ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT-INDUCED FREE RADICAL FORMATION IN SKIN: AN ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDY

It has been suggested that ultraviolet light induces free radical formation in skin, leading to photoaging and cancer. We have demonstrated by electron paramagnetic resonance that the ascorbate free radical is naturally present in unexposed skin at a very low steady state level. When a section of SKH-1 hairless mouse skin in an EPR cavity is exposed to UV light (4,500 J m⁻²−1, Xe lamp, 305 nm cutoff and IR filters), the ascorbate free radical signal intensity increases. These results indicate that UV light increases free radical oxidative stress, consistent with ascorbate's role as the terminal, small-molecule antioxidant. The initial radicals produced by UV light would have very short lifetimes at room temperature; thus, we have applied EPR spin trapping techniques to detect these radicals. Using α-[4-pyridyl 1-oxide]-N- tert -butyl nitrone (POBN), we have for the first time spin trapped a UV light-produced carbon-centered free radical from intact skin. The EPR spectra exhibited hyperfine splittings that are characteristic of POBN/alkyl radicals, a^N= 15.56 G and a^H= 2.70 G, possibly generated from membrane lipids as a result of β-scission of lipid alkoxyl radicals. Iron can act as a catalyst for free radical oxidative reactions; chronic exposure of skin to UV radiation causes increased iron deposition. Using our spin trapping system, we have shown that topical application of the iron-chelator, Desferal, to a section of skin reduces the UV light-induced POBN adduct radical signal. These results provide direct evidence for free radical generation and a role for iron in UV light-induced dermatopathology. We suggest that iron chelators can serve as photoprotective agents by preventing these oxidations.     

PHOTOSENSITIZATION OF MELANIN: AN ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE STUDY OF SENSITIZED RADICAL PRODUCTION AND OXYGEN CONSUMPTION

Abstract Rose Bengal is shown to photosensitize free-radical production and oxygen consumption in solutions of melanin from autooxidation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). In anaerobic solutions the sensitizer enhances rates of free-radical production by up to a factor of 20. In aerobic solutions, rates of oxygen consumption can be increased by a factor of several hundred. The reactions appear to involve the triplet state of the sensitizer. The effect of the sensitizer in increasing oxygen consumption is quenched by low concentrations of azide and enhanced by D₂O, suggesting that a singlet oxygen mechanism is involved.     

PHOTOIONIZATION OF TRYPTOPHAN: AN ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE INVESTIGATION

The photoionization of tryptophan has been studied by ESR spectroscopy using the free radical scavenger 5, 5 dimethyl-1-pyrroline-l-oxide as a spin trap for hydrated electrons. A special set-up has been devised to irradiate more than one aliquot of the bubbled aqueous solutions in the cavity without removing the ESR cell out of the cavity.
Quantum yields of electrons production have been estimated as a function of irradiation wavelength. No photoionization threshold has been observed in these experiments.     

几种醌类化合物与三乙胺电子转移反应过程的ESR研究

用ESR研究了菲醌(PQ)、四氟对寒醌(TClQ)、2,3-二氯-5,6-二氰苯醌(DDQ)和苯醌(BQ)与三乙胺、(Et₃bN)的电子转移反应过程。实验结果表明,醌上取代基吸电子能力越强,越易与Et₃N反应,但所形成半醌负离子自由基的稳定性,则并未有此规律,而是由自由基终止机理所决定。由实验得到了DDQ与Et₃N的表变曲线。本文讨论了DDQ与Et₃N反应的机理,并得其反应的微分方程,用实验拟合曲线确定速率常数。然后,对该方程求解,与实验曲线比较初步确定了该反应的历程。     

AN ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE STUDY OF MEROCYANINE 540-MEDIATED TYPE I REACTIONS IN LIPOSOMES

The merocyanine 540 (MC540)-mediated reduction of nitroxide spin labels in a liposomal system was examined using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Spin label reduction was light driven, and occurred in liposomes composed of both fully-saturated (dimyristoyl) and mono-unsaturated (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl) phosphatidylcholine. Loss of the nitroxide ESR signal was enhanced by the physiological electron donors glutathione, cysteine, and NADPH; and was strongly inhibited by the presence of molecular oxygen. Nitroxides reduced in the presence of MC540 alone could be regenerated either by purging the sample with air or by the addition of ferricyanide, indicating that the ESR signal loss was due to reduction to the corresponding hydroxylamines. Only partial regeneration was attained for nitroxides reduced in the presence of glutathione, cysteine, or NADPH. Reduction rates for the lipophilic spin labels, 5-, 12-, and 16-doxyl stearic acid, were not influenced by the position of the nitroxide moiety along the alkyl chain, however reduction of spin labels occupying primarily the aqueous phase was much slower. These studies demonstrate that MC540 can initiate oxidation/reduction (Type I) reactions. Such Type I processes may augment the effects of singlet oxygen in MC540-mediated photodynamic therapy.     

