SBA-15负载CeO2纳米晶的溶胶-凝胶一步合成

以P123为模板剂, 正硅酸乙酯和硝酸铈为前驱体, 通过溶胶-凝胶路线在酸性条件下合成了SBA-15负载氧化铈(CeO2与SiO2质量比为28.7%)有序介孔材料. 采用热重/差热分析(TGA/DTA)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)和氮气吸附等手段对所合成材料进行了表征. 结果表明, 合成的材料具有类似于SBA-15的结构, 孔径、孔容和比表面积分别为38.7 Å, 0.46 cm3/g和570 m2/g. X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线能谱(EDS)和选区电子衍射花样联合表征证实了铈物种以高分散的CeO2纳米晶的形式分布在介孔基体中.     

Cu/La/CeO2-Al2O3的制备及其对丙烯选择性还原NO的催化活性

将Al(NO3)3-Ce(NO3)3混合溶液滴入到NH4HCO3-NH3.H2O混合溶液中,采用共沉淀法制备了CeO2-Al2O3复合载体.采用等体积浸渍法分别浸渍助剂La和活性组分Cu,制备了Cu/La/CeO2-Al2O3催化剂.考察了催化剂在富氧条件下对丙烯选择性还原NO反应的催化活性,并借助扫描电镜、原子力显微镜、X射线衍射、比表面积测定、红外光谱、热重分析、X射线光电子能谱和程序升温还原等方法研究了催化剂活性与结构之间的关系.结果表明,CeO2-Al2O3复合载体能显著增大催化剂的比表面积和孔径,增加表面Lewis酸酸量,改善催化剂的还原性能;助剂La能进一步增大催化剂的比表面积和孔径,增加表面Br nsted酸酸量,显著提高催化剂的热稳定性;催化剂的粒径较小,对丙烯选择性还原NO反应具有较高的催化活性,最高催化活性时的温度较低.     

CeO2-TiO2复合氧化物的制备、表征及其对CO氧化的催化性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了一系列不同n(Ce)/n(Ti)的CeO2-TiO2复合氧化物,对复合氧化物的物相结构、形貌特征、比表面积和氧化还原性质进行了表征,并考察了复合氧化物对CO氧化反应的催化性能.结果表明,n(Ce)/n(Ti)>0.10时,复合氧化物为无定形结构;n(Ce)/n(Ti)=0.10~0.30时,复合氧化物失去CeO2和TiO2各自的特征,形成CeO2-TiO2固溶体,具有较大的比表面积.CeO2-TiO2复合氧化物本身对CO氧化反应的催化活性不如TiO2或CeO2的高,但Pd/CeO2-TiO2比Pd/TiO2或Pd/CeO2具有更高的催化活性.     

