Mn/Fe负载活性炭低温脱硝协同脱汞实验研究

采用等体积浸渍法制备了Mn/Fe负载椰壳活性炭碳基催化剂Mn-Fe/HAC。在固定床实验台上研究了反应温度、体积空速(GHSV)和烟气组分(O₂、CO、SO₂和Hg⁰)对其脱硝脱汞性能的影响,并结合N2吸附-脱附、NH₃-TPD、H2-TPR、Hg-TPD以及瞬态反应测试,分析其脱硝脱汞机理。结果表明,Mn/Fe负载可以明显促进碳基催化剂低温脱硝活性,添加Fe可提高催化剂表面的酸性位点数量和还原能力,促进催化剂活性,进一步拓宽其脱硝温度窗口;7Mn0.5Fe/HAC催化剂在160-220℃下的脱硝效率可达95%,且在100-220℃下Mn和Fe负载碳基催化剂脱汞效率基本稳定在100%。7Mn0.5Fe/HAC催化剂脱硝效率随着GHSV增加而逐渐降低,而脱汞效率则保持稳定。无O₂条件下Mn/Fe催化剂脱硝效率较低(约为50%),而当烟气中O₂含量大于6%,其脱硝效率可稳定在95%以上。Hg⁰浓度对Mn/Fe负载碳基催化剂脱硝性能影响不大...     

基于二硫化钼和钴基金属有机骨架的痕量汞离子电化学传感器

汞离子(Hg²⁺)具有高生物毒性,痕量的汞也会对生态环境质量和人体健康造成严重危害.本文基于二硫化钼(MoS₂)和钴基金属有机骨架(ZIF-67)的复合材料MoS₂@ZIF-67制备了一种新型的电化学传感器,结合MoS₂的优异导电性与金属有机骨架的催化性能,复合材料MoS₂@ZIF-67可放大电化学信号,提高电极的电化学活性.利用Hg²⁺能与DNA中胸腺嘧啶T结合形成T-Hg²⁺-T双螺旋结构的原理,使用差分脉冲伏安法实现了对水环境中痕量汞的特异性检测.该传感器对Hg²⁺检测的线性范围为0.01～10μg/L,检出限为5 ng/L,并表现出较好的选择性.采用该传感器对自来水样品进行加标回收检测,回收率为110%～119%,在痕量汞的检测中具有良好的应用前景.     

Co掺杂铁基氧化物吸附剂燃煤烟气脱汞实验研究

使用柠檬酸法制备了Co掺杂的铁基氧化物(FeCo)吸附剂,通过固定床脱汞实验装置系统考察了FeCo吸附剂的脱汞性能,并利用比表面积(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)、H₂-程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征手段分析吸附剂的物理化学特性。结果表明,α-Fe₂O₃中掺入Co后,比表面积、孔结构特性均得到改善,且氧化还原性能也相应提升;FeCo吸附剂在200-250℃获得最高约97%的脱汞效率;烟气中O₂和NO的存在有助于FeCo吸附剂对Hg⁰的脱除,而SO₂和H₂O则抑制FeCo吸附剂对Hg⁰的脱除,同时NO能削弱SO₂对FeCo脱汞的抑制作用。在脱汞过程中,FeCo吸附剂表面的活性组分Fe³⁺、Co³⁺和O^*均消耗,参与了Hg⁰氧...     

燃煤烟气非碳基吸附剂脱汞研究进展

燃煤烟气排放的汞严重危害人体健康及生态环境。本研究首先分析了超低排放燃煤电厂烟气汞排放特征,尤其是脱硝、除尘、脱硫设备超低排放改造后烟气汞的形态分布和迁移转化规律;然后总结了近年来用于燃煤烟气净化的非碳基吸附剂的研究进展,归纳了飞灰、矿物吸附剂、贵金属、金属氧化物和金属硫化物的吸附性能,并对影响其吸附性能的常见因素进行了梳理。基于当前研究进展,提出了未来的研究应关注的含汞废吸附剂上汞的稳定性和浸出毒性以及吸附剂的再生和循环利用等问题。     

