 其间介绍了作者发展的基于"静动态混合重构" 的DG/FV 混合算法. 最后展望了基于非结构/混合网格的高阶精度格式的未来发展趋势及应用前景.     

SIMPLE‐type preconditioners for cell‐centered,colocated finite volume discretization of incompressible Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes equations

This paper contains a comparison of four SIMPLE‐type methods used as solver and as preconditioner for the iterative solution of the (Reynolds‐averaged) Navier–Stokes equations, discretized with a finite volume method for cell‐centered, colocated variables on unstructured grids. A matrix‐free implementation is presented, and special attention is given to the treatment of the stabilization matrix to maintain a compact stencil suitable for unstructured grids. We find SIMPLER preconditioning to be robust and efficient for academic test cases and industrial test cases. Compared with the classical SIMPLE solver, SIMPLER preconditioning reduces the number of nonlinear iterations by a factor 5–20 and the CPU time by a factor 2–5 depending on the case. The flow around a ship hull at Reynolds number 2E9, for example, on a grid with cell aspect ratio up to 1:1E6, can be computed in 3 instead of 15 h.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于静动态混合重构的DG/FV混合格式

通过比较紧致格式和间断Galerkin(DG)格式, 提出了``静态重构'和``动态重构'的概念,对有限体积方法和DG有限元方法进行统一的表述. 借鉴有限体积的思想, 发展了基于``混合重构'技术的一类新的DG格式, 称之为间断Galerkin有限元/有限体积混合格式(DG/FV格式). 该类混合格式通过适当地扩展模板(拓展至紧邻单元)重构单元内的高阶多项式分布, 在提高精度的同时, 减少了传统DG格式的计算量和存储量. 通过典型一维和二维标量方程的计算发现新的混合格式在有些情况下具有超收敛(superconvergence)性质.      

High‐order ENO and WENO schemes for unstructured grids

This work describes the implementation and analysis of high‐order accurate schemes applied to high‐speed flows on unstructured grids. The class of essentially non‐oscillatory schemes (ENO), that includes weighted ENO schemes (WENO), is discussed in the paper with regard to the implementation of third‐ and fourth‐order accurate methods. The entire reconstruction process of ENO and WENO schemes is described with emphasis on the stencil selection algorithms. The stencils can be composed by control volumes with any number of edges, e.g. triangles, quadrilaterals and hybrid meshes. In the paper, ENO and WENO schemes are implemented for the solution of the dimensionless, 2‐D Euler equations in a cell centred finite volume context. High‐order flux integration is achieved using Gaussian quadratures. An approximate Riemann solver is used to evaluate the fluxes on the interfaces of the control volumes and a TVD Runge–Kutta scheme provides the time integration of the equations. Such a coupling of all these numerical tools, together with the high‐order interpolation of primitive variables provided by ENO and WENO schemes, leads to the desired order of accuracy expected in the solutions. An adaptive mesh refinement technique provides better resolution in regions with strong flowfield gradients. Results for high‐speed flow simulations are presented with the objective of assessing the implemented capability. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

High‐order strand grid methods for low‐speed and incompressible flows

A novel high‐order finite volume scheme using flux correction methods in conjunction with structured finite differences is extended to low Mach and incompressible flows on strand grids. Flux correction achieves a high order by explicitly canceling low‐order truncation error terms across finite volume faces and is applied in unstructured layers of the strand grid. The layers are then coupled together using a source term containing summation‐by‐parts finite differences in the strand direction. A preconditioner is employed to extend the method to low speed and incompressible flows. We further extend the method to turbulent flows with the Spalart–Allmaras model. Laminar flow test cases indicate improvements in accuracy and convergence using the high‐order preconditioned method, while turbulent body‐of‐revolution flow results show improvements in only some cases, perhaps because of dominant errors arising from the turbulence model itself. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cell-vertex Based Parallel and Adaptive Explicit 3D Flow Solution on Unstructured Grids

