模拟Chelyabinsk小行星进入的烧蚀实验

烧蚀是小行星极高速进入地球大气层后最重要的现象之一,在很大程度上决定了小行星的质量/尺寸变化、飞行轨迹、甚至光辐射特性. 为观测小行星材料在超高速高温流场中的烧蚀现象,在电弧加热器上开展了模拟Chelyabinsk小行星事件典型弹道状态(速度约5.6 km/s,高度17 km,流星体直径1 m)的烧蚀实验. 试件为钝头外形,头部半径20 mm,半锥角18$^\circ$. 作为对比,试件分别采用玄武岩和碳钢材料. 成功记录了清晰的烧蚀动态过程,观察到两种材料试件表面的熔融损失流动、以及玄武岩试件的蒸发喷射和崩裂剥落等现象,全程测得烧蚀气体发射光谱、试件实时外形变化、表面热图变化等数据. 分析结果显示了两种材料明显不同的烧蚀现象和质量损失机制:碳钢在高温气流冲击作用下溅射成大量微小液滴,跟随气流高速流失;玄武岩质量损失以熔融物剪切流动为主,并伴随少量块状剥落及蒸发喷射. 烧蚀时间为4 s,玄武岩和碳钢的质量损失及驻点后退量分别为37.9 g,72.7 g以及7.3 mm,13.1 mm,估算玄武岩材料的有效烧蚀焓约为2.6 MJ/kg,两种材料的烧蚀光谱测量组分与电镜能谱扫描结果吻合.      

小行星撞击地球的超高速问题

小行星撞击地球是人类生存面临的潜在威胁之一.在小行星进入地球大气与撞击地球表面过程中,存在烧蚀、解体、空中爆炸、火球、撞击成坑、反溅碎片云、地震以及海啸等一系列复杂的物理化学和力学现象.本文梳理和归纳了与这些现象相关的超高速空气动力学问题和超高速碰撞动力学问题.小行星进入地球大气的超高速空气动力学问题有:极高速($V = 12 ~ 20$km/s)进入条件下的气动力与轨迹,极高速进入条件下的小行星气动加热与烧蚀机理,极高速气动加热条件下的小行星结构传热与热响应,极高速进入条件下的高温气体效应,小行星进入过程的物理特征.小行星撞击地球的超高速碰撞动力学问题有:陆地撞击成坑与反溅碎片云,海洋撞击与海啸,撞击过程的地震效应.由于小行星撞击地球与超高速飞行器的再入过程在速度、材料和结构上存在较大差异,针对这些超高速问题,现有的研究手段在地面试验和数值计算两方面都存在不足.最后,从小行星进入地球大气的弹道方程、质量损失方程、解体判据和解体模型等出发,初步建立了小行星进入与撞击效应分析评估模型,并对Chelyabinsk和Tunguska两次流星事件进行了分析,重构了进入与爆炸解体过程,评估了空爆火球在地面所导致的超压和热辐射损伤.      

不同气氛环境中钢/铜摩擦副的高速干滑动摩擦磨损特性研究

采用MMS-1G型高温高速摩擦磨损试验机研究了在氧气和二氧化碳2种气氛环境中CrNiMo钢/H96黄铜摩擦副的高速干滑动摩擦磨损特性,采用扫描电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱仪对CrNiMo钢销试样的磨损表面形貌及其元素的化学状态进行分析,结合摩擦表面宏观温度的测量,分析了不同气氛环境中pv值对摩擦副摩擦磨损特性的影响.结果表明,在不同气氛环境中,摩擦副表现出完全不同的摩擦磨损特性,在二氧化碳气氛环境中,摩擦副的摩擦系数与CrNiMo钢的磨损率均高于氧气气氛环境中,这是由于2种气氛环境中的摩擦表面温度及其磨损机制的差异所致.二氧化碳气氛环境中的摩擦表面温度高于氧气气氛环境中的摩擦表面温度,其主要磨损机制为磨粒磨损、金属流变和粘着磨损;而氧气气氛环境中主要表现为氧化磨损和粘着磨损.     

