Synthesis and photochromic properties of tetrakis(3,5-dimethyl-2-thienyl)- and tetrakis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)ethylenes

Tetrakis(3,5-dimethyl-2-thienyl)ethylene and tetrakis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)ethylene were obtained from the corresponding dithienyl ketones by the McMurry reaction. The photochromic properties of the compounds obtained were studied. Dedicated to the Academician N. K. Kochetkov on the occasion of his 90th birthday. __________ Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 1177–1181, May, 2005.     

Photochromic Dihetarylethenes: XX. Synthesis and Photochromic Properties of Dithienylethenes with a Fixed Conformation

>A procedure was developed for the synthesis of bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)ethenes with partially fixed molecular conformation, and their photochromic properties in solution were studied. The structure of photochromic 1-(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)-7,9-dimethyl-5,6-dihydrothieno[3',4' : 3,4]pyrido[1,2-c][1,3]oxazol-3-one, as well as of 1-(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)-7,9-dimethylthieno[3',4' : 3,4]pyrido[1,2-c][1,3]oxazol-3-one possessing no photochromic properties, was determined by X-ray analysis.     

Multicolor photochromism of two- and three-component diarylethene crystals

Novel photochromic single crystals composed of three different kinds of diarylethenes, 1,2-bis(3,5-dimethyl-2-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene (1a), 1,2-bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene (2a), and 1,2-bis(2-methyl-5-p-methoxyphenyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene (3a), have been prepared. The three-component crystals turned yellow, orange, red, purple, blue, green, or black upon irradiation with light of appropriate wavelengths. The colors of the crystals were thermally stable in the dark and completely bleached by irradiation with visible light. Such multicolored photochromic crystals have potential for the application to optoelectronic devices, such as multifrequency three-dimensional optical memory media or full-color displays.     

Synthesis and photochromic properties of new nonsymmetric dihetarylethenes ?? indole and thiophene derivatives

New nonsymmetric dihetarylethenes were synthesized: 3-(5-methoxy-1,2-dimethyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-4-(3-thienyl)furan-2,5-dione and photochromic 1-alkyl-(1-aryl)-3-(5-methoxy-1,2-dimethyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-4-(3-thienyl)-1(H)-pyrrole-2,5-diones. The absence of benzoannulation in the indole moiety results in the enhancement of the efficiencies of fluorescence and photocyclization of noncyclic isomers compared to the benzoindole derivatives.     

Photochromic dihetarylethenes. 11. Synthesis and photochromic properties of diarylethenes containing furan or furopyrimidine bridges

Procedures were developed for the synthesis of substituted bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)furans based on 1,2-bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)-2-hydroxyethanone. Dithienylethene structures in which the ethene fragment is involved in the furan or furopyrimidine system possess photochromic properties and their open forms exhibit fluorescence.     

Synthesis of 3,4-bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)furan-2,5-dione from mucobromic acid

Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling between 2,5-dimethyl-3-thienylboronic and mucobromic acids under phase transfer catalysis (PTC) conditions gave the expected 3,4-bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)-5-hydroxyfuran-2-one in 32% yield. The by-product was 2,2’,5,5’-tetramethyl-3,3’-bithiophene. The oxidation of the obtained hemiacylal with potassium permanganate under PTC conditions afforded 3,4-bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)furan-2,5-dione in high yield.__________Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 2238–2240, October, 2004.     

Synthesis of Substituted 1,2,4-Triazines Based on 1,2-Bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)ethanedione

A novel, convenient method has been developed for the synthesis of 1,2-bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)ethanedione, from which were prepared 5,6-bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)-1,2,4-triazines (analogs of the photochromic 1,2-diarylethenes). The principial possibility of using 1,2,4-triazines obtained as photochromic agents was investigated.     

Synthesis and Structure of 5-Indolyl-6-thienyl-1,2,4-triazines

Acylation of indole and 2,5-dimethylthiophene with 2-(3-indolyl)-2-oxoacetyl chloride afforded the corresponding diketones. 1-(2,5-Dimethyl-3-thienyl)-2-(3-indolyl)ethanedione reacted with thiosemicarbazide under atmosperic and elevated pressure to give 6-(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)-5-(3-indolyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine-3-thione whose structure was studied in detail by the X-ray diffraction method. Reactions of 6-(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)-5-(3-indolyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine-3-thione with amines and hydrazine resulted in formation of fused triazolo- and tetrazolotriazines.__________Translated from Zhurnal Organicheskoi Khimii, Vol. 41, No. 6, 2005, pp. 895–902.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Krayushkin, Yarovenko, Sedishev, Zavarzin, Vorontsova, Starikova.Dedicated to Full Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences V.I. Minkin on his Jubilee     

Three bits eight states photochromic recording and nondestructive readout by using IR light

A photochromic polymer film containing three different diarylethene derivatives, that is, 1,2-bis(3,5-dimethyl-2-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene (1), 1,2-bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene (2), and 1,2-bis(2-methyl-5-phenyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene (3) was prepared. Upon UV irradiation, the three derivatives changed to their closed-ring isomers having different colors, yellow, red, and blue. They showed different spectra not only in UV/Vis region but also in the IR spectral region. Upon irradiation with visible light of appropriate wavelengths, each closed-ring isomer was selectively bleached, and three bits eight states recording was performed. The eight states could be read out nondestructively by using IR light of appropriate wavenumbers.     