A parallel adaptive Euler flow solution algorithm is developed for 3D applications on distributed memory computers. Significant contribution of this research is the development and implementation of a parallel grid adaptation scheme together with an explicit cell vertex-based finite volume 3D flow solver on unstructured tetrahedral grids. Parallel adaptation of grids is based on grid-regeneration philosophy by using an existing serial grid generation program. Then, a general partitioner repartitions the grid. An adaptive sensor value, which is a measure to refine or coarsen grids, is calculated considering the pressure gradients in all partitioned blocks of grids. The parallel performance of the present study was tested. Parallel computations were performed on Unix workstations and a Linux cluster using MPI communication library. The present results show that overall adaptation scheme developed in this study is applicable to any pair of a flow solver and grid generator with affordable cost. It is also proved that parallel adaptation is necessary for accurate and efficient flow solutions.     

间断Galerkin有限元和有限体积混合计算方法研究

通过局部坐标变换而建立的非正交单元间断Galerkin(DG)有限元计算方法计算精度高， 但计算量大、内存需求大；而非结构网格有限体积方法虽然准确计算热流的问题目 前还没有完全解决，但其具有计算速度快和内存需求小的优点. 该研究是将有 限元和有限体积方法的优点结合，发展有限元和有限体积的混合方法. 在物面 附近黏性占主导作用的区域内采用有限元方法进行计算，在远离物面的区域采用快速的有限 体积方法进行计算，在有限元和有限体积方法结合处要保证通量守恒. 通过算例说明有 限元和有限体积混合方法既能保证黏性区域的热流计算精度和流场结构的分辨率，又能 降低内存需求和提高计算效率，使有限元方法应用于复杂外形(实际工程问题)的计 算成为可能.     

复杂无粘流场数值模拟的矩形/三角形混合网格技术

建立了一套模拟复杂无粘流场的矩形／三角形混合网格技术，其中三角形仅限于物面附近，发挥非结构网格的几何灵活性，以少量的网格模拟复杂外型；同时在以外的区域采用矩形结构网格，发挥矩形网格计算简单快速的优势，有效地克服全非结构网格计算方法需要较大内存量和较长ＣＰＵ时间的不足．混合网格系统由修正的四分树方法生成．将ＮＮＤ有限差分与ＮＮＤ有限体积格式有机地融合于混合网格计算，消除了全矩形网格模拟曲边界的台阶效应，同时保证了网格间的通量守恒．数值实验表明本方法在模拟复杂无粘流场方面的灵活性和高效性．     

A high-order solver for simulating vortex-induced vibrations using the sliding-mesh spectral difference method and hybrid grids

We present a high-order solver for simulating vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs) at very challenging situations, for example, VIVs of a row of very closely placed objects with large relative displacements. This solver works on unstructured hybrid grids by employing the high-order tensor-product spectral difference method for quadrilateral grids and the Raviart-Thomas spectral difference method for triangular grids. To deal with the challenging situations where a traditional conforming moving mesh is incapable, we split a computational domain into nonoverlapping subdomains, where each interior subdomain encloses an object and moves freely with respect to its neighbors. A nonuniform sliding-mesh method that ensures high-order accuracy is developed to deal with sliding interfaces between subdomains. A monolithic approach is adopted to seamlessly couple the fluid and solid vibration equations. Moreover, the solver is parallelized to further improve its efficiency on distributed-memory computers. Through a series of numerical tests, we demonstrate that this solver is high-order accurate for both inviscid and viscous flows and has good parallel efficiency, making it ideal for VIV studies.     

非结构混合网格高超声速绕流与磁场干扰数值模拟

对均匀磁场干扰下的二维钝头体无粘高超声速流场进行了基于非结构混合网格的数值模拟.受磁流体力学方程组高度非线性的影响及考虑到数值模拟格式的精度,目前在此类流场的数值模拟中大多使用结构网格及有限差分方法,因而在三维复杂外形及复杂流场方面的研究受到限制.本文主要探索使用非结构网格(含混合网格)技术时的数值模拟方法.控制方程为耦合了Maxwell方程及无粘流体力学方程的磁流体力学方程组,数值离散格式采用Jameson有限体积格心格式,5步Runge-Kutta显式时间推进.计算模型为二维钝头体,初始磁场均匀分布.对不同磁感应强度影响下的高超声速流场进行了数值模拟,并与有限的资料进行了对比,得到了较符合的结果.     