依兰陨石坑形成过程数值模拟研究

基于iSALE-2D仿真代码对依兰陨石坑的形成过程进行了研究,采用欧拉算法开展数值模拟,探讨了依兰陨石坑的撞击条件,统计分析了成坑过程中熔化层的形成与分布规律,结合点源成坑相似律模型,拟合得到强度机制下的成坑半径关系式。研究结果表明一颗直径120 m、撞击速度12 km/s的花岗岩质小行星垂直撞击地表形成一个与依兰陨石坑形态相似的陨石坑,再现了成坑形成的3个阶段：接触与压缩阶段、开坑阶段、后期调整阶段。大部分熔体在坑底呈分层堆叠分布,少量熔体随抛射物沉积在靶体表面,呈离散状分布,完全熔化材料质量约为撞击体质量的24倍。直径120 m、撞击速度12 km/s工况模拟结果与拟合的成坑半径关系式结果相对误差10.3%。     

Asteroid debris: Temporary capture and escape orbits

We investigate the dynamical behaviour of debris ejected from the surface of an asteroid, due to a generic – natural or artificial – surface process. We make an extensive statistical study of the dynamics of particles flowing from the asteroid. We observe different behaviours: particles which fall again on the asteroid surface, or rather escape from its gravitational field or are temporary trapped in orbit around the asteroid. The tests are made by varying different parameters, like the size of the asteroid, its eccentricity, the angular velocity of the asteroid, the area-to-mass ratio of the debris.We also extend the study to the case of a sample of binary asteroids with a mass ratio equal to 10⁻³; we vary the distance of the moonlet from the asteroid, to see its effect on the debris dynamics.Our simulations aim to identify regions where the debris can temporarily orbit around the asteroid or rather escape from it or fall back on the surface. These results give an important information on where a spacecraft could be safely stay after the end of the process which has produced the debris.     

Rocks,Shocks and Asteroids,and Some Interesting Research Directions in Mechanics

Mechanics lies at the heart of many of the underpinnings of modern technological civilization: materials, infrastructure, transportation, health and security. The mechanics of dynamic failure processes also has a major bearing on the potential catastrophes that threaten civilization, including airbursts and major asteroid impacts. Recent events (such as the Chelyabinsk meteoroid) have demonstrated the need to understand major impact and fragmentation events. Many of the fundamental problems of current interest in national security also involve impact and fragmentation, typically studied through large-scale computational simulations. In the Murray lecture, these issues were addressed by describing fundamental high-strain-rate experiments, high-speed visualization, theoretical and computational modeling of failure processes, and simulations of asteroid damage and disruption. This paper focuses on experimental results on meteorites and a basalt.     

Forced convective flow drag and heat transfer characteristics of carbon nanotube suspensions in a horizontal small tube

This study paid attention to the effect of fluid temperatures on the forced convective flow drag and heat transfer characteristics of multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWNTs)-water suspensions without any surfactants. The experiments were carried out under the two fixed average fluid temperatures of 29 and 58°C. A horizontal small stainless steel tube with an inner diameter of 1.02 mm was used as the test section. The experiment results show that the flow drag characteristics of suspensions are almost the same as those of water. While the heat transfer of MWNTs suspensions with high mass concentration or high fluid temperature is significantly enhanced. The fluid temperature does not affect flow drag characteristics but has great effect on the heat transfer characteristics. Nanometer characteristics are presented by suspensions with high MWNT mass concentration or high temperature on convective heat transfer.     

