Determination of closantel residues in milk and animal tissues by HPLC with fluorescence detection and SPE with oasis MAX cartridges

A liquid chromatographic method for the determination of closantel residues in milk and tissues is developed and validated. An acetonitrile-acetone solution (80:20, v/v) is used for the extraction of closantel residues from milk and animal tissues, and the extract is purified by solid-phase extraction with Oasis MAX cartridges and a mixture of formic acid-acetonitrile (5:95, v/v) as the elution solution. A C(18) bonded silica column is used for chromatographic separation. The mobile phase consists of acetonitrile-water (85:15, v/v) containing 0.05% triethylamine at pH 2.5, adjusted with phosphoric acid with the flow-rate set at 1.0 mL/min. Using the fluorescence emission of closantel at lambda(ex) = 335 nm and lambda(ex) = 510 nm, the calibration curve is linear, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999 over the concentration range of 10-5000 microg/kg for the tissue sample and 10-5000 microg/L for the milk sample. The detection limit (s/n = 3) is 3 microg/kg for tissue sample and 3 microg/L for milk sample. The intra- and inter-day repeatabilities are between 3.35-7.66% and 4.04-8.67%, respectively. The proposed method enables the quantitative determination of closantel residues at levels as low as 10 microg/kg in animal tissue samples and 10 microg/L in milk samples.     

桦褐孔菌子实体和发酵菌丝体中甾类化合物的定量测定

建立了采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)定量测定桦褐孔菌子实体和发酵菌丝体中白桦脂醇、麦角甾醇、胆甾醇、羊毛甾醇、豆甾醇和谷甾醇含量的方法。色谱条件: 以C18柱进行分离,流动相为不同浓度梯度的水-甲醇(0~10 min,体积比为10:90;10~40 min,体积比为3:97),流速为1.4 mL/min,检测波长为202 nm,整个分析在40 min内完成。结果表明所建立的方法具有很好的重复性和回收率。甾类化合物分析测定的日内相对标准偏差为2.10～2.94%(n=5),在0.4～4.8 μg范围内有很好的线性关系。白桦脂醇、麦角甾醇、胆甾醇、羊毛甾醇、豆甾醇和谷甾醇的回收率分别为100.05%～100.72%,99.31%～101.04%,97.52%～101.63%,96.61%～100.08%,96.21%～100.76%和100.04%～100.51%。本方法可快速、准确地定量测定桦褐孔菌子实体和发酵菌丝体中的甾类化合物。     

Development and validation of a stability-indicating method for determination of free sterols in the Asian medicinal leech Hirudo manillensis

A rapid, simple, sensitive, selective, precise and robust thin-layer chromatography densitometric method for the determination of free sterols in leech was developed and validated on silica gel layer using carbon tetrachloride-methanol-formic acid (9.5:1.5:0.55, v/v/v). Spectrodensitometric scanning was carried using a Camag TLC scanner III at 366 nm after spraying 2% methanolic sulphuric acid, which gave compact spots for cholesterol (R(F) = 0.35 ± 0.02). The regression analysis data for calibration plot implied a good linear relationship (r(2) = 0.99958) between response and concentration over the range 100-600 ng per spot with respect to peak area. The limits of detection and quantification were found to be 13.8 ± 0.51 and 45.01 ± 1.29 ng per spot, respectively. Validation was in accordance to the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Cholesterol was subjected to forced stress conditions of oxidation, hydrolysis and heat. Degradation products resulting from the forced stress did not interfere with detection because the degradant peaks were well separated from the cholesterol peak. The densitometric method can be regarded as stability-indicating and can be used for quality control assay of cholesterol in leech extract.     

Validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of oxytetracycline,tetracycline, chlortetracycline and doxycycline in bovine milk and muscle

High-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) was optimised and validated for the determination of tetracyclines in bovine milk and tissues. Milk and tissue samples were extracted and purified using a solid-phase extraction HLB Oasis cartridge and analysed using HPLC-DAD set at 365 nm. The analyses were carried out using the mobile phase of 0.01 M oxalic acid-acetonitrile-methanol (60:25:15, v/v/v) on a C8 column (250 x 4.6 mm I.D., 5 microm). Recoveries of tetracyclines from spiked samples at the three concentrations (0.5, 1 and 1.5) of the maximum residues limits (corresponding to 100 microg/kg for milk and the muscle) were higher than 81.1% in milk and 83.2% in muscle. The method was successfully validated for bovine milk and muscle in compliance with requirements set by draft SANCO/ 1805/ 2000 European Decision. The decision limit (CCalpha) was in the range 113.2-127.2 microg/kg and 107.7-129.9 micro/kg for all compounds in milk and muscle, respectively. The detection capability (CCbeta) was in the range 117.2-131.3 microg/kg and 114.9-133.1 microg/kg for all compounds in milk and muscle, respectively.     

