Multi-element analysis of soil from the north-western region of India by neutron activation analysis using the single comparator method with special reference to selenium toxicity

The single comparator (k₀) instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was employed to determine the elemental composition of soil from the north-western region of India. The radiometric assay was carried out using high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry. Seventeen elements were detected including selenium whose concentration was found to be in the range of 1.02 to 6.79 mg/g.     

Reactor neutron activation analysis by a triple comparator method

The single comparator method has been extended to a triple comparator method, using⁶⁰Co,^114m In and¹⁹⁸Au. In this technique, thek-ratios of the elements to be analyzed, now determined against the three comparators, are corrected for each new ratio of thermal to epithermal reactor neutron flux. These flux ratios are calculated from the absolute activities of the three comparators. The thermal neutron activation cross-section and the resonance integral for the reaction¹¹³In(n,γ)^114m In have been determined.     

Multi-elemental epithermal neutron activation analysis using an internal single comparator

Epithermal neutron activation analysis using an internal single comparator has been used for the analysis of Saudi Arabian iron ores. The concentration of thorium, barium, terbium, tantalum, cobalt, lanthanum and antimony was determined using iron in the ore as an internal comparator for all the elements. In case of antimony there was an agreement between this method and the conventional method indicating that the given method is accurate.     

Determination of trace elements in tea leaves by neutron activation analysis

Instrumental neutron activation analysis has been employed to determine 14 trace elements in two brands of Iranian and foreign tea. The elements are: Br, La, Ba, K, Mn, Cl, Cr, Cs, Rb, Fe, Co, Zn, Sc and Au. The transference ratio of the elements into solution, when tea is leached by percolation, is also reported. It was found that some elements are totally transferred into solution and some are partially retained by the leaves.     

Multi-element analysis of soils by computerized instrumental neutron activation analysis

The applicability of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) for soils is described and demonstrated and its restrictions mentioned.     

Determination of toxic elements in tea,leaves by instrumental neutron activation analysis

The concentration of certain toxic and essential elements in various brands of tea consumed locally were determined using instrumental neutron activation analysis. Transference of these elements into the drinkable portion was studied by brewing and boiling tea leaves for two minutes and the approximate intake was calculated from this data. The toxic effects of Hg, Se, As, Br and Sb are briefly discussed.     

Multi-element analysis of Ghanaian crude oils by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Instrumental neutron activation analysis based on thermal neutrons from the Ghana Research Reactor-1 facility was utilized to analyze 18 trace elements namely Al, As, Br, Ca, Cd, Cl, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, S, Si, V, and Zn in two different crude oil samples from the Saltpond and Jubilee field in the Saltpond, Central region and Cape Three Points, Western region of Ghana, respectively. The sulfur concentration for both samples were low and within globally accepted range of 0.1–0.5%wt for sweet crude oil. The results of the elemental analysis showed that the two samples are relatively low in trace element concentrations compared to crude oils of other countries. Higher Fe concentration in the Jubilee crude oil indicates younger oil. The V/Ni ratios obtained for crude oils from both locations imply a possible marine organic origin and also suggest the Saltpond crude oil is more matured than the Jubilee crude oil.     

Multi-element analysis of blood for trace metals by neutron activation analysis

Fourteen elements can be rapidly determined in whole blood by the neutron activation analysis procedure described. Three of these (Ag, Cl, Se) are measured after a 10-s irradiation and eleven others (Al, Ba, Br, Ca, Cu, I, Mg, Mn, Mo, Rb, V) are determined by a 180-s irradiation of a 1-cm³ sample of whole blood after destruction of organic matter and removal of sodium by hydrated antimony pentoxide. A further 13 elements (As, Au, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, Hg, K, Na, Ni, Sb, Sc, Zn) are determined after overnight irradiation in the SLOWPOKE reactor.     

Application of the single comparator method to instrumental photon activation analysis

Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry - Instrumental photon activation analysis (IPAA) is nondestructive and multi-elemental analysis method like instrumental neutron activation...     

Multi-element characterization of high-purity titanium dioxide by neutron activation analysis

A radiochemical neutron activation analysis method for the determination of 34 elements in titanium dioxide has been developed. For the assay of indicator radionuclides with short and with long half-lives, the radiochemical separation was performed by anion exchange on a Dowex 1 × 8 column and by combination of cation and anion exchange on a Dowex 50W × 8 and a Dowex 1 × 8 column from HF- and HF/NH₄F-medium, respectively. With both separation modes, a selective removal of the matrix-produced radionuclides ⁴⁶Sc, ⁴⁷Sc and ⁴⁸Sc was achieved. A selective extraction of copper with dithizone from 15 mol/L HF enabled counting the intensive but unspecific 511-keV rays of ⁶⁴Cu for the determination of Cu. The limits of detection achieved were between 0.004 ng/g for Sm and 0.8 μg/g for Sn (via ¹²⁵Sb). The elements La, Mn and Th were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis only. These techniques were applied to the analysis of two titanium dioxide samples of different purity grade. The results and limits of detection are compared with those of other methods.     