碱金属阳离子对铁卟啉电催化CO2还原的影响

电催化CO2还原反应(CO2RR)可以有效地将温室气体转化为燃料或高附加值的化学品,从而缓解目前人类所面临的环境问题和能源危机,其中开发高效的电催化剂是至关重要的环节.近年来,研究者设计了多种高效的过渡金属配合物(包括Mn,Fe,Co,Ni和Cu)用作CO2RR分子电催化剂,并研究了其中的构效关系,例如,在分子内修饰质子给体取代基或电荷取代基可以显著提高CO2RR的催化效率.而电催化CO2RR的实际应用要在含有碱金属阳离子(例如,Na+和K+)的电解质水溶液中进行,但在已有报道中,很少有关于碱金属阳离子对CO2RR的影响.在众多的分子催化剂中,铁卟啉可以以较高的催化活性和选择性实现CO2到CO的转化.重要的是,卟啉环的刚性结构、稳定的配位环境及其骨架上官能团的易于修饰性成为研究CO2RR的构效关系的理想分子模型.基于以上考虑,本文以铁卟啉配合物为分子模型,研究了碱金属阳离子Na+和K+对电催化CO2RR的影响.首先,本文合成了简单的A4型铁卟啉化合物四-(3,4,5-三甲氧基苯基)-铁卟啉(FeP).并采用核磁共振、质谱分析、单晶衍射等表征手段对化合物进行了表征,在含有电解质的DMF溶液中测试其电催化CO2还原性能.实验结果表明,FeP可以实现高效的电催化CO2还原,催化电流随FeP的浓度呈线性增加,说明催化反应速率与催化剂浓度呈一级反应速率关系.较长时间的恒电压电解实验以及电解前后化合物的紫外-可见光谱证实了FeP的稳定性.通过气相色谱对产物进行分析,CO为主要产物,法拉第效率为95％.以上结果均表明,FeP是一个优良的分子催化剂.在此基础上,本文还发现加入Na+和K+均可以显著提升催化活性,而K+的加入使催化电流的提升更加显著,这可能是由于K+在溶液中的迁移速度比Na+更快.基于此实验现象,本文通过在FeP的第二配位层修饰1-氨-18-冠-6-醚官能团(N18C6),合成了N18C6-FeP化合物.结果表明,由于N18C6与Na+/K+之间的配位作用,使得N18C6-FeP比FeP具有更好的电催化CO2RR活性.研究表明,催化活性的提升归因于碱金属阳离子能够通过静电相互作用稳定Fe-CO2中间体.1H NMR谱证实了N18C6基团的确能够螯合碱金属阳离子.本文研究证明了碱金属阳离子对改善电催化CO2RR的积极作用,对于进一步深入了解CO2RR催化反应机理和未来合理的设计高效催化剂也都具有重要意义.     

过渡金属修饰对铜箔电催化还原CO2的性能影响

CO2还原是一种解决温室效应以及能源短缺问题的有效方式.目前对于水溶液体系中的CO2还原,主要有光催化、电催化以及光电催化等方法,其中还原CO2法可在室温下进行,并较易实现大规模应用.由于金属电极在CO2电催化还原过程中表现较高电流密度和催化性能,使得目前研究的热点集中于金属电极的修饰改性.金属Cu与H2, CO结合能力适中,并且对生成碳氢化合物具有较好的催化性能,因此其在催化CO2还原中具有较大潜力.以往对于Cu的研究主要集中在表面修饰、调控表面结构以及制备合金等方向,其中对金属进行氧化后再还原的处理也是提高其催化活性的一种有效手段.氧化后还原得到的铜具有较大的粗糙度,且暴露的活性位点更多,对CO2还原具有较好的催化活性.我们对铜箔在空气氛围下、300oC焙烧5 h,然后恒电位还原,再进行过渡金属Ni、Zn、Au的修饰,研究所得样品电催化还原CO2性能.电极的表面形貌用扫描电镜表征, CO2还原的液相和气相产物分别用核磁和在线气相色谱进行检测.
　　修饰后电极的形貌没有发生太大变化,仍具有十分粗糙的表面结构.通过线性扫描伏安曲线可以看出,修饰Zn、Au后电流密度较未修饰前有明显增加,但是由于CO2还原过程中不可避免地伴随析氢副反应,因此,我们通过计算产物的法拉第效率来表征修饰后的电极对产物选择性的改变：未修饰时,在?1.2至?1.6 V均可检测到甲酸的生成,电位负于?1.4 V时可以检测到乙醇和正丙醇. Ni的修饰明显提高了甲酸的法拉第效率,也促进了正丙醇的生成.?1.3 V时甲酸的法拉第效率为26.0%,?1.5 V时液相产物的法拉第效率为34.3%.在线气相色谱结果发现, Ni的修饰也明显提高了CO的法拉第效率,在?1.4 V下, CO的法拉第效率为44.6%.这可能是由于Ni (r =0.1246 nm)的原子半径比Cu (r =0.1278 nm)更小,因此Ni的修饰会使Cu发生晶格收缩、导致d带中心下移而降低了CO的结合能,从而更易生成CO和HCOOH;而修饰Ni后对CO2还原产物正丙醇的提高可能是由于Ni的引入促进了C–C键的形成.修饰Zn后,甲酸的产率明显下降,在?1.6 V下甲酸的法拉第效率只有14.8%,但是乙醇与正丙醇的法拉第效率分别为1.6%与2.0%,相较于未修饰的电极略有提高.修饰Au后,液相产物甲酸及醇类的法拉第效率明显下降,在?1.5 V下,甲酸的法拉第效率只有7.9%,且只检测到少量的乙醇,未检测到正丙醇的生成,这可能与Au修饰后的电极对CO2还原中间体CO的吸附较弱有关,生成的CO中间体更易从表面脱附,而难以被进一步还原.     