Fe/Al-SiO_2复合金属氧化物用于燃煤烟气中汞的脱除

采用不同方法制备了Fe/Al-SiO_2复合金属氧化物以模拟赤泥成分,模拟烟气条件下考察其脱汞性能。结果表明,采用溶胶-凝胶法得到的复合金属氧化物在300-450℃具有优异的脱汞性能,其中,在350℃、3 h内平均脱汞率可达到94.8%。Fe_2O_3为Hg~0的氧化提供了晶格氧和化学吸附氧;SiO_2形成的硅溶胶则有利于活性组分Fe_2O_3的分散,增强了Hg~0与活性位的接触。基本模拟烟气中存在微量HCl和NO时,Hg~0脱除率接近100%;当烟气中存在0.2 mL/min、0.4 mL/min的SO_2时,吸附剂的平均脱汞率分别降至90.7%、53.4%,这主要是由于SO_2与Fe_2O_3反应生成Fe_2(SO_4)_3,导致了Fe_2O_3的失活并抑制汞的脱除。     

负载氯的分级多孔炭制备及其脱汞性能的研究

以纳米碳酸钙为模板,水稻秸秆为碳前驱体,采用共热解法制备了负载氯的分级多孔生物质炭。在模拟烟气条件下,利用固定床实验台架研究了生物质碳材料对烟气中的单质汞（Hg⁰）的脱除性能。采用扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）、N₂吸附-脱附（BET）、程序升温脱附（Hg-TPD）以及X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等方法对材料进行表征。结果表明,盐酸浸渍不仅可去除模板产物生成多孔结构,并且有效地将氯负载到材料表面。负载氯的分级多孔炭B1C1-Cl2的比表面积和总孔容分别达到398.1 m²/g和0.4923 cm³/g。在120℃,空速（GHSV）为225000 h^-1时,脱汞效率可达95%。多孔结构有利于气体扩散,高比表面积为材料提供了更多的反应位点,微孔-介孔内表面上的C-Cl共价键为脱汞的主要化学吸附活性位点。     

Mo/Fe3O4(111)表面对燃煤烟气汞吸附的密度泛函研究

利用CASTEP软件包采用密度泛函理论计算研究了过渡金属Mo掺杂Fe_3O_4(111)Fe_(tet)表面对Hg~0、HgCl和HgCl_2的吸附特征,分析了Mo掺杂前后Fe_3O_4(111)Fe_(tet)表面上不同汞物种的吸附形态。结果表明,Mo掺杂Fe_3O_4(111)Fe_(tet)表面对HgCl和HgCl_2为化学吸附,而对Hg~0的吸附为物理吸附;与纯净表面相比,HgCl在Mo原子掺杂表面上的吸附能提高了40%-66%。HgCl_2在纯净Fe_3O_4(111)Fe_(tet)表面形成"M"形结构;而掺杂Mo原子后,由于Cl原子与Mo原子之间更强的相互作用,使得HgCl_2发生了完全解离,两个Cl原子分别与Mo原子和Fe原子成键吸附在表面,Hg脱附。相关研究结果可为脱除燃煤烟气中的汞提供一定的理论指导。     

煤气化渣脱除燃煤烟气中汞的性能研究

汞作为一种重金属污染物,对环境和人体健康影响很大,如何对其高效脱除已引起了研究者的广泛关注。本研究使用煤气化渣及其分选后样品作为脱汞吸附剂,通过固定床和气流床脱汞实验考察了吸附剂的脱汞性能,利用N_2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电镜(SEM)等表征手段分析了吸附剂的物化特性。固定床脱汞评价结果显示,OS和HCS在60-120℃保持91%以上的脱汞效率;HAS在60℃有最高97%的脱汞效率,HAS的脱汞活性受脱汞温度影响较大。Hg-TPD和XPS表征结果表明,吸附剂中的化学吸附氧参与了汞的氧化,在吸附剂表面生成HgO。气流床脱汞评价结果表明,OS和HCS在碳汞比为40000,脱汞温度为60℃时,脱汞效率分别为56%、57%;当碳汞比为80000,脱汞温度为60℃时,脱汞效率分别为100%、82%。     

烯烃的羟汞化脱汞：还原脱汞机理

介绍了不同时期提出的还原脱汞机理,包括Bordwell和Douglass的协同机理、Pasto和Gontarz的自由基笼机理、Whitesides和Filippo的自由基链机理和Quirk和Whitesides等人完善的自由基链机理。对还原脱汞机理的介绍完善了现行教科书中的机理,有利于学生学习完整的有机化学知识和机理,培养正确的有机化学研究理念。     