The impact of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter

We have performed computational shock-physics simulations of the hypervelocity (60 km/s) impact of 1–3 km, water-ice spheres entering a hydrogen-helium Jovian atmosphere. These conditions simulate the best current estimates for the collision of fragments of periodic comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter in July, 1994. We used the Eulerian shock-physics code CTH, and its parallel version PCTH to perform 2-D analyses of penetration and breakup, and 3-D analyses of the growth of the resulting fireball during the first 100 seconds after fragment entry. We can use our simulations to make specific predictions of the time interval between fragment entry and fireball arrival into line-of-sight from the earth. For a fragment larger than about 1 km, we believe that the time of fireball arrival above Jupiter's limb will be directly observable from earth. Measurements of this time by observers, in conjunction with our simulations, may allow mass of cometary fragments to be determined.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1.0 and the AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathematical Society.     

基于实测载荷谱的重载铁路货车车钩钩尾框剩余寿命预测

随着我国重载铁路货车运行规模及开行频次的增加, 车钩钩尾框断裂破坏问题日益严重. 本文以国产16/17型车钩钩尾框(锻造E级钢)为研究对象, 首先通过系统的材料试验获得了锻造E级钢的基本力学性能和断裂性能参数; 其次建立了含初始裂纹缺陷的钩尾框有限元模型; 最后基于实测线路载荷谱, 采用NASGRO方程开展了伤损钩尾框剩余寿命预测. 计算结果表明: 当裂纹形貌比a/c为0.8, 0.5, 0.3时计算得到的车钩钩尾框剩余寿命逐渐减小, 疲劳裂纹从深度2 mm扩展至20 mm的计算剩余寿命分别为36, 32, 26万公里, 均不足一个段修期; 3种裂纹形貌比下裂纹扩展至12 mm后的剩余寿命占比均较小, 仅为总剩余服役里程的4.7%, 4.0%, 2.2%, 因此可将12 mm作为钩尾框损伤容限止裂判据较为合理; 为研究近门槛区对裂纹扩展寿命的影响, 当裂纹形貌比为0.5且初始裂纹的尺寸降低至0.5 mm时, 裂纹将处于裂纹扩展门槛区附近, 剩余服役里程约为156万公里, 约为2 mm初始裂纹的4.9倍, 跨越了三个段修期. 论文研究结果可为重载铁路货车钩尾框检修周期的优化提供基本参考.      

碳纳米管复合膜的制备及其摩擦学性能

通过混酸对碳纳米管(CNTs)纯化,然后应用稀土溶液对纯化CNTs进行功能化,采用分子自组装技术在羟基化的玻璃基片表面制备了碳纳米管复合膜.运用原子力显微镜(AFM)及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了薄膜的表面形貌,使用X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)分析了薄膜表面典型元素的化学状态,并采用UMT-2MT摩擦试验机评价了薄膜的摩擦磨损性能.研究结果表明:通过硅烷偶联剂3-巯丙基三甲氧基硅烷(MPTS)的磺酸基化学吸附功能,稀土改性后的碳纳米管可以成功组装到氧化后的硅烷化表面.当组装碳纳米管复合膜后,基片表面的摩擦系数由无膜时的0.85降到了0.10,表明复合膜可以降低基片的摩擦系数,并且在较低载荷下具有较好的耐磨性能,显示了其在微机构表面改性方面良好的应用前景.     

Experimental investigation of steel spheres as a passive enhancement technique for flash boiling of HCFC-22

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the influence of a layer of 3.6-mm-diameter steel spheres on the mass flow during flash boiling in a glass pressure vessel. It was observed that the steel spheres added numerous heterogeneous nucleation sites within the liquid and promoted abundant vapor bubble growth during depressurization. The steel spheres were in contact with each other and with the interior of the glass vessel. The data from these experiments were compared with baseline experimental results primarily with regard to the mass flow. Each test was run for 60 s, using controlled variables of orifice diameters (1.59 and 5.56 mm), initial refrigerant amounts (0.23, 0.45, and 0.68 kg), initial pressures (575 and 840 kPa), and vessel geometries (665 and 1110 ml). Pressures, temperatures, and mass flow rates, along with calculated saturation temperatures, amount of superheat, mass flux, and total mass flashed, were used to compare the baseline experiments with the enhanced boiling method. Results showed an increase in the total mass flashed at each test condition, ranging from an average of 22% to 81% with respect to baseline experiments.     