稀土聚乙炔的ESR研究

本文系统地研究了稀土聚乙炔的电子自旋共振(ESR)行为。发现稀土聚乙炔的ESR谱都为单线谱,符合Lorentz线型;十五种稀土环烷酸盐体系聚乙炔的ESR无明显区别,g因子为2.0028±0.0001;线宽(△H)和logN(N为未成对电子浓度)与聚乙炔的顺式含量成直线关系;未成对电子的形成服从零级动力学,其活化能为11.3kcal/mol;微量碘掺杂聚乙炔的ESR仍为单线谱、Lorentz型及g因子不变,碘掺杂浓度大于～2mol％时,没有ESR信号。     

ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE STUDY OF PHOSPHORANYL RADICALS I. INFLUENCE OF STERIC AND ELECTRONIC EFFECTS ON RADICAL FORMATION IN SOLUTION

Abstract

An electron spin resonance study of phosphoranyl radicals, generated by u.v. irradiation of solutions containing a trialkylphosphite and a dialkylperoxide, enabled us to examine the influence of steric and electronic factors on radical formation. It was demonstrated that the influence of steric factors, such as α- or β-branching of the alkyl groups, on the magnitude of radical formation was present in both trialkyl- and methyldialkylphosphites, but not in dimethylalkylphosphites. Furthermore, the study of additional hetero atoms in the alkyl ligand of the dimethylalkylphosphites clearly revealed the influence of the gauche-effect. It was demonstrated that the presence of the gauche-effect, which causes a conformational preference in which a larger steric hindrance is produced, resulted in a decrease of radical formation.     

ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE STUDIES OF THE TRIPLET STATES OF MONOANIONIC THYMINE*

Abstract— Ultraviolet irradiation of the thymine anion tautomers 1-HT- and 3-HT^- at -196°C generates excited triplet states having δm=±2 resonances at 1067 and 1260 G respectively (with v= 9.0 GHz). Excitation at 270nm gave predominantly the low field signal while excitation at 300 nm produced only the high field resonance. These results when compared with the absorbance properties of the monoanions are consistent with the low field resonance being due to 1-HT^- and the high field resonance being due to 3-HT^-.     

THE ELECTRON SPIN POLARIZATION OF THE DONOR-TRIPLET STATE IN NATIVE and MODIFIED PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION CENTERS FROM

The electron spin polarization (ESP) pattern of the donor-triplet state (P^R) of reaction centers (RC's) of the purple bacterium Rhodobacter (formerly Rhodopseudomonas) sphaeroides R-26 was investigated. δm =±1 triplet EPR spectra were recorded of unmodified RC's as well as of RC's from which Fe²⁺ or ubiquinone was removed, or ubiquinone was substituted by menaquinone.
The relative amplitude of the Y peaks in the triplet EPR powder spectrum of P^R decreases when the temperature is increased from 8 K to 100 K in RC's with an intact quinone-iron complex. This decrease is more pronounced when the primary ubiquinone is substituted by menaquinone. These observations provide further support for the hypothesis that the observed lineshape of the P^R triplet state EPR spectrum reflects the presence of a third electron spin, magnetically coupled to I^- in the P⁺I^- radical pair, as suggested by Van Wijk et al. (1986) (Photobiochem. Photobiophys . 11, 95–100). Our observations suggest that this phenomenon may be general in purple bacteria.     