Multi-element determination in silicate rocks by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Instrumental neutron activation analysis technique was applied for the determination of 20 elements in 54 silicate rock samples which belong to three sedimentary geological formations located in the western desert of Iraq. The samples along with USGS standards were irradiated in an IRT-5000 reactor at a neutron flux of 3.7·10¹³ n·cm^–2·s^–1 The following minor and trace element constituents have been determined: Na, K, Ca, Fe, Sc, Cr, Co, Zr, Ce, La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, Th and U.     

Multi-element determination in sandstone rock by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Summary Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of sandstone samples of Aswan area, in South Egypt. The samples were properly prepared together with standards and simultaneously irradiated by a neutron flux of 7 ^. 10¹¹ n ^. cm^-2.s^-1. in the TRIGA research reactor facilities in Mainz. The gamma-spectra from a hyperpure germanium HPGe detector were analyzed. The present study provides the basic data of elemental concentrations of a sandstone rock. The following elements have been determined: Na, K, Fe, Sc, Cr, Co, Zr, Ce, La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, Th and U. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) was used for comparison and to detect elements which can be detected only by this method.     

Investigations on the comparator technique used in epithermal neutron activation analysis

The possible extension of the comparator technique of reactor neutron activation analysis into the field of epithermal neutron activation has been investigated. Ruthenium was used for multi-isotopic comparator. Experiments show that conversion of the so-called reference k-factors—determined by irradiation with reactor neutrons—into k_epi-factors usable at activation under cadmium filter, can be evaluated with fair accuracy. Sources and extent of errors and their contribution to the final error of analysis are discussed. Based on the paper presented at the 2nd European Conference on Analytical Chemistry, 25–30 August, 1975, Budapest, Hungary.     

Error estimation of the single comparator method due to uncertainties of literature data for thermal and epithermal neutron activation cross-sections

The reliability of the single comparator method depends mainly on the accuracy of k factors. This paper describes error in theoretical k factors, especially that due to the scattering in literature data for thermal and epithermal neutron activation cross-sections. Error calculations were performed for thirteen elements using comparator sets of⁶⁰Co−¹⁹⁸Au and⁹⁵Zr−⁹⁷Zr to evaluate the accuracy of this method.     

Prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis by the absolute method

In this study an investigation into the applicability of the absolute method in Prompt Gamma-ray Neutron Activation Analysis (PGNAA) was undertaken. Although the system parameters are adequately characterized, the scatter in nuclear data for a number of elements is significant. For our particular experimental set up the K-factors were calculated for a number of elements using both Au and Fe as monostandards. A comparison was made between the calculated and experimentally determined K-factors and from this comparison the feasibility of the absolute method in neutron prompt gamma-rays can be realized for a number of elements.     

Instrumental neutron activation analysis of silicon wafers using the silicon matrix as the comparator

For the instrumental neutron activation analysis of trace impurities in high purity silicon wafer, a modified single comparator method has been applied. The energy distribution of the neutrons at the irradiation position was measured using the two flux monitors, Au and Co, and elemental contents were calculated using the silicon matrix in the wafer as a comparator. This has advantage of reducing the cross contamination from an external monitor during sample preparation and irradiation, the uncertainties from the non-homogeneity of the neutron flux and the error on the weight of comparators. Determination limits for 49 elements were presented under the condition of 72 hours irradiation at a neutron flux of 3.7·10¹³ n·cm^-2·s^-1 and 4000 s measurement. The analytical results obtained by this method and the conventional single comparator method were compared and were found to agree well within 5%.     

Estimation of rubidium in coconut palm leaves by neutron activation analysis

A simple and rapid method is described for the estimation of the rubidium in coconut palm leaves by neutron activation analysis. The method is found suitable for the estimation of stable Rb used as a tracer in root distribution studies. The average of five determinations is 5.15 μg, which varies between 5.07 μg and 5.26 μg at 95% confidence limit.     

Elemental analysis of leaves and extracts of Casearia medicinal plants by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Summary Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was applied to determine the inorganic composition of leaves and extracts from three different species of Casearia genus plant (C. sylvestris, C. decandra and C. obliqua). Statistical analysis of the analytical data of leaf showed that the three Casearia species present similar elemental composition. Extract from C. sylvestris showed significantly different inorganic content in comparison with the two other species. Certified reference material NIST SRM-1515 Apple Leaves was analyzed for quality control.