Synthesis and photochromic properties of novel nonsymmetric dihetarylethenes based on benzindole and thiophene

Novel nonsymmetric dihetarylethenes 3-(5-methoxy-1,2-dimethyl-1H-benzo[g]indol-3-yl)-4-(3-thienyl)-furan-2,5-dione and 1-alkyl- and 1-aryl-3-(5-methoxy-1,2-dimethyl-1H-benzo[g]indol-3-yl-4-(3-thienyl)-1(H)-pyrrole-2,5-diones were synthesized. The substitution of the furandione moiety for pyrroledione gives rise to the radiation and photochemical channels of deactivation of the electron excitation energy of dihetarylethenes. The products of photolysis of pyrrolediones undergo recyclization in both the ground and excited states.     

Photochromic dihetarylethenes. 17. Synthesis and photochromic properties of dithienylethenes containing new heterocyclic bridging fragments

Procedures were developed for the synthesis of substituted bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)ethenes containing the imidazol-2-one, 1,3-dioxol-2-one, or 1,3-oxazol-2-one fragments as ethene bridges. These compounds were demonstrated to exhibit the photochromic properties. The cyclic forms of some imidazolone and oxazolone photochromes possess high thermal stability. The structure of photochromic 4,5-bis(4-acetyl-2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)-3-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-one was established by X-ray diffraction analysis. The molecule adopts an anti-parallel conformation similar to that of perfluorocyclopentene-bridged dithienylethenes.     

Synthesis of 4-hetaryl-5,6-(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)-2-phenyl-4h-thiazines and investigation of their photochromism

The polar [4+2] cycloaddition reaction of 1,2-bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)acetylene with thiobenzamide and certain aldehydes of the thiophene and furan series catalyzed by boron trifluoride etherate gives the corresponding 4-hetaryl-5,6-di(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)-2-phenyl-4H-1,3-thiazines. The photochromic properties of the products have been studied.__________Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 100–106, January, 2005.     

Photochromic Dihetarylethenes. 8. A Novel Route to the Synthesis of 3,4-Bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)furan-2,5-dione as a Potential Photochrome

There is proposed, and in the case of 2,5-dimethylthiophene carried out, a novel route to the synthesis of 3,4-dithienylfuran-2,5-dione type photochromes. This is done in two stages, the first being a Friedel-Crafts reaction of the starting thiophene with the dichloride of squaric acid and the second is a Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of the 3,4-bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)cyclobutenedione to give the target 3,4-bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)furan-2,5-dione.     

Full-color photochromism of a fused dithienylethene trimer

A diarylethene fused trimer, 1-(5-(2-(3,5-dimethyl-2-thienyl)hexafluorocyclopententen-1-yl)-2,4-dimethyl-3-thienyl)-2-(5-(2-(2,4-dimethyl-5-phenyl-3-thienyl)hexafluorocyclopentene-1-yl)-2,4-dimethyl-3-thienyl)hexafluorocyclopentene, was synthesized. The diarylethene derivative showed full-color photochromic performance by choosing appropriate wavelength of light.     

Hydroxymethylation of methyl-substituted pyrrole,thiophene, and furan in the presence of H+ cation exchangers

In the reaction of formalin with the 2,5-dimethyl derivatives of pyrrole, thiophene, and furan in the presence of the sulfo cation exchanger Amberlyst 15 electrophilic substitution takes place at various positions of the rings with the formation of 2,5-dimethyl-1-hydroxymethylpyrrole, 1,3-dioxacycloheptano[5,6-c]-2,5-dimethylthiophene (an intermediate in the formation of which is 2,5-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroxymethylthiophene), and 2,5-hexanedione respectively. Bis(5-methyl-2-thienyl)methane was obtained from 2-methylthiophene.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 12, pp. 1640–1643, December, 1991.     

Reversible near-infrared fluorescence switch by novel photochromic unsymmetrical-phthalocyanine hybrids based on bisthienylethene

A novel family of photochromic hybrids, 2,3-bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl) unsymmetrical-phthalocyanines (BTE-uPcs), which show a photoregulating fluorescence switch in the near-infrared spectral region were synthesized by a concise route.     

Synthesis and properties of dihetaryl-substituted furanones

The reactions of dithienyl-substituted furanones with hydrazines afford the corresponding pyridazinone-bridged dithienylethenes with photochromic properties. The structure of 4,5-bis-(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)-2,6-dimethyl-2H-pyridazin-3-one was established by X-ray diffraction.     

Photochromic Dihetarylethenes: XVII. New Synthesis of Photochromic N-Alkyldithienylmaleimides

A new convenient procedure for the synthesis of photochromic N-alkyldithienylmaleimides was developed on the basis of the reaction of 3,4-bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)furan-2,5-dione with primary amines. Photochromic properties of the products were examined.     

Behavior of benzoins and hydroxy ketones in acid medium: II. Reactions of 1,2-bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)-2-hydroxy-ethan-1-one with N,S-binucleophiles in trifluoroacetic acid

1,2-Bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)-2-hydroxyethan-1-one reacts with thioamides, thiosemicarbazides, and methyl hydrazinecarbodithioate in trifluoroacetic acid to give the corresponding thiazole, thiadiazine, and pyrazole derivatives, respectively.     

Synthesis and photochromic properties of 1,2-dihetarylethenes with 1,3-dioxole- and 1,3-oxazole-2-thione bridges

Methods for the synthesis of substituted bis(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)ethenes with 1,3-dioxole- and 1,3-oxazole-2-thione fragments as ethene bridges were developed. These compounds exhibit photochromic properties. Dedicated to Academician N. K. Kochetkov on the occasion of his 90th birthday. __________ Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 1299–1301, May, 2005.