三相驱动下非光滑振动驱动系统的动力学分析

可移动式机器人已成为机器人研究领域的重要分支,为实现其在狭小特殊环境中的运动, 学者们提出并研究了振动驱动移动系统.本文基于二维LuGre摩擦模型和拉格朗日方程,给出了一类振动驱动系统在各向同性摩擦环境中的动力学建模方法和数值算法.这类振动驱动系统结构简单且密封性好,依靠箱体与地面间的摩擦力实现自身的定向运动.该系统由一个外部箱体和两个内部质量块构成,两个质量块在箱体内的两个平行轨道上作三相振动驱动,箱体通过三个刚性支撑足与地面保持接触. 二维LuGre摩擦模型的利用,可有效避免库伦摩擦模型的不连续性给动力学方程的数值求解带来的困难,且可有效揭示该系统在运动过程中的黏滞-滑移切换现象. 数值仿真结果表明,通过调整其内部质量块的驱动参数,可实现箱体的直线平移、定轴转动和平面一般运动,且箱体在移动和转动过程中会出现擦滑、穿滑、回滑和不黏等4种现象; 另外,通过调节驱动参数, 不仅可以改变箱体移动和转动的快慢,还可以改变箱体形心运动轨迹的曲率半径.      

振动驱动移动机器人直线运动的滑移分岔

近年来,随着移动型机器人设计技术水平的不断提高,其运动形式日趋多样. 借助于仿生学的思想,模仿蚯蚓等动物的蠕动成为不少机器人设计者所追求的目标. 为了实现这一目标,学者们提出并研究了振动驱动系统. 本文研究了各向同性干摩擦下,单模块三相振动驱动系统的粘滑运动. 考虑到库伦干摩擦力的不连续性,振动驱动系统属于Filippov 系统. 基于此,运用Filippov 滑移分岔理论,分析了振动驱动系统不同的粘滑运动情况. 根据驱动参数的不同,系统运动的滑移区域被分成4 种基本情形. 对这些情形分类讨论,得到系统的6 种运动情况. 然后对这6 种运动情况进行归纳,最终得出系统一共存在4 种不同的粘滑运动,而且也解析地给出了发生这4 种粘滑运动的分岔条件. 分岔条件包含系统的3 个驱动参数,通过变化这些参数,得到了系统运动的分岔图. 借助分岔图,详细分析了随着驱动参数的变化,系统如何实现不同粘滑运动类型之间的切换,并从分岔角度给出了相应的物理解释. 最后,通过数值方法直接求解原运动方程,数值解法得到的4 种运动图像与理论分析一致,验证了系统运动分岔研究的正确性.      

振动驱动移动系统平面避障运动分析

近年来,工业机器人的应用领域日益广泛,可移动机器人的发展备受关注,为了在一些复杂环境中准确地完成作业,学者们提出并研究了振动驱动移动系统.本文研究了在各向异性黏性摩擦环境中一类有两个在平行轨道内做正弦运动的内部质量块的振动驱动移动系统的运动规律,提出了使系统完成包括避障等规定作业的驱动设计方法.首先利用第二类拉格朗日方程,建立了系统的动力学方程;然后,利用速度Verlet积分法分析了系统的运动规律,得到了内部驱动参数与系统运动轨迹、运动速度的关系;最后,结合振动驱动移动系统的运动规律,提出了使系统沿预设路径运动和实现避障运动的驱动设计方法.通过曲线离散得到了系统沿预设路径运动的移动轨迹,进而通过改变内部质量块的驱动参数,使系统沿预设路径运动.为了使移动系统在障碍物环境中达到目标位置,提出了结合栅格法,Floyd算法及最小顶点圆法的优化的路径规划计算方法,得到了振动驱动移动系统在障碍物环境中运动的最优路径,并通过改变内部质量块的驱动参数实现了移动系统的避障运动.     

基于LuGre摩擦模型的接触约束法旋转柔性梁斜碰撞研究

基于接触约束法和LuGre摩擦模型对在重力场作用下作大范围旋转运动的柔性梁系统和斜坡发生含摩擦斜碰撞的动力学问题进行研究.首先运用刚柔耦合的多体系统动力学理论对大范围运动的柔性梁进行离散化和动力学建模,在碰撞时采用冲量动量法求出跳跃速度,其次在法向上引入接触约束求解出碰撞力,在切向上采用LuGre摩擦模型分两种方式求解...     