VARIATION IN ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE SIGNALS OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC SYSTEMS WTTH THE REDOX LEVEL OF THEIR ENVIRONMENT

Abstract— The redox dependence of the light-induced electron paramagnetic resonance signal at g=2 in R. rubrum, R. spheroides and Chromatium chromatophore particles and quantasonie particles from spinach chloroplasts has been determined qualitatively over the range —0.3 to +0.6 V and quantatively over the range +0.3 to ±0.6 V. A light-induced EPR signal has been titrated and demonstrated to have a midpoint potential of +0.44 v at pH 7 and 20°C. Concentration, ionic strength and pH dependence for this transition in R. rubrum chromatophores is reported. In addition to the dark signal which replaces the light signal, in chromatophore material another dark signal, occurring in the seine location as the light signal, has been demonstrated to occur at high potential.
Selective chemical oxidation with K₂lrCl₆ of chromatophore particles from the three bacteria resulted in the removal of some 95 per cent of the absorbance in the near infrared and left the photoactive pigments.
Two light-induced EPR signals were found in quantasome particles by their dependence upon the redox level. Of particular interest is a signal observed at quite high potential (e.g. + 0.60 V). It was demonstrated that oxygen evolution by these quantasonie particles in the presence of K³Fe(cN)₀ occurred at the same rate at +0.55 V as at +0.40 V.     

聚苯胺的电导率、电子顺磁共振和磁化率

本文报导了还原前后聚苯胺的电导率和电子顺磁共振强度随温度的变化。从logσ对1/T图得到了还原后的聚苯胺的能量间隙为0.252eV,它的不成对电子密度约为1.84×10~(23)m~(-3),或1.06×10~(20)kg~(-1),它的电导率与温度的关系式为σt=σ20-9.17×10~(-4)(20-t)Scm~(-1)。还原前的聚苯胺的电导率在20℃以上随温度升高而下降,在20℃以下,其电导率随温度升高而增加,它的不成对电子密度约为2.55×10~(27)m~(-3),或1.47×10~(24)kg~(-1)。两种聚苯胺的电子顺磁共振的强度和峰值-峰值之间的宽度△Hp-p都随温度而变化。还原前的聚苯胺的磁化率在不同温度下均为零。     

STUDIES OF ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE ON BILIRUBIN FREE RADICALS

The nature of ESR signals derived from bilirubin-Ⅸα has been studied by focusing onthe samples treated with free radical generating and inhibiting systems, i.e. X-XOD, Fe/EDTA, SOD, mannitol/ascorbate, CO, KCN, etc. In all the cases, the stable signals comprisethose originated from semiquinone radical (g = 2.0012) and superoxide free radical (g_∥=2.041, g_⊥= 2.0040). The superoxide is shown binding with certain metal ions chelated bybilirubin. The free radical scavengers are able to destroy these radicals. The kinetic curveof the regeneration of bilirubin radicals has been determined and the reaction follows azero order mechanism. It is likely that both the physiological and toxic actions of bilirubinare related to the characters of its free radicals. Bilirubin is discussed as "active oxygensink" in mammalians.     

PHOTOIONIZATION OF MELANIN PRECURSORS: AN ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE INVESTIGATION USING THE SPIN TRAP 5,5-DIMETHYL-1-PYRROLINE-1-OXIDE (DMPO)

Abstract The photoionization of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) and catechol has been studied by electron spin resonance spectroscopy using the free radical scavenger 5,5-dimethyI-1-pyrroline-1 -oxide as a spin trap for hydrated electrons and hydrogen atoms. The photochemistry of these materials is shown to resemble tyrosine in that both photoionization and photohomolysis (to give H) occur, with photoionization predominating (by a factor of 2.6 for dopa). Ionization of one of the phenolic hydroxyl groups increases the yield of radicals by a factor of 2. Action spectra and quantum yields for radical production are reported.     

THE INTERPRETATION OF THE ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTRUM OBTAINED BY ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION OF THE PHOTO ALLERGEN BITHIONOL

Abstract— The initial radical produced on UV irradiation of the photoallergen bis (2-hydroxy-3,5-dichlorophenyl) sulphide (bithionol) in aqueous solution (pH 8) has been characterised involving chlorine isotope interaction (³⁵Cl 0.059, ³⁷Cl 0.049 mT) in the interpretation of the ESR spectrum. This is the first time that this effect has been observed in solution in these systems.     