固相萃取-反相高效液相色谱法同时测定饲料中的角黄素和虾青素

建立了一种同时测定饲料中角黄素和虾青素的固相萃取-高效液相色谱法（HPLC）。样品由乙腈提取,经LC-NH2固相萃取小柱净 化,洗脱剂为乙腈-甲苯（体积比为3∶1）,洗脱液被浓缩后进行HPLC分析,色谱柱为ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μ m),流动相为乙腈-甲醇（体积比为95∶5）,流速1.0 mL/min,采用二极管阵列检测器检测,检测波长为474 nm;外标法定量。角黄素和 虾青素的线性范围分别为1.0～30.0 mg/L和1.0～20.0 mg/L,相关系数分别为0.9990和0.9991,回收率为90%～101%,相对标准偏差为 0.62%～3.68%,检出限分别为0.84和0.60 mg/L。该方法简便、快速、准确,可用于饲料中角黄素和虾青素的同时测定。     

基于QuEChERS前处理技术和弱阳离子交换色谱的牛奶和奶粉中三聚氰胺的快速检测方法

应用QuEChERS前处理技术,并结合弱阳离子交换色谱,建立了牛奶和奶粉中三聚氰胺的快速检测方法。样品使用医用酒精(乙醇含量75%)和一种新型脂肪吸附(LAS)材料超声振荡处理,在沉淀(吸附)蛋白质和脂肪的同时提取三聚氰胺,然后经8000 r/min离心,上清液过膜直接分析。色谱分析在弱阳离子交换色谱柱(WCX)上进行,采用2 mmol/L pH为3.8的磷酸二氢钾水溶液为流动相,在5 min内实现分离分析。结果表明,该方法在0.02～20 mg/L内线性相关系数大于0.9999。在1～50 mg/kg添加浓度范围内,牛奶的平均回收率为98.9%～105.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.9%～3.4%;奶粉的平均回收率为86.4%～102.9%, RSD为1.5%～6.7%。本方法的检出限为0.05 mg/kg(牛奶)和0.1 mg/kg(奶粉)。整个分析检测过程没有使用有毒有害有机溶剂,是一种绿色的分析方法。     

Determination of total cholesterol in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

A simple and sensitive HPLC method that does not require derivatization for determining cholesterol has been developed. Investigation of voltammetric behavior of cholesterol showed that cholesterol could be oxidized on a glassy carbon electrode in non-aqueous solvents. This was applied to the development of a method by HPLC with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED). The HPLC-ED was optimized using the separation of cholesterol and oxysterols including 26-hydroxycholesterol and 24S-hydroxycholesterol. The separation was carried out with a Develosil C30-UG-3 column; acetonitrile-2-propanol (9:1, v/v) containing 50mM LiClO(4) as a mobile phase; and an applied potential at 1.9V versus Ag/AgCl. The current peak height was linearly related to the amount of cholesterol injected from 0.5-100 microM (r>0.999). The detection limit (S/N=3) of cholesterol was 0.36 microM (1.8 pmol). Cholesterol at 100 microM was directly detected with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 1.0% (n=8). Total cholesterol and free cholesterol in control human serum were determined by the present method with the recovery of more than 90% and the RSD (n=6) of less than 3.0%.     

高效液相色谱法测定血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂的活性

建立了体外直接测定血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂活性的高效液相色谱分析方法。以马尿酰-组氨酰-亮氨酸为反应底物,血管紧张素转化酶为催化剂,反应所生成的马尿酸为测定指标,未加酶抑制剂的反应为空白对照。使用ZORBAX SB-C18色谱柱(4.6 mm i.d.×150 mm,填料粒径5　μm),柱温25 ℃,流动相为乙腈-超纯水(体积比为25∶75,各含0.05%（体积分数）三氟乙酸及0.1%（体积分数）三乙胺),流速0.5 mL/min,检测波长228 nm。在马尿酸浓度为0.005～1.000 mmol/L时,马尿酸浓度与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r＝0.9999),最小检测限为0.50 μmol/L;该方法对马尿酸的回收率为99.48%～105.64%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.20%(n＝6)。该方法可适用于血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂活性的体外测定,具有操作简便、精密度和准确性高的特点,为降血压药物的研制提供了方便可靠的检测手段。     