含摩擦滑移铰平面多刚体系统动力学的数值算法

基于LuGre摩擦模型和线性互补问题(LCP)的数值算法,给出了具有双边约束含摩擦滑移铰平面多体系统动力学的数值算法.首先,根据滑移铰的特点,当间隙充分小时,将其视为双边约束,给出了滑移铰中滑道作用于滑块上的法向接触力的互补关系;LuGre摩擦模型能有效地描述机械系统中的黏滞与滑移运动,将该模型用于描述滑块与滑道间的摩擦力.其次,结合Baumgarte约束稳定化方法,应用第一类Lagrange方程,建立了该多体系统的动力学方程,给出了Lagrange乘子与滑移铰中作用于滑块上的法向接触力的关系式.然后,将滑块与滑道间多种接触状态的判断以及作用于滑块上的法向接触力的计算转换为线性互补问题的求解,并用常微分方程的数值算法求解该多体系统的动力学方程.最后,通过数值仿真算例揭示了滑移铰中滑块的黏滞与滑移现象,以及滑块在滑道内的多种接触状态;另外,在文中分别采用Coulomb干摩擦模型和LuGre摩擦模型,对算例中的某些工况进行了数值仿真,并且分别用本文方法得到的数值仿真结果与已有方法得到的数值仿真结果对比,表明了本文给出的方法的有效性.      

A comprehensive study on the behavior of a rigid block on an oscillating ground with friction,elastic and viscous forces

This paper investigates the behavior of a non-linear mechanical model where a block is driven by an oscillating ground through Coulomb friction, a linear viscous damper and a linear spring. The governing equation is solved analytically for different partial configurations: friction only, friction with viscous damping, friction with a linear restoring force, and for the complete model. Using dimensionless groups, the analysis of the block motion provides a comprehensive set of information on the motion regime (stick, stick-slip or permanent sliding), on the dominant energies or forces, on the resonance and on the amplification of the ground oscillation by the system. The limit between the stick-slip regime and the permanent slipping regime is found either analytically or numerically. It is also shown that there exists a set of parameters for which the friction force, the viscous dissipative force and the elastic restoring force are equal.     

滚动问题中摩擦力的判断

刚体滚动时摩擦力的判断是工程力学中极易引起学生困惑的问题. 在对摩擦力产生原因进行分析的基础上, 确定了刚体纯滚动时静摩擦力的计算公式和判定方法. 刚体作纯滚动时静摩擦力所作总功为零, 仅实现刚体平动动能和转动动能之间的相互转化, 其方向总是阻碍主动力引起的物体运动趋势并使其向另一种运动转化; 刚体作有滑滚动时滑动摩擦力所作总功为负, 其方向与刚体滑动方向相反, 并实现刚体平动动能和转动动能之间的相互转化.     

A modified LuGre friction model for an accurate prediction of friction force in the pure sliding regime

We propose a new friction model based on the well known LuGre friction model that can accurately describe the nature of friction force in the gross sliding regime. The modification is based on the responses observed from a single degree-of-freedom friction-induced vibration system. Numerical analysis shows that the friction curve in the gross sliding regime can only show counter clockwise hysteretic loops without violating other essential features. We then develop a new friction model by modifying the LuGre friction model that can describe both clockwise as well as counter clockwise hysteretic loops in the pure sliding domain.     

粗糙平面上陀螺的稳定性

本文用摄动法讨论微粗糙平面上轴对称陀螺绕直立的极轴或赤道轴永久转动的稳定性。作为摄动因素的摩擦力是滑动速度的任意非线性函数。导出的解析形式稳定性判据与Contensou-Magnus线性理论一致,但摒弃了线性摩擦假定,指出刚体在接触点处滑动速度的方向是影响陀螺旋转稳定性的主要因素,并给出明确的物理解释。     

A new criterion for occurrence of strick-slip motion in drive mechanism

This paper, using Karnopp's model of friction force and phase plane method, studies the stick-slip motion of the flexble drive mechanism. It is explained that a sudden drop of friction force is the essential source of stick-slip motion when the sliding is impending. A new criterion for occurrence of stick-slip motion is established. The stick-slip region and the stable region in a parameter plane are separated by a critical parameter curve. Moreover, for the stick-slip motion of the flexible drive mechanism without viscous damping, a parameter expression is obtained. The results may be used in design of the flexible drive mechanism.     