不同预处理的氧化亚铜纳米线电极诱导的晶面效应提升电化学CO2还原为多碳产物

近年来,由于化石燃料不断消耗造成的二氧化碳气体过量排放,对人类生活环境造成越来越大的威胁.电催化二氧化碳还原反应是一种很有前景的解决方法,可回收废弃的二氧化碳并通过将其转化为可再生的燃料和化学品来最终实现碳循环.在各种还原产物中,多碳化学产物因其具有高能量密度和高商业价值而备受青睐.然而,由于涉及多个复杂的反应途径,设...     

反应条件对铜催化CO2电还原的影响

工业规模的化石能源消耗导致大气中二氧化碳含量不断增加,CO₂转化利用成为人们日益关注的热点问题. 金属铜因其成本低廉、储量丰富,并且具有独特的CO₂亲和力能够生成多碳化合物,是目前CO₂电还原中研究最为广泛深入的电极材料. 由于阴、阳离子的特征吸附对Cu电极性能有显著影响,并且不同反应体系中对Cu电极上CO₂吸附、活化影响也有所不同,因此导致金属Cu电极上报道的电催化活性、产物种类与选择性等都非常宽泛. 基于此,有必要系统地研究各种反应条件对金属Cu电极电催化CO₂还原性能的影响. 作者选择了平均粒径为600 nm的商品化金属Cu颗粒作为电还原CO₂的催化剂,研究了不同反应条件包括各种常用电解质溶液、KHCO₃的浓度以及H型电解池和流动池. 实验结果表明,浓度为0.5 mol·L ^-1的KHCO₃作为电解质溶液具有较好催化活性和较高的产物分电流密度,流动池可以进一步提高主要产物甲酸盐和CO的分电流密度. 本研究工作从反应条件的角度对CO₂还原的电催化转化进行了系统研究,有助于理解电解液和反应器等因素对CO₂电还原反应过程的影响规律.     

一维CeO2纳米管载体对Pd纳米粒子团聚的抑制及催化性能的提高

用一维CeO₂纳米管替代非一维结构的商用CeO₂, 用于负载Pd而制得的催化剂在空气气氛下高温煅烧过程中Pd纳米粒子的团聚受到明显抑制, 在选择性有氧氧化苯甲醇生成苯甲醛反应中, 所制CeO₂纳米管负载的Pd催化剂表现出更高的催化活性. 可见, 一维金属氧化物材料有望用作载体以抑制贵金属纳米粒子的团聚, 从而提高其催化性能.     

助剂CeO2对Co/Al2O3催化剂上F-T合成反应性能的影响

 在用于F－T合成的Co／Al2O3催化剂中加入少量助剂,能够提高CO转化率和C5＋烃选择性．主要考察了助剂CeO2添加量和催化剂焙烧温度等因素对F－T合成反应的影响,并通过程序升温还原、程序升温氧化及X射线衍射等手段对催化剂进行了表征．结果表明,在Co／Al2O3催化剂中加入少量CeO2（n（Ce）／n（Co）＝0．1～0．14）,能够有效提高催化剂的催化活性和C5＋烃选择性;焙烧温度则以相反的趋势控制F－T反应活性和链增长几率;助剂的加入降低了催化剂的起始还原温度,改善了催化剂的还原性能．但是,催化剂的积碳量有所增加,经10h反应后,催化剂上存在两种类型的积碳．     

Au Nanoparticles Loaded on Hollow TiO2 Microspheres with (001) Exposed Facets: a Strategy for Promoting Photocatalytic Performance