Simultaneous determination of triclabendazole and its sulphoxide and sulphone metabolites in bovine milk by high-performance liquid chromatography

A simple method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of triclabendazole and its metabolites (sulphoxide and sulphone) in bovine milk by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A milk sample was homogenized with sodium sulfate anhydrous and acetonitrile, and centrifuged. The supernatant was isolated, rinsed with n-hexane saturated with acetonitrile, and evaporated. The residue was dissolved with 0.1 M potassium dihydrogenphosphate, and 0.1 M sodium hydrogencarbonate, and then cleaned up on a Bond Elut C18 cartridge. The three compounds were separated on a Capcell Pak C18 UG 120 (5 microm, 150x4.6 mm I.D.) column and determined by UV detection at 295 nm. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.05 M ammonium acetate (50:50), and the flow-rate was 0.8 ml/min at 40 degrees C. The mean recoveries (n=4) were 89.1-95.0% with a relative standard deviation of 1.1-2.6%. The detection limits were 0.004-0.006 microg/g in milk. The proposed method was used to monitor raw milk samples for the market, and applied to the analysis of milk samples from 10 cows which had been administered with triclabendazole to control the liver fluke. The confirmation of the triclabendazole and its metabolites in the above milk sample has been achieved by electrospray LC-MS for the first time.     

亲水作用毛细管整体柱的制备及其用于奶制品中三聚氰胺的加压毛细管电色谱分析

以甲基丙烯酸丁酯(BMA)和3-［N,N-二甲基-［2-(2-甲基丙-2-烯酰氧基)乙基］铵］丙烷-1-磺酸内盐(SPE)为单体,制备了新型的亲水作用毛细管整体柱,并通过三聚氰胺在此柱上的保留行为证明其具有亲水性。以加压毛细管电色谱(pCEC)技术为平台,优化了整体柱基于亲水作用分离分析奶制品中三聚氰胺的色谱条件。当流动相中乙腈与10 mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液的体积比为80:20, pH为3.0,电压为3 kV,检测波长为215 nm时,三聚氰胺能获得很好的分离。方法学考察结果表明,合成的亲水整体柱具有良好的重现性和渗透性,建立的pCEC分析方法的检出限为0.05 mg/L。该方法简单方便,回收率较高,而且流动相中无需添加离子对试剂,适合于奶制品中三聚氰胺的定量测定。     

AQC柱前衍生化RP-HPLC法测定蒜氨酸及其有关物质的含量

采用6-氨基喹啉-N-(羟基琥珀酰亚胺基)氨基甲酸酯(6-aminoquinolyl -N- Hydroxysuccinimide Carbamate ,AQC)为柱前衍生化试剂,建立了AQC柱前衍生化RP-HPLC法测定蒜氨酸及其有关物质的含量。该衍生化方法反应瞬间完成,衍生化产物稳定。色谱条件为：Kromasil C18柱（250mm×4.6mm,5mm）,流动相A为0.1%乙酸铵(含0.03%乙酸),流动相B为水-乙腈（40∶60）,线性梯度洗脱,流速1.0ml/min,检测波长248nm。蒜氨酸在1.1719~1500μg /ml浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0.9998）, 日内、日间精密度良好(RSD <1.8%,n=5), 加样回收率为99.1%（RSD1.9%,n=5）,检测限为3ng,该方法准确、方便、快速。     

Validated HPLC method for determination of carboxylic acid metabolite of clopidogrel in human plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study

A new, simple, and reproducible method for determination of carboxylic acid metabolite of clopidogrel in human plasma has been developed. After liquid-liquid extraction in acidic medium with chloroform, samples were quantified on a Nova-pak C(8), 5 microm column using a mixture of 30 mM K(2)HPO(4)-THF-acetonitrile (pH = 3, 79:2:19, v/v/v) as mobile phase with UV detection at 220 nm. The flow rate was set at 0.9 mL/min. Ticlopidine was used as internal standard and the total run time of analysis was about 12 min. The method was linear over the range of 0.2-10 microg/mL of clopidogrel metabolite in plasma (r(2) > 0.999). The within-day and between-day precision values were in the range 1.0-4.8%. The limit of quantification of the method was 0.2 microg/mL. The method was successfully used to study the pharmacokinetics of clopidogrel in healthy volunteers.     

A direct high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of therminol 66 contamination in commercial glycerin and fatty acids.