电热炮原理性实验研究

本文介绍了电热炮的基本原理、实验装置结构、等离子体发生器和发射实验结果。实验结果表明,电热炮原理实验的装置是成功的,已将19.3g复合弹丸加速到1.85km/s,穿透30mm厚的钢板。     

多级串联式超高速飞片装置实验研究

叙述了有关多级串联飞片速度的实验研究。首先做了预备实验 ,测得了2 0 0mm炸药驱动钢飞片撞击靶板时的平面范围。设计了测量多级飞片速度的实验装置 ,采用电探针方法 ,在一发实验中同时测量了三级飞片的速度。实验测得 :初级飞片速度为 4 87km/s,1mm厚次级钢飞片速度达到 7km/s ,0 .2mm厚末级钼飞片速度接近 10km/s。     

Calculation of heat and mass transfer of tobacco on band coolers

 The heat and mass transfer from moist tobacco on a band cooler was mathematically examined. The fibrous tobacco particles are 10 to 20 mm long and cut to about 1 mm width, with a leaf thickness of approx. 0.1 mm. The tobacco is loosely heaped on a band and cooled after the drying process. The cooling is carried out by cross flow operation with ambient air. Furthermore tobacco is subjected to moisture loss in the course of cooling. The mass transfer is affected upon the initial conditions as well as the considered drying mechanism (first and second drying period). The cooling process on the band cooler is calculated by applying a two dimensional stationary cross flow model as shown. Received on 28 March 2001     

Experimental study on a two-phase critical flow with a non-condensable gas at high pressure conditions

An experimental study was performed on a two-phase critical flow with a non-condensable gas at high pressure conditions. Experimental data for the critical flow rates were generated by using sharp-edged stainless steel pipes with an inner diameter of 10.9 mm, a thickness of 3.2 mm, and a length of 1000 mm. The test conditions were varied by using the stagnation pressures of 4.0, 7.0, and 10.0 MPa, water subcoolings of 0.0, 20.0, and 50.0 °C, and nitrogen gas flow rates of 0.0–0.22 kg/s. The experimental results show that the critical mass flux decreases rapidly with an increase of the volumetric non-condensable gas fraction. Also the critical mass flux increases with an increase of the stagnation pressure and a decrease of the stagnation temperature. An empirical correlation of the non-dimensional critical mass flux, which is expressed as an exponential function of the non-condensable gas fraction of the volumetric flow, is obtained from the experimental data.     

Theoretical and numerical studies on the flow multiplicity phenomenon for gas–solids two-phase flows in CFB risers

The dependence of the fully-developed flow profiles on the inlet flow conditions for gas–solids two-phase flows, i.e. the flow multiplicity phenomenon, in circulating fluidized bed (CFB) risers was proposed and discussed in this article. The flow multiplicity phenomenon for gas–solids two-phase flows was first proved mathematically based on the conservation equations of mass and momentum. Then the CFD model using Eulerian–Eulerian approach with k–ε turbulence model for each phase was further adopted to analyze the details of this flow multiplicity phenomenon. It is theoretically and numerically revealed that for gas–solids two-phase flows, the flow profiles in the fully-developed region are always dominated by the flow profiles at the inlet. The solids concentration profile is closely coupled with the velocity profile, and the inlet solids concentration and velocity profiles can largely influence the fully-developed concentration and velocity profiles.     