Au nanoparticles loaded TiO₂ hollow microspheres with exposed (001) facets(Au-HTFs) were synthesized through template-free hydrothermal process combined with a chemical reduction role. Au-HTFs displayed excellent photocatalytic activity in catalyzing oxidization reaction in organic pollutant system, which originates from the synergistic effect of the reactive (001) facets and Au nanoparticles with a wide range of absorption in visible region based on localized surface plasmon resonance effect. The unique synergistic effect could largely increase the photocatalytic performance resulting from the improvements of both the visible light aborption and the recombination of electron-hole pairs. Our findings revealed that among Au-HTFs with different Au loading percentages, Au-HTFs with 2%(mass fraction) Au loading possessed the superior photocatalytic activity.     

Stabilization of Cu/Ni Alloy Nanoparticles with Graphdiyne Enabling Efficient CO2 Reduction

Electrocatalysis has become an attractive strategy for the artificial reduction of CO2 to high-value chemicals.However,the design and development of highly selective and stable non-noble metal electrocatalysts that convert CO2 to CO are still a challenge.As a new type of two-dimensional carbon material,graphdiyne(GDY),is rarely used to explore the application in carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO2RR).Therefore,we tried to use GDY as a substrate to stabilize the copper-nickel alloy nanoparticles(NPs)to synthesize Cu/Ni@GDY.Cu/Ni@GDY requires an overpotential(-0.61 V)to 10 mA/cm2 for the formation of CO,and it shows better activity than Au and Ag,achieving a higher Faraday efficiency of about 95.2％and high stability of about 26 h at an overpotential(-0.70 V).The electronic interaction between GDY substrate and Cu/Ni alloy NPs and the large specific surface area of GDY is responsible for the high performance.     

Nanostructures for Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction

One of the most effective ways to cope with the problems of global warming and the energy shortage crisis is to develop renewable and clean energy sources. To achieve a carbon-neutral energy cycle, advanced carbon sequestration technologies are urgently needed, but because CO₂ is a thermodynamically stable molecule with the highest carbon valence state of +4, this process faces many challenges. In recent years, electrochemical CO₂ reduction has become a promising approach to fix and convert CO₂ into high-value-added fuels and chemical feedstock. However, the large-scale commercial use of electrochemical CO₂ reduction systems is hindered by poor electrocatalyst activity, large overpotential, low energy conversion efficiency, and product selectivity in reducing CO₂. Therefore, there is an urgent need to rationally design highly efficient, stable, and scalable electrocatalysts to alleviate these problems. This minireview also aims to classify heterogeneous nanostructured electrocatalysts for the CO₂ reduction reaction (CDRR).     

Redox Replacement of Silver on MOF-Derived Cu/C Nanoparticles on Gas Diffusion Electrodes for Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction

Bimetallic tandem catalysts have emerged as a promising strategy to locally increase the CO flux during electrochemical CO₂ reduction, so as to maximize the rate of conversion to C−C-coupled products. Considering this, a novel Cu/C−Ag nanostructured catalyst has been prepared by a redox replacement process, in which the ratio of the two metals can be tuned by the replacement time. An optimum Cu/Ag composition with similarly sized particles showed the highest CO₂ conversion to C₂₊ products compared to non-Ag-modified gas-diffusion electrodes. Gas chromatography and in-situ Raman measurements in a CO₂ gas diffusion cell suggest the formation of top-bound linear adsorbed *CO followed by consumption of CO in the successive cascade steps, as evidenced by the increasingνC−H bands. These findings suggest that two mechanisms operate simultaneously towards the production of HCO₂H and C−C-coupled products on the Cu/Ag bimetallic surface.     

Cu2O/CuO Electrocatalyst for Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol

Herein, we report the controlled and direct fabrication of Cu₂O/CuO thin film on the conductive nickel foam using electrodeposition route for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO₂) to methanol. The electrocatalytic reduction was performed in CO₂ saturated aqueous solution consisting of KHCO₃, pyridine and HCl at room temperature. CO₂ reduction was carried out at a constant potential of −1.3 V for 120 min to study the electrochemical performance of the prepared electrocatalysts. Cu₂O/CuO shows better electrocatalytic activity with highest current density of 46 mA/cm². The prepared catalyst can be an efficient and selective electrode for the production of methanol.     