三相驱动下含两质量块刚体的平面运动

本文研究了一类含两个质量块的振动驱动系统在粘性摩擦下的平面运动,其中两个内部质量在相互垂直的水平槽道上作三相运动。利用第二类拉格朗日方程,建立了系统的动力学方程;其次,利用系统直线运动时的理论解,验证速度Verlet积分法的可靠性;利用这种算法分析了系统的平面运动,得到了内部驱动参数与系统运动轨迹、运动速度的关系;然后,基于数值分析结果,通过调节内部驱动参数,得到了系统在不同轨迹间的六种转换形式;最后,通过组合不同的转换形式,得到了曲率连续变化的平面运动路径。     

The bouncing motion appearing in a robotic system with unilateral constraint

The hopping or bouncing motion can be observed when robotic manipulators are sliding on a rough surface. Making clear the reason of generating such phenomenon is important for the control and dynamical analysis for mechanical systems. In particular, such phenomenon may be related to the problem of Painlevé paradox. By using LCP theory, a general criterion for identifying the bouncing motion appearing in a planar multibody system subject to single unilateral constraint is established, and found its application to a two-link robotic manipulator that comes in contact with a rough constantly moving belt. The admissible set in state space that can assure the manipulator keeping contact with the rough surface is investigated, and found which is influenced by the value of the friction coefficient and the configuration of the system. Painlevé paradox can cause either multiple solutions or non-existence of solutions in calculating contact force. Developing some methods to fill in the flaw is also important for perfecting the theory of rigid-body dynamics. The properties of the tangential impact relating to the inconsistent case of Painlevé paradox have been discovered in this paper, and a jump rule for determining the post-states after the tangential impact finishes is developed. Finally, the comprehensively numerical simulation for the two-link robotic manipulator is carried out, and its dynamical behaviors such as stick-slip, the bouncing motion due to the tangential impact at contact point or the external forces, are exhibited.     

Dynamic Study of a Structure with Flexion-Torsion Coupling in the Presence of Dry Friction

In aero engines, blade vibrations are frequently reduced by centrifugal flyweights, which exert a dry friction force per unit length under blade platforms. The response of this system to a periodic load has been analysed experimentally and theoretically. From a model having mode shapes similar to those of a blade, and a dry friction link per unit length, we show that the presence of the dry friction link is very effective in reducing vibrations for a range of excitation loads. The theoretical analysis is based on the Craig and Bampton mode synthesis, the rigid movement of the platform in its plane and the replacing of the linear dry friction link by several discrete parallel systems. Direct integration of the equations of motion is carried out by using the Newmark method. The comparison with experimental results is good. This method can easily be extended to more complex structures and shows that the dry friction link is effective when stick-slip occurs in the contact zone by limiting the energy provided to the system.     

Translation of a rigid body with gravity–friction seismic dampers

A refined mathematical dynamic model of a rigid body with a gravity–friction seismic damper moving inside a movable hemispherical rough depression is set up. This model describe the frequency and decrement properties of a rigid body undergoing translational vibrations on a gravity–friction seismic-isolation mechanism. The mechanism consists of two platforms. The lower (supporting) platform has spherical supports that contact with the upper (supported) platform within its hemispherical depressions. The equations of motion incorporate the nonideality of the unilateral constraints and the shock interaction of a material point with the sphere. It is shown how to join the models describing the free motion and the sliding motion of the point over a spherical surface     

Nonlinear motions of a flexible rotor with a drill bit: stick-slip and delay effects

In this article, a discrete model of a drill-string system is developed taking into account stick-slip and time-delay aspects, and this model is used to study the nonlinear motions of this system. The model has eight degrees-of-freedom and allows for axial, torsional, and lateral dynamics of both the drill pipes and the bottom-hole assembly. Nonlinearities that arise due to dry friction, loss of contact, and collisions are considered in the development. State variable dependent time delays associated with axial and lateral cutting actions of the drill bit are introduced in the model. Based on this original model, numerical studies are carried out for different drilling operations. The results show that the motions can be self-exited through stick-slip friction and time-delay effects. Parametric studies are carried out for different ranges of friction and simulations reveal that when the drill pipe undergoes relative sticking motion phases, the drill-bit motion is suppressed by absolute sticking. Furthermore, the sticking phases observed in this work are longer than those reported in previous studies and the whirling state of the drill pipe periodically alternates between the sticking and slipping phases. When the drive speed is used as a control parameter, it is observed that the system exhibits aperiodic dynamics. The system response stability is seen to be largely dependent upon the driving speed. The discretized model presented here along with the related studies on nonlinear motions of the system can serve as a basis for choosing operational parameters in practical drilling operations.     