Transport of salts and micron-sized particles entrained from a boiling water pool

The entrainment of soluble (KI, CsI) and non-soluble (Al₂O₃) substances through droplets, which are produced by disintegrating steam bubbles at the surface of a boiling water pool, is determined in a pilot-scale facility. Integral measurements are conducted at steady-state conditions in an atmosphere of either pure steam or an air–steam mixture. The ratio of the entrained liquid mass flow and the gas mass flow through the pool, the entrainment factor, is determined for air–steam ratios between 0 and 0.47 kg/kg in the gas atmosphere and at constant total pressures between 2 and 6 bar. The influence of the vertical temperature profile in the gas atmosphere on the convective velocity field is demonstrated by phase Doppler anemometry and particle image velocimetry measurements at a location 2.1 m above the pool surface. The influences of nucleation and natural convection are demonstrated during slow de-pressurization of the facility at rates below 420 Pa/s.     

Choked flow mechanism of HFC-134a flowing through short-tube orifices

This paper is a continuation of the author’s previous work. New experimental data on the occurrence of choked flow phenomenon and mass flow rate of HFC-134a inside short-tube orifices under choked flow condition are presented. Short-tube orifices diameters ranging from 0.406 mm to 0.686 mm with lengths ranging from 1 mm to 3 mm which can be applied to a miniature vapour-compression refrigeration system are examined. The experimental results indicated that the occurrence of choked flow phenomena inside short-tube orifices is different from that obtained from short-tube orifice diameters of greater than 1 mm, which are typically used in air-conditioner. The beginning of choked flow is dependent on the downstream pressure, degree of subcooling, and length-to-diameter ratio. Under choked flow condition, the mass flow rate is greatly varied with the short-tube orifice dimension, but it is slightly affected by the operating conditions. A correlation of mass flow rate through short-tube orifices is proposed in terms of the dimensionless parameters. The predicted results show good agreement with experimental data with a mean deviation of 4.69%.     

硫酸镁侵蚀环境下玄武岩纤维混凝土耐腐蚀及力学性能劣化研究

为了增强混凝土的抗侵蚀性能,对不同纤维掺量混凝土在硫酸镁侵蚀下的耐久性及力学性能进行了试验研究及分析。采用100mm×100mm×100mm的试块,纤维掺量分别为0%、0.05%、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%,浸泡于浓度为5.0%的硫酸镁溶液中,每30d观测表观裂缝、测试吸水率变化;每90d测定力学性能变化,并进行离子浓度测量。结果表明:玄武岩纤维对混凝土承载力及变形能力有一定的提高;玄武岩纤维混凝土与普通混凝土在硫酸镁溶液环境中相比,孔隙率增加速度较慢;但过量纤维反而对耐久性能产生不利影响;玄武岩掺量在0.1%左右时最为经济、合理。另外,针对玄武岩纤维离散困难的问题,提出了粉体颗粒玄武岩纤维离散法。本文研究可为玄武岩纤维混凝土的工程应用提供一定基础。     

恒定动载下高温水冷后玄武岩的动力特性及本构模型

为研究地应力、地温和动力扰动下岩石的动力特性,利用带围压的分离式霍普金森压杆装置,对常温（25 ℃）和经历不同高温水冷（100、300、450和600 ℃）后的玄武岩试样开展了恒定动载下不同围压等级（2、4和6 MPa）的动态压缩实验,借助静态力学实验及微观实验的测试结果,分别探讨了温度和围压对玄武岩动态力学特性及破坏特征的影响规律,并基于Weibull分布理论,构建了恒定动载下高温水冷后玄武岩的动态本构模型。结果表明：3组围压下,玄武岩的动态峰值应力、弹性模量均存在温度劣化效应,且围压越高,温度劣化效应越显著;常温和经历100~600 ℃高温水冷后玄武岩的动态峰值应力、弹性模量均存在围压强化效应,但该围压强化效应在600 ℃时有所减弱。围压一定时,随着温度的升高,试样的破碎程度不断加剧;温度一定时,随着围压的升高,试样的破碎程度逐渐降低。所建立的玄武岩动态本构模型与实验结果具有较好的一致性,可用于预测玄武岩在高温水冷和主动围压耦合作用下的动态力学行为,从而为地下资源开发及地下工程防护提供理论支持。