A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of Therminol 66 thermal heating fluid in glycerin and fatty acids is developed. Sample solutions dissolved in methanol-tetrahydrofuran (50:50, v/v) are injected directly into a reversed-phase C18 column and eluted with a methanol and water mixture (88:12, v/v). The concentration of the thermal heating fluid is monitored by fluorescence detection at 257 nm (excitation) and 320 nm (emission). The calibration graph obtained from various concentrations of the thermal heating fluid in the methanol and tetrahydrofuran mixture is linear (correlation coefficient = 0.999), and the limit of detection is 0.01 microg/mL. Spiked glycerin containing 0.1 to 1.0 microg/g of the thermal heating fluid also gives good linearity with a mean recovery of 95.3%. The mean intra- and interassay precision are 1.80-6.51% and 5.71-9.03%, respectively, at the 0.1-microg/g level. The method is simple and does not require any pretreatment step, thus it is ideal for quality assurance purposes.     

高效液相色谱法测定柑橘汁中的柠檬苦素和柚皮苷

柑橘汁的苦味主要是由于柚皮苷和柠檬苦素的存在所致,其含量的测定可用于控制柑橘类果汁的质量。采用高效液相色谱法在KR100-5C18(4.6 mm i.d.×250 mm,5 μm)上,分别以乙腈-四氢呋喃-水(体积比为17.5∶17.5∶65)和甲醇-冰醋酸-水(体积比为40∶1∶59)为流动相（流速均为1 mL/min）,在207 nm和283 nm检测波长下分别测定了柠檬苦素和柚皮苷。实验结果表明,柠檬苦素在1.00～50.00 mg/L时线性关系良好(r=0.9992),检出限为0.07 μg,平均加标回收率为98.69%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为2.5%;柚皮苷在20.00～160.00 mg/L时线性关系良好(r=0.9988),检出限为0.14 μg,平均加标回收率为100.13%,RSD为1.5%。用该法检测柑橘汁样品中的柠檬苦素与柚皮苷,方法简便、快速、准确。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定生物转化体系中的甘草酸

采用高效液相色谱法在Hypersil C18色谱柱(4.6 mm i.d.×250 mm,5 μm)上以甲醇-水-冰醋酸(70∶30∶1, 体积比)为流动相分离测定了甘草酸单铵盐生物(酶)转化体系中的甘草酸,流动相流速为1.0 mL/min,紫外检测波长254 nm。实验结果表明,该方法在进样量为0.2~20 μg时具有良好的线性;样品的加标回收率为98%～103％,相应的相对标准偏差为0.16％～1.58％。方法简便、快速、可靠。     

Quantitative determination of coenyzme Q10 by liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry in dairy products

The dietary sources of CoQ10 and the evaluation of CoQ10 in dairy products were characterized. For quantitation of CoQ10 in food samples, 2 liquid chromatography (LC) methods with UV and mass spectrometry (MS) detections were developed. LC with UV detection was performed at 25 degrees C on a Hyperclone ODS 5 microm 150 x 4.6 mm column with mobile phase consisting of methanol-ethanol-2-propanol (70 + 15 + 15, v/v/v). Flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. Retention time of CoQ10 was 10.9 +/- 0.1 min. The method was sensitive [limit of detection (LOD) = 0.2 mg/kg], reproducible [relative standard deviation (RSD) = 3:0%), and linear up to 25 mg/kg (R > 0.999). LC/MS analysis was performed on a LUNA C18 3 microm, 150 x 4.6 mm column, using mobile phase consisting of ethanol-dioxane-acetic acid (9 + 1 + 0.01, v/v/v), flow rate was 0.6 mL/min, and the retention time of CoQ10 was 4.1 +/- 0.1 min. Identification and quantitation were performed with a Finnigan-LCQ mass detector in positive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mode. Mass spectra were obtained in selected-ion monitoring mode; molecular mass (M+H)+ m/z 863.4 +/- 1 was used for quantitative determination. MS detection is more sensitive than UV detection (LOD = 0.1 mg/kg), less reproducible (RSD = 4.0%), and linear in selected range. Analytical recoveries are 75-90% and depend on the ratio between the amount of fat in the matrix and the concentration of CoQ10 in the sample. Some soybean milk products were analyzed together with different cow, goat, and sheep milk products. Concentrations obtained with LC and LC/MS were compared with a few accessible results available from the literature. Concentrations varied from 0 ppm in soybean milk to nearly 2 ppm in fresh milk from local farms.     