A semi-coarsening strategy for unstructured multigrid based on agglomeration

Extending multigrid concepts to the calculation of complex compressible flow is usually not straightforward. This is especially true when non-embedded grid hierarchies or volume agglomeration strategies are used to construct a gradation of unstructured grids. In this work, a multigrid method for solving second-order PDE's on stretched unstructured triangulations is studied. The finite volume agglomeration multigrid technique originally developed for solving the Euler equations is used (M.-H. Lallemand and A. Dervieux, in Multigrid Methods, Theory, Applications and Supercomputing, Marcel Dekker, 337–363 (1988)). First, a directional semi-coarsening strategy based on Poisson's equation is proposed. The second-order derivatives are approximated on each level by introducing a correction factor adapted to the semi-coarsening strategy. Then, this method is applied to solve the Poisson equation. It is extended to the 2D Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with appropriate boundary treatment for low-Reynolds number turbulent flows. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

FURTHER DISCUSSION OF NUMERICAL ERRORS IN CFD

The methods of estimating numerical errors given in an earlier paper are extended in directions that make them useful in actual CFD applications. In particular, the method of estimating convergence error (the error due to insufficient iteration) is extended to allow the possibility of complex eigenvalues; an ad hoc method that can be applied to any case is also given. For the discretization error, which arises from the numerical approximation of the differential equation(s), methods that can be used on non-uniform drids are presented; they can be extended to unstructured grids as well. The utility of these methods is demonstrated for linear problems as well as solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations. The examples show that the estimation of errors is neither difficult nor expensive.     

基于混合网格多维梯度重构的热流预测方法研究

高超声速气动热环境的数值计算对算法和网格的敏感度极高. 随着高超声速飞行器外形日益复杂, 生成高质量的结构网格时间成本呈指数增加, 难以满足工程应用的需求. 非结构/混合网格因具有很强的复杂外形适应能力, 为了缩短任务周期, 有必要在非结构/混合网格上开展高精度的气动热环境数值计算方法研究. 梯度重构方法是影响非结构/混合网格热流计算精度的重要因素之一. 本文通过引入多维梯度重构方法, 发展了基于常规的非结构/混合网格的高精度热流计算方法, 对典型的高超声速Benchmark算例(二维圆柱)进行了模拟, 并与气动力计算广泛采用的Green-Gauss类方法和最小二乘类方法进行了对比. 计算结果表明, 多维梯度重构方法能有效提高非结构/混合网格热流预测精度, 其鲁棒性和收敛性更好. 最后将多维梯度重构方法应用于常规混合网格的三维圆柱和三维双椭球绕流问题, 得到了与实验值吻合较好的热流计算结果, 展现了良好的应用前景.      

VALIDATION OF A NAVIER–STOKES SOLUTION ALGORITHM WITH EXPERIMENTAL VALUES IN A SUPERSONIC WAKE

This paper describes the validation of a finite element solver for an axisymmetric compressible flow with experimental values, especially velocities measured with a laser Doppler anemometer in the near wake of a circular cylinder. The equations under consideration are the Navier-Stokes equations with turbulent terms. A time-stepping scheme for the solution of these equations can be produced by applying a forward-time Taylor series expansion including time derivatives of second order. These time derivatives are evaluated in terms of space derivatives in the Lax–Wendroff fashion. The method is based on unstructured triangular grids with a high resolution in the radial direction. In order to predict the measured turbulent intensites more exactly, a modification of the Baldwin–Lomax model is necessary.     

