超声波协同微波溶剂热合成工艺对FeS2性能影响的研究

以FeSO4·7H2O和Na2S2O3·5H2O为原料、乙二醇为溶剂,采用超声波协同微波溶剂热法制备了黄铁矿型FeS2粉体.研究了反应温度、反应时间对产物物相及形貌的影响,并通过添加表面活性剂对产物的形貌进行了控制.结果表明:采用该合成方法,于130℃反应温度下反应30 min可以获得组成接近化学计量比、结晶度较好的黄铁矿型FeS2粉体,其形貌为由片状聚集而成的花球状,该样品在紫外-可见光区具有良好的光吸收性能,禁带宽度约1.55 eV.添加SDS、SDBS和CTAB均使得FeS2的光催化活性降低,但SDBS的加入,有效提高了产物的比表面积从而使得产物对亚甲基蓝的吸附作用增强.     

不同形貌纳米α-Fe2O3粉体水热合成及其催化高氯酸铵热分解研究

以Fe2(SO4)3为原料,在不同温度和时间进行水热反应,产物经过600℃下热处理6h,得到了不同形貌的纳米α-氧化铁.通过XRD、SEM、TEM对α-Fe2O3的物相组成、形貌和微观结构进行表征.结果表明,花片状、海胆状、草莓状和哑铃状等多种形貌的产物均由纳米α-Fe2O3颗粒组装而成,纳米颗粒大小为10～50 nm.采用DTA分析了赤铁矿α-Fe2O3对高氯酸铵(AP)的催化性能.结果表明水热反应条件140℃保温4h获得的花片状α-Fe2O3,使得高氯酸铵(AP)热分解温度提前了67.2℃,较其它形貌,催化效果明显.     

高硅低品质高岭土合成NaP型分子筛

以高硅含量的低品质高岭土为原料,在高温下碱熔活化,水热晶化合成了NaP型分子筛.实验探究了碱熔温度、晶化条件、老化条件对合成NaP分子筛的影响.采用XRD,SEM及BET对合成产物进行表征.结果表明:未外加硅源,600℃碱熔2h,n(Na2O)/n(SiO2)=1.6,n(H2O)/n(Na2O) =75,70℃老化lh,120℃水热晶化45 h可得到单一晶相NaP型分子筛,形貌为球状颗粒,比表面积为87.12m2/g.     

Eu2O2S的一步溶剂热法合成、表征及性能研究

以六水硝酸铕、无水乙醇、乙二胺和升华硫为实验原料,采用一步溶剂热法成功合成了Eu2O2S.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)和紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-vis absorption)对合成产物进行了表征.XRD和FT-IR表明Eu3+离子与升华硫的摩尔比m、合成温度和合成时间对产物的物相组成有显著的影响.FE-SEM照片显示,随着反应条件的改变,产物形貌由类球状转变为虾片状,对应的颗粒尺寸由20 nm增加至200 nm.UV-vis表明Eu2O2S在以290 nm为中心的紫外光区存在宽带吸收,其禁带宽度约为4.3 eV.     

添加剂Mg对燃烧合成AlB2-Al2O3复合粉体物相组成的影响

以Al和B2O3为原料采用燃烧合成方法制备了AlB2-Al2O3复合粉体,研究了Mg的添加量对燃烧反应产物物相组成的影响.用温度-时间记录仪测定了反应的燃烧温度,并计算了燃烧波速度;用XRD研究合成产物的物相组成;用差示扫描量热-热重研究了原料混合粉在加热过程中的反应过程;用场发射扫描电子显微镜、能谱研究合成产物的显微形貌.结果表明,随着Mg的增加,Al-B2O3-Mg体系燃烧温度降低,燃烧波速度加快;产物物相有Al2O3、A1B2、MgAl2O4固溶体及残余的Al,随着Mg添加量的升高,MgAl2O4固溶体增加,Al2O3和Al降低,A1B2先增加后减少,在添加6wt; Mg时到达最高值;DSC-TGA结果显示添加6wt; Mg时燃烧合成反应的引燃温度为1182 K;扫描结果显示A12O3为粒径2～4 μm的球状颗粒,AlB2为粒径5～10 μm的颗粒,Mg A12O4固溶体为不规则连续基体.     