Simple and sensitive liquid chromatographic method with fluorimetric detection for the analysis of gabapentin in human plasma

A simple and sensitive liquid chromatographic method is described for the quantitative analysis of gabapentin in human plasma. Gabapentin (GBP) is an anticonvulsant and widely used in the treatment of epilepsy. No peculiar chromophore is available on gabapentin moiety for direct analysis by absorption spectrophotometry. In human plasma after deproteinisation with acetonitrile, gabapentin was derivatized with a fluorescent reagent, (2-naphthoxy)acetyl chloride (NAC) in borate buffer (pH 10.0). The resulting naphthoxy derivative of gabapentin was separated on a phenyl-hexyl column with a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of sodium acetate buffer (100 mM; pH 5.0)-methanol (32:68, v/v) used in isocratic mode. Using fluorimetric detection (excitation at 225 nm and emission at 360 nm), a low detection limit of about 0.04 microM (S/N = 3, 10 microl injected) was reached. The relative standard deviations (RSD) of the method for intra- and inter- day analyses (n = 5) are between 2.7 and 4.0%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of gabapentin in plasma from dosed patients for therapeutic drug monitoring.     

Determination of sialic acids in human serum by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection.

A simple, rapid and highly sensitive reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of sialic acids in human serum. The sialic acids, released by hydrolysis of serum, are converted in borate buffer with malononitrile to highly fluorescent compounds. The reaction mixture is separated isocratically within 5 min using an octadecyl-bonded silica column and a mobile phase of methanol and ammonium acetate buffer (15:85, v/v; pH 5.5). Measurement of the fluorescence intensity of the reaction mixture at 434 nm with irradiation at 357 nm allowed determination of 30-1000 ng/ml of sialic acids with high reproducibility. The limit of detection was 2 ng/ml. Intra-day and inter-day coefficients of variation for assaying 300 ng/ml N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) were 1.5% (n = 9) and 2.6% (n = 7), respectively. The recoveries of NANA were 98.5-101.1% for serum. The method has been used for clinical determinations.     

Development of an HPLC method for the monitoring of tricyclic antidepressants in biofluids

A simple, rapid and sensitive HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of four tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs): amitriptyline, doxepin, clomipramine (CLO) and imipramine, in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids. A Kromasil C(8 )analytical column (250 x 4 mm, 5 microm) was used for the separation, with a mobile phase consisting of 0.05 M CH(3)COONH(4) and CH(3)CN (45:55 v/v) delivered at 1.5 mL/min isocratically. Quantification was performed at 238 nm, with bromazepam (1.5 ng/microL) as the internal standard. The determination of TCAs in blood plasma was performed after protein precipitation. Urine analysis was performed by means of SPE using Lichrolut RP-18 Merck cartridges providing high absolute recoveries (> 94%). Direct analysis of urine was also performed after two-fold dilution. The developed method was fully validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, stability and sensitivity. Repeatability (n = 5) and between-day precision (n = 5) revealed RSD <13%. Recoveries from biological samples ranged from 91.0 to 114.0%. The absolute detection limit of the method was calculated as 0.1-0.6 ng in blood plasma and 0.2-0.5 ng in extracted urine or 0.4-0.7 in diluted urine. The method was applied to real samples of plasma from a patient under CLO treatment.     

高效液相色谱-紫外法快速测定塑料类食品接触材料及制品中7种对苯二甲酸酯或苯甲酸酯的特定迁移量

建立了高效液相色谱-紫外检测（HPLC-UV）法快速测定从塑料类食品接触材料及制品迁移至10%（v/v）乙醇、3%（m/v,即3 g/100 mL）乙酸、4%（v/v）乙酸、20%（v/v）乙醇、50%（v/v）乙醇、95%（v/v）乙醇和橄榄油7种食品模拟物中对苯二甲酸二甲酯、对苯二甲酸二辛酯、苯甲酸甲酯、苯甲酸乙酯、苯甲酸丙酯、苯甲酸丁酯和新戊二醇二苯甲酸酯的特定迁移量。考察了多种提取溶剂、QuEChERS dSPE EMR-Lipid试剂盒和Captiva EMR-Lipid试剂盒对橄榄油食品模拟物中7种对苯二甲酸酯或苯甲酸酯的提取或净化效果。以甲醇和水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,7种对苯二甲酸酯或苯甲酸酯在苯基柱上于17 min内达到基线分离。检测波长为237 nm,进样量为10 μL。7种对苯二甲酸酯或苯甲酸酯在7种食品模拟物中的定量限为0.2~8.1 mg/kg、1~80 mg/L或8~160 mg/kg,相关系数r≥0.9998。在2或8、60、80或160 mg/kg 3个加标水平的回收率为91.7%~106%,相对标准偏差为0.1%~3.1%。该方法样品前处理简便,色谱分离和线性关系好,回收率和重复性较好,已应用于实际样品的检测。