Ag3PO4/TiO2复合催化剂的制备及光催化性能研究

为提高纳米TiO2的光催化降解性能和稳定性,采用两步水热法制备具有高催化性能的Ag3PO4/TiO2复合催化剂,采用XRD、SEM、EDS、XPS、TEM等仪器对其表面微观形貌和形态大小、表面元素组成、物相结构等进行表征,并研究了TiO2的比表面积和Ag3PO4颗粒尺寸大小对Ag3PO4/TiO2光催化性能的影响.以亚甲基蓝(MB)和苯酚为目标降解物来考察复合光催化剂的光催化性能.结果表明:1h后Ag3PO4、TiO2、Ag3PO4/TiO2对亚甲基蓝的降解率为25;、42;、92;;复合光催化剂Ag3PO4/TiO2经过5次光催化降解实验后,对亚甲基蓝的降解率仍可达78;.     

Sm2O3/TiO2对亚甲基蓝染料的光催化降解行为研究

采用浸渍法制备Sm2O3掺杂TiO2的负载型光催化剂Sm2O3/TiO2,考察其在紫外可见光区对亚甲基蓝的光降解行为.利用XRD、N2吸附、SEM、TEM、XPS和ICP-OES等手段表征Sm2O3/TiO2样品,考察Sm2 O3掺杂量和亚甲基蓝浓度对亚甲基蓝紫外光降解活性的影响和催化剂Sm2O3/TiO2的催化稳定性.结果表明,Sm2O3/TiO2对亚甲基蓝的紫外光降解活性高于TiO2,这归因子掺杂Sm2O3引起TiO2的晶体缺陷.这种晶体缺陷作为光生电子和空穴的陷阱实现光生电子-空穴对的有效分离,从而提高Sm2O3/TiO2的光催化活性.Sm2O3/TiO2对亚甲基蓝的光降解活性随着Sm2O3掺杂量的增加先增大后减小,随着亚甲基蓝浓度的增大而减小.Sm2 O3掺杂量5.0wt;的Sm2O3/TiO2对亚甲基蓝紫外光降解的7次循环实验未出现明显失活.     

氮镧共掺杂的二氧化钛光催化剂制备及其工艺优化

采用溶胶凝胶法,以三乙胺为氮源,制备氮和镧共掺杂的TiO2光催化剂.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)对样品进行表征.以亚甲基蓝为目标降解物,在可见光下考察光催化剂的催化活性,结果表明0.8N/La/TiO2具有较好的催化活性,采用正交法对0.8N/La/TiO2催化亚甲基蓝进行工艺优化,影响亚甲基蓝降解的主次顺序为:时间>亚甲基蓝初始浓度>催化剂用量>反应温度,该反应的最佳工艺组合为时间(180 min)、催化剂用量(30 mg)、亚甲基蓝初始浓度(10 mg/L)、反应温度(30 ℃),在该条件下,亚甲基蓝的降解率达到79.3;,催化反应过程近似符合一级反应动力学方程.     

磷酸银/沸石复合光催化剂制备及其性能研究

以人工沸石为载体,采用化学沉积法制备了Ag3 PO4/沸石复合物,采用了X-射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜对样品进行了表征.以亚甲基蓝溶液作为研究对象,分别在可见光和紫外光照射下研究了Ag3PO4/沸石复合物对亚甲基蓝溶液的光催化降解作用效果.光催化结果表明:Ag3 POJ沸石复合物对亚甲基蓝溶液具有较好的光催化性能,在紫外光下光催化180 min后,磷酸银/沸石复合物对亚甲基蓝溶液脱色率达到87.6;;在可见光下光催化180min后,磷酸银/沸石复合物对亚甲基蓝溶液脱色率达到82.4;,且磷酸银/沸石复合物具有一定的重复利用性能.     

N掺杂浓度对TiO2光催化活性影响的实验与理论研究

以尿素为氮源,采用机械化学法制备了不同氮含量的改性TiO2粉体,用X射线衍射(XRD)对样品进行了表征,以光催化降解亚甲基蓝效果评价催化剂活性.以第一性原理对不同N掺量下TiO2晶体能带结构进行了研究.结果表明,掺杂样品均为锐钛矿相TiO2,晶粒结晶良好,大小相近,2wt;N掺量下TiO2对亚甲基蓝降解率最大.理论分析显示,N取代晶格氧在价带顶引入了杂质能级,光吸收范围红移.随掺量的增加带隙递减,价带宽度先增后减,光催化活性存在极大值.理论计算与试验结果趋势相同.     