CO2 Reduction Mechanism on the Cu2O(110) Surface: A First-Principles Study

Cu₂O is an attractive catalyst for the selective reduction of CO₂ to methanol. However, the mechanism of the reaction and the role of the Cu species in different oxidation states are not well understood yet. In this work, by first-principles calculations, we investigate the mechanism of the reaction on the Cu₂O(110) surface, which is the most selective for methanol, in different degrees of reduction: ideal surface, slightly reduced surface (SRS), and partially reduced surface (PRS). The most favorable reaction pathways on the three surfaces were identified. We found that Cu(I) on the ideal surface is not capable of chemisorbing CO₂, but surface oxygen serves as the active site which selectively converts CO₂ to CH₃OH with a limiting potential of −0.77 V. The Cu(0) on the SRS and PRS promotes the adsorption and reduction of CO₂, while the removal of the residue O* becomes potential/rate limiting with a more negative limiting potential than the ideal surface. The SRS is selective to methanol while the PRS becomes selective to methane. The result suggests that the key to high methanol selectivity is to avoid the reduction of Cu(I), which provides a new strategy for the design of more efficient catalysts for selective CO₂ reduction to methanol.     

Metal-Based Aerogels Catalysts for Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction

General strategies for metal aerogel synthesis, including single-metal, transition-metal doped, multi-metal-doped, and nano-metal-doped carbon aerogel are described. In addition, the latest applications of several of the above-mentioned metal aerogels in electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction are discussed. Finally, considering the possibility of future applications of electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction technology, a vision for industrialization and directions that can be optimized are proposed.     

Catholyte‐Free Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction to Formate

Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO₂) into value‐added chemicals is a promising strategy to reduce CO₂ emission and mitigate climate change. One of the most serious problems in electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction (CO₂R) is the low solubility of CO₂ in an aqueous electrolyte, which significantly limits the cathodic reaction rate. This paper proposes a facile method of catholyte‐free electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction to avoid the solubility limitation using commercial tin nanoparticles as a cathode catalyst. Interestingly, as the reaction temperature rises from 303 K to 363 K, the partial current density (PCD) of formate improves more than two times with 52.9 mA cm^?2, despite the decrease in CO₂ solubility. Furthermore, a significantly high formate concentration of 41.5 g L^?1 is obtained as a one‐path product at 343 K with high PCD (51.7 mA cm^?2) and high Faradaic efficiency (93.3 %) via continuous operation in a full flow cell at a low cell voltage of 2.2 V.     

1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑功能化石墨片负载氧化亚铜催化二氧化碳电还原制乙烯

电催化还原二氧化碳制备乙烯是备受关注的热点问题,高效催化剂的制备是决定乙烯产率的关键因素。本文在1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑氯的水溶液(OmimCl : H₂O = 1 : 5,体积比)中通过电剥离石墨棒制备了1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑功能化石墨片(ILGS),在水溶液中负载氧化亚铜后得到氧化亚铜/1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑功能化石墨片复合材料(Cu₂O/ILGS),通过透射电镜、X射线光电子能谱、拉曼光谱和X射线衍射对其组成和结构进行了系统研究,发现ILGS由多层石墨烯组成,表面富含缺陷。这些缺陷被1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑通过共价键修饰,形成类似鸟巢状的微结构,平均直径5 nm的Cu₂O纳米颗粒在石墨片表面均匀分散。在0.1 mol∙L⁻¹碳酸氢钾水溶液中,研究了Cu₂O/ILGS在不同电压下催化CO₂电还原的性能。结果表明,Cu₂O是主要活性中心并在CO₂还原过程中被逐渐还原成铜,导致产物的法拉第效率随着反应时间而变,在−1.3 V (vs RHE)电压下,乙烯的法拉第效率最高达到14.8%,其性能归因于Cu₂O/ILGS复合材料中的鸟巢状微结构对Cu₂O纳米颗粒的稳定作用。