TRIPLET STATES OF CAROTENOIDS BOUND TO REACTION CENTERS OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA: TIME-RESOLVED RESONANCE RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

Time-resolved, low-temperature resonance Raman spectra of triplet states of the carotenoids specifically present in bacterial reaction centers in a strained cis conformation have been obtained, thus demonstrating the possibility of studying intermediate transient states of these structures using resonance Raman spectroscopy. Resonance Raman spectra of triplet cis spheroidene and cis methoxyneurosporene present in reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides, (strains 2.4.1. and Ga, respectively) exhibit marked differences with those of triplet, all- trans carotenoids previously studied in vitro. These differences, together with the frequency shifts measured for the v ₁ modes, indicate that triplet carotenoids bound to reaction centers retain a cis conformation, and that probably no isomerization occurs to all- trans carotenoids upon T ← S₀ excitation. P_i electron distributions along the polyene backbone are probably less regular in the triplet state than in the singlet ground state, although probably not to the extent suggested by previous theoretical calculations. The apparently anomalous behaviour of the v ₂ bands of all- trans carotenoids upon T ← S₀ excitation is shown to result largely from the actual complexity of this region of the Raman spectra, together with a weak participation of the v _c—–c internal coordinate in the corresponding modes. Finally, the Raman scattering efficiency of triplet spheroidene bound to reaction centers is lower than that of the singlet, ground state form, under equivalent excitation conditions.     

ELECTRON SPIN ECHO ENVELOPE MODULATION OF THE TRANSIENT EPR SIGNALS OBSERVED IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC ALGAE AND CHLOROPLASTS*

Phase memory decays were obtained from the transient signals sampled within 50 ns of laser excitation by time resolved electron spin echo (ese) spectroscopy in normal protonated, deuterated, deuterated ¹⁵N photosynthetic algae and broken chloroplasts. Previously, it has been shown that application of time resolved ese to study these systems, in particular, gives rise to two kinds of signals (standard and special ese). The standard ese signal at g = 2.0023 and the special ese signal exhibit similar electron spin echo envelope modulation (eseem). The modulation frequency and pattern can be identified with that obtained from stable oxidized P₇₀₀ in the same system. The two lower field resonances of the standard ese signal do not show eseem. The results support the proposed mechanism for formation of special ese and the notion that the standard ese is due to at least two radicals. It is also demonstrated that we can observe eseem of P⁺₇₀₀ under ambient temperature conditions.     

A STUDY OF LIGHT-INDUCED ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE SIGNALS IN WALLS OF MOSS SPORES AND POLLEN GRAINS

Abstract —Light-induced EPR signals can be observed in moss spores and pollen grains. Their characteristics are studied in this paper. The modification of these signals during spore maturation or various physical and chemical treatments shows that they probably originate in the spore or pollen grain wall. This hypothesis is confirmed by the similarity between the spore (or isolated spore wall) absorption spectrum and the light-induced signal action spectrum.     

TRAPPING OF NITRIC OXIDE FORMED DURING PHOTOLYSIS OF SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE IN AQUEOUS AND LIPID PHASES: AN ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE STUDY

Abstract— Photolytic decomposition of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a widely used nitrovasodilator, produced nitric oxide (NO), which was continuously monitored by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The NO present in the aqueous or the lipid phase was trapped by either a hydrophilic or a hydrophobic nitronyl nitroxide, respectively, to form the corresponding imino nitroxide. The conversion of nitronyl nitroxide to imino nitroxide was monitored by ESR spectrometry. The quantum yield for the generation of NO from SNP, measured from the rate of decay of nitronyl nitroxide, was 0.201 ± 0.007 and 0.324 ± 0.01 (¯± SD, n = 3) at 420 nm and 320 nm, respectively. The action spectrum for NO generation was found to overlap the optical absorption spectrum of SNP closely. A mechanism for the reaction between SNP and nitronyl nitroxide in the presence of light is proposed and computer-aided simulation of this mechanism using published rate constants agreed well with experimental data. The methodology described here may be used to assay NO production continuously during photoactivation of NO donors in aqueous and lipid environments. Biological implications of this methodology are discussed.     

ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE STUDIES OF ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATED KERATIN AND RELATED PROTEINS

Abstract— The formation of free radicals in keratin and related proteins by exposure to u.v. light has been examined by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. From a comparison of the spectra obtained and the effects of different wavelengths and the stabilities of the radicals produced, it has been shown that several species of free radicals are produced by the u.v. irradiation of keratin. However it has been possible to identify only those free radicals associated with the cystine residues. The free radicals produced in keratin by exposure to shorter wavelength irradiation (below 3250 Å) were found to be quite different to those produced at longer wavelengths.