用粉煤灰和高岭土混合原料合成β-Sialon粉体

以粉煤灰、高岭土混合物为原料,采用碳热还原氮化法制备了不同z值的β-Sialon粉体.研究了原料组成(Si/Al值)、活性炭配量以及反应温度对合成产物物相的影响.利用X射线衍射仪分析产物物相的组成,用扫描电子显微镜对产物的显微形貌进行分析.结果表明,当原料中Si/Al值为1.5,配炭量过量100;时,在1450℃保温6h条件下,可以合成主要物相为Si3Al3O3N5(β-Sialon,z=3)的粉体,粉体的显微形貌呈现纤维状;当原料中Si/Al值为1.7,配炭量过量150;时,在1450℃保温6h条件下,可以制备主要物相为Si4Al2O2N6(β-Sialon,z=2)的粉体,粉体的显微形貌呈现纤维状和板状.     

水热处理温度对WO3微晶晶相、形貌和光催化性能的影响

以Na2WO4·2H2O和盐酸为原料,采用水热法合成了WO3微晶.通过X射线衍射分析(XRD)、电子扫描显微镜(SEM)、热重-差示扫描量热法(TG-DSC)等表征手段,研究了水热反应温度及煅烧处理对产物的晶体结构和微观形貌的影响.结果表明:水热处理温度从100℃升到160℃时,所得微晶的衍射峰强度逐渐升高,所得样品的结晶度趋于完整,其形貌由片状结构变为自组装的球状结构.光催化结果表明可知随着水热温度的升高,光催化性能先上升后下降,产物的结晶性与其比表面积大小为影响其光催化性能的主要因素.通过对比煅烧前后产物的光催化性能发现六方相WO3结构比正交相WO3·0.33H2O结构具有更好的光催化活性.     

Fe3O4亚微米球的水热制备及表征

以FeSO4·7H5O和KNO3为前驱物，在KOH溶液中，160℃水热反应15h，成功合成了立方相的Fe3O4亚微米球。初步探索了反应温度和反应时间对合成产物的影响。利用X射线粉末衍射（XRD），透射电子显微镜（TEM）和高分辨透射电子显微镜（HRTEM）等手段对产物进行了表征。结果表明，产物为立方结构的Fe3O4纯相，呈现球状形貌。该亚微米球的平均粒径约为350nm，内部具有精细结构，是由粒径更小的Fe3O4单晶颗粒组成。     

有机添加剂对水热合成CoAl2O4色料的影响

以CoCl2·6H2O和AlCl3为起始原料、NaOH为沉淀剂、7种有机物为添加剂,用水热法合成了CoAl2O4色料.主要研究了有机物的种类与加入量对合成产物物相组成、微观形貌、色度值的影响.结果表明,添加乙二醇和十二烷基苯磺酸钠不能得到纯相CoAl2O4;三乙醇胺和丙三醇能控制合成产物的形貌,并不受保温时间延长的影响,且呈色优于未添加者,其较好添加量为12;;加入三乙醇胺的样品呈色更好,能得到100 nm以下的球形颗粒,加入丙三醇则得到粒径为50～70 nm的类四边形或八面体形颗粒.     

熔盐法制备棒状复合碱土金属铌酸盐

本文采用熔盐法制备了一系列的复合碱土金属铌酸盐样品,并通过SEM和XRD研究了原料Sr/Ba对所得产物的形貌和相组成的影响。结果表明:采用不同的Sr、Ba源,所得产物的形貌不一样,采用SrCl2和Ba(NO3)2时,在1200℃下煅烧4 h可以得到直径和长径比均一的产物。所得产物的尺寸随着Sr/Ba比增加而减小。采用SrCl2和Ba(NO3)2时,所得产物主要为Ba0.27Sr0.75Nb2O5.78和KBaSrNb5O15,采用其它原料时,除含有Ba0.27Sr0.75Nb2O5.78和KBaSrNb5O15主相外,还含有其它杂相。     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.