多孔陶瓷负载Sm3+掺杂TiO2降解亚甲基蓝溶液的研究

利用有机先驱体浸渍法制备高气孔率Al2O3多孔陶瓷,再采用真空浸渍及溶胶-凝胶法制备了Al2O3多孔陶瓷负载不同Sm3+掺杂量的TiO2光催化材料,在紫外光下以亚甲基蓝溶液为光催化降解对象,研究稀土掺杂量、亚甲基蓝溶液pH值及溶液初始浓度等对负载型TiO2的光催化活性的影响规律.研究结果表明,相比于单独使用的TiO2粉体材料,负载型TiO2光催化材料不但比表面积大,光催化活性高,还有利于回收利用.在亚甲基蓝溶液的pH值为9、初始浓度为15 mg/L条件下,随着Sm3+掺入量的增加,材料光催化活性呈先上升后下降趋势,掺入l mol; Sm3+的负载型TiO2的光催化活性最高.掺入Sm3不仅有助于空穴与光生电子对的分离,还可以细化TiO2晶粒,改善材料的光催化活性.     

生物质改性纳米TiO2的制备及其结构表征

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了系列生物质改性复合纳米TiO2.以亚甲基蓝溶液为模拟污染物,考察了其可见光催化活性,并确定了最佳制备工艺.通过X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis-DRS)、荧光光谱(PL)等手段对催化剂样品进行了表征.实验结果表明,催化剂对亚甲基蓝的光催化降解适应一级反应动力学,复合TiO2和纯TiO2的反应速率常数分别为0.4990 h-1和0.0305 h-1,且复合催化剂实现了C、N、S、P、K等多元素的共掺杂.相比纯TiO2,复合TiO2的比表面积增大,结晶度升高,光生载流子复合率降低,吸收边带红移,禁带宽度窄化了0.09 eV.     

氨改性二氧化钛的制备及可见光催化性能研究

以工业TiO2为原料,在不同氨气浓度下采用热处理法制备了N掺杂的光催化剂.用XRD,TEM,XPS,UV-visDRS和PL等对其结构进行了表征,以亚甲基蓝为目标化合物,评价了其可见光催化活性.结果表明,当氨气浓度为99;时,工业TiO2在500℃下煅烧3h后,具有优良的可见光催化活性,对亚甲基蓝的去除率达到93;.当煅烧温度升高到600℃后,TiO2的晶相由锐钛矿向金红石转变,随着煅烧过程中氨气浓度的增加,所制备的催化剂对亚甲基蓝的降解显著增加.     

热处理对TiO2薄膜的影响及其光催化性能探究

以钛酸丁酯为前驱体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO2薄膜,探究不同热处理温度对TiO2薄膜的影响及其在紫外光催化下对亚甲基蓝的降解性能,通过热重分析仪(TG-DTG)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、比表面积和孔结构分析仪、扫描电镜(SEM)、接触角测试对薄膜的热稳定性、晶相组成、比表面积和孔结构、表面形貌、接触角进行表征分析.结果表明:TiO2的晶型随着热处理温度的升高而发生从锐钛矿型到金红石型的相转变;不同热处理温度下TiO2不同晶型影响紫外光催化降解亚甲基蓝的效果;450℃热处理后的TiO2薄膜结构致密,孔径分布窄,在紫外光照射下对亚甲基蓝的降解率最好,经紫外光照射60 min后,其降解率为100;,且接触角最小为7.8°,表现出超亲水性.     

蒸汽处理钛酸制备锐钛矿相TiO2纳米晶体的光催化性能

采用水热法,以锐钛矿相TiO2为原料,10 mol/L NaOH溶液作为矿化剂,合成了钛酸钠纤维.用XRD和TEM对产物进行了表征,观察到纤维长度超过10 μm,宽度为10～100 nm.酸洗后对其进行二次蒸汽处理,得到了具有自组织趋势的锐钛矿相纳米TiO2晶体纤维.以1 kW紫外灯为光源,分析了合成的锐钛矿相TiO2纳米晶体的光催化降解亚甲基蓝性能及其长期稳定性.结果表明:合成的锐钛矿相TiO2纳米晶体对亚甲基蓝的光降解活性很高,纳米晶体易回收,且循环使用光催化活性没有发生衰减.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.