Godunov-type solution of the shallow water equations on adaptive unstructured triangular grids

A Godunov-type upwind finite volume solver of the non-linear shallow water equations is described. The shallow water equations are expressed in a hyperbolic conservation law formulation for application to cases where the bed topography is spatially variable. Inviscid fluxes at cell interfaces are computed using Roe's approximate Riemann solver. Second-order accurate spatial calculations of the fluxes are achieved by enhancing the polynomial approximation of the gradients of conserved variables within each cell. Numerical oscillations are curbed by means of a non-linear slope limiter. Time integration is second-order accurate and implicit. The numerical model is based on dynamically adaptive unstructured triangular grids. Test cases include an oblique hydraulic jump, jet-forced flow in a flat-bottomed circular reservoir, wind-induced circulation in a circular basin of non-uniform bed topography and the collapse of a circular dam. The model is found to give accurate results in comparison with published analytical and alternative numerical solutions. Dynamic grid adaptation and the use of a second-order implicit time integration scheme are found to enhance the computational efficiency of the model.     

A finite volume unstructured multigrid method for efficient computation of unsteady incompressible viscous flows

An unstructured non‐nested multigrid method is presented for efficient simulation of unsteady incompressible Navier–Stokes flows. The Navier–Stokes solver is based on the artificial compressibility approach and a higher‐order characteristics‐based finite‐volume scheme on unstructured grids. Unsteady flow is calculated with an implicit dual time stepping scheme. For efficient computation of unsteady viscous flows over complex geometries, an unstructured multigrid method is developed to speed up the convergence rate of the dual time stepping calculation. The multigrid method is used to simulate the steady and unsteady incompressible viscous flows over a circular cylinder for validation and performance evaluation purposes. It is found that the multigrid method with three levels of grids results in a 75% reduction in CPU time for the steady flow calculation and 55% reduction for the unsteady flow calculation, compared with its single grid counterparts. The results obtained are compared with numerical solutions obtained by other researchers as well as experimental measurements wherever available and good agreements are obtained. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Developing implicit pressure‐weighted upwinding scheme to calculate steady and unsteady flows on unstructured grids

The finite‐volume methods normally utilize either simple or complicated mathematical expressions to interpolate the fluxes at the cell faces of their unstructured volumes. Alternatively, we benefit from the advantages of both finite‐volume and finite‐element methods and estimate the advection terms on the cell faces using an inclusive pressure‐weighted upwinding scheme extended on unstructured grids. The present pressure‐based method treats the steady and unsteady flows on a collocated grid arrangement. However, to avoid a non‐physical spurious pressure field pattern, two mass flux per volume expressions are derived at the cell interfaces. The dual advantages of using an unstructured‐based discretization and a pressure‐weighted upwinding scheme result in obtaining high accurate solutions with noticeable progress in the performance of the primitive method extended on the structured grids. The accuracy and performance of the extended formulations are demonstrated by solving different standard and benchmark problems. The results show that there are excellent agreements with both benchmark and analytical solutions as well as experimental data. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical simulation of fluid flows using an unstructured finite volume method with adaptive tri‐tree grids

A tri‐tree grid generation procedure is developed together with a finite volume method on the unstructured grid for solving the Navier–Stokes equations. A hierarchic numbering system for the data structure is used. The grid is adapted by adding and removing cell elements dependent on the vorticity magnitude. A special treatment is developed to ensure good quality triangular elements around the cylinder boundary. The adopted finite volume method is based on the cell‐centred scheme. The pressure–velocity coupling is treated using the SIMPLE algorithm. A modified QUICK scheme for unstructured grids is derived. The developed method is used to simulate the flow past a single and multiple cylinders at low Reynolds number. The obtained results are in good agreement with the published data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Solution of the 2D shallow water equations using the finite volume method on unstructured triangular meshes

A 2D, depth-integrated, free surface flow solver for the shallow water equations is developed and tested. The solver is implemented on unstructured triangular meshes and the solution methodology is based upon a Godunov-type second-order upwind finite volume formulation, whereby the inviscid fluxes of the system of equations are obtained using Roe's flux function. The eigensystem of the 2D shallow water equations is derived and is used for the construction of Roe's matrix on an unstructured mesh. The viscous terms of the shallow water equations are computed using a finite volume formulation which is second-order-accurate. Verification of the solution technique for the inviscid form of the governing equations as well as for the full system of equations is carried out by comparing the model output with documented published results and very good agreement is obtained. A numerical experiment is also conducted in order to evaluate the performance of the solution technique as applied to linear convection problems. The presented results show that the solution technique is robust. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.