Piecewise analysis of oblique vibro-impacting systems

A great number of studies have shown the complex nonlinear dynamics of mechanical systems with repeated normal impacts. An oblique frictional impact introduces even more complicated dynamics such as stick-slip motions to those systems. Hence, the dynamics of oblique vibro-impacting systems with possible sliding motion is an open problem. Based on a hybrid analysis of vibro-impact dynamics, kinematics and complementary conditions, a piecewise analysis method is developed in the paper to describe the sliding motion during an oblique impact. Thereby, a parametrically excited planar pendulum between two parallel rigid walls is studied as an illustrative example. The example, together with the corresponding numerical results, shows that the sliding impacts occur in such a system with a set of properly selected parameters. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (59905010) and by the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, Ministry of Education, China     

High-velocity operation of piezoelectric inertia motors: experimental validation

Piezoelectric inertia motors use the inertia of a body to drive it by means of a friction contact in a series of small steps. It has been shown previously in theoretical investigations that higher velocities and smoother movements can be obtained if these steps do not contain phases of stiction (“stick-slip” operation), but use sliding friction only (“slip-slip” operation). One very promising driving option for such motors is the superposition of multiple sinusoidal signals or harmonics. In this contribution, the theoretical results are validated experimentally. In this context, a quick and reliable identification process for parameters describing the friction contact is proposed. Additionally, the force generation potential of inertia motors is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The experimental results confirm the theoretical result that for a given maximum frequency, a signal with a high fundamental frequency and consisting of two superposed sine waves leads to the highest velocity and the smoothest motion, while the maximum motor force is obtained with signals containing more harmonics. These results are of fundamental importance for the further development of high-velocity piezoelectric inertia motors.     

Vibrational self-alignment of a rigid object exploiting friction

In this paper, one-dimensional self-alignment of a rigid object via stick-slip vibrations is studied. The object is situated on a table, which has a prescribed periodic motion. Friction is exploited as the mechanism to move the object in a desired direction and to stop and self-align the mass at a desired end position with the smallest possible positioning error. In the modeling and analysis of the system, theory of discontinuous dynamical systems is used. Analytic solutions can be derived for a model based on Coulomb friction and an intuitively chosen table acceleration profile, which allows for a classification of different possible types of motion. Local stability and convergence is proven for the solutions of the system, if a constant Coulomb friction coefficient is used. Next, near the desired end position, the Coulomb friction coefficient is increased (e.g. by changing the roughness of the table surface) in order to stop the object. In the transition region from low friction to high friction coefficient, it is shown that, under certain conditions, accumulation of the object to a unique end position occurs. This behavior can be studied analytically and a mapping is given for subsequent stick positions.     

On the penetration of a rotating impactor into an elastic-plastic medium

This research is devoted to the modeling of high-speed rectilinear penetration of a rigid axisymmetric body (impactor with a flat bluntness) into an elastic–plastic media with account for its rotation about the axis of symmetry. The body has an arbitrary shape of the meridian. The resistance to the motion is represented as the sum of the body drag and the contribution of friction. The dynamic system governing the body motion is derived and the qualitative and numerical analysis of the projectile movement and perforation of a slab are performed. The problem of shape optimization of impactor with a flat bluntness is studied using evolutionary algorithm.     

含摩擦与碰撞平面多刚体系统动力学线性互补算法

基于接触力学理论和线性互补问题的算法, 给出了一种含接触、碰撞以及库伦干摩擦, 同时具有理想定常约束(铰链约束) 和非定常约束(驱动约束) 的平面多刚体系统动力学的建模与数值计算方法. 将系统中的每个物体视为刚体, 但考虑物体接触点的局部变形, 将物体间的法向接触力表示成嵌入量与嵌入速度的非线性函数,其切向摩擦力采用库伦干摩擦模型. 利用摩擦余量和接触点的切向加速度等概念, 给出了摩擦定律的互补关系式; 并利用事件驱动法, 将接触点的黏滞-滑移状态切换的判断及黏滞状态下摩擦力的计算问题转化成线性互补问题的求解. 利用第一类拉格朗日方程和鲍姆加藤约束稳定化方法建立了系统的动力学方程, 由此可降低约束的漂移, 并可求解该系统的运动、法向接触力和切向摩擦力, 还可以求解理想铰链约束力和驱动约束力. 最后以一个类似夯机的平面多刚体系统为例, 分析了其动力学特性, 并说明了相关算法的有效性.