磁性凹凸棒土制备及其脱汞性能研究

对自然界中广泛存在的凹凸棒土(Atp)进行磁改性,通过沉积-沉淀法制备出磁性氧化铁改性的磁性凹凸棒土(MAtp),采用BET、VSM、XRD以及SEM等手段对其理化性质加以分析,并在固定床实验台上进行模拟烟气脱汞性能测试,研究了铁氧化物含量、反应温度和烟气成分对其除汞能力的影响。结果表明,Atp与磁性物质的复合提高了其对Hg~0的脱除能力,并且随铁氧化物含量升高,MAtp脱汞能力逐渐增强;在实验温度区间内,脱汞能力随温度的升高逐渐增强,MAtp对Hg~0以化学吸附为主;O_2、NO的添加有利于Hg~0的脱除,但Hg~0穿透率随浓度变化不显著;SO_2抑制汞的脱除,并且随浓度的增加,其抑制效果更加明显,但是当NO和SO_2共同存在时,NO能明显削弱SO_2对脱汞的抑制作用。     

溴化铵改性膨润土脱除气态单质汞的特性及机理分析

采用溴化铵对钠基膨润土进行改性制得脱汞吸附剂,在固定床实验装置上对所制备的吸附剂进行脱汞性能测试。脱汞实验结果表明,钠基膨润土较钙基膨润土在脱汞性能上提高不大,而溴化铵改性的钠基膨润土(Br-Ben/Na)脱汞性能得到明显提高,脱汞效率达到97.7%。吸附温度的升高有利于对Hg0的脱除,在140℃下,10%Br-Ben/Na吸附剂的脱汞率能长时间保持在90%以上,说明在此吸附过程中化学吸附占主导性作用。通过N2吸附/脱附、X射线衍射(XRD)、元素分析仪和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)分析等结果表明,改性后的膨润土比表面积下降,平均孔径增大;铵根离子进入到膨润土的层间置换出层间钠离子,煅烧活化过程中层间的铵根离子并未分解,而在层间与膨润土结合为某吸附活性组分协助Br-与Hg0反应,提高了膨润土的脱汞性能。     

Ce-Co/KIT-6介孔材料的制备及其脱汞性能的研究

以P123表面活性剂为模板,采用硬模板法制备了有序介孔材料KIT-6,以KIT-6为载体,Ce(NO_3)_2·6H_2O和Co(NO_3)_2·6H_2O为Ce和Co源,采用溶液浸渍法制备了负载型Ce-Co/KIT-6介孔材料。在模拟烟气条件下,利用固定床实验台架研究了Ce-Co/KIT-6材料对烟气中的单质汞(Hg0)的脱除性能。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、N_2吸附-脱附(BET)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱分析(FT-IR)、氢气程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)以及热重分析(TGA)等方法对材料进行表征。结果表明,Ce和Co在KIT-6孔道内部高度分散,同时材料保持高度有序的孔道结构、比表面积高达495.2 m~2/g,孔径4.6 nm。脱汞实验结果表明,Ce-Co/KIT-6对Hg0的氧化吸附去除效率很高,250℃下对Hg0的氧化吸附去除效率高达95%以上,在这个过程中,O_2的存在明显促进了催化剂的脱汞能力。氧通过Ce-Co价态的变化进入金属结构中,再与汞发生反应是这个过程的主要机理。     

Recent advances in removal of toxic elements from water using MOFs: A critical review

Water pollution with potentially toxic trace elements (PTEs) has seriously threatened the environment and human health globally. Their widespread occurrence at varied toxic levels and in different chemical forms has made remediation measures a cumbersome task. Furthermore, recent trends of PTE release via natural and/or human sources have further portended numerous detrimental events. Hence, effective remediation of PTE-contaminated aqueous media is highly substantial. Among various adsorbents, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been recently characterized and tested being versatile and highly effective adsorbents for remediating pollutant/PTE-contaminated aqueous media. Owing to their plethora of structures and numerous intrinsic characteristics (high adjustability, porosity, surface area, selectivity, reusability, and structural stability), MOFs have lately received an obvious consideration in environmental remediation and analytical chemistry. This review initially summarized the most recent data (2018–2022) about PTE water contamination (rivers, lakes, canals, groundwater, city, and industrial wastewater). Then the review comprehensively highlighted the effects of synthesis techniques/conditions and post-synthetic functionalization’s on MOF structural morphology by critically conferring the underlying mechanisms. Review summarizes MOF limitations apropos their large-scale industrial applications. The latest advancements regarding MOF syntheses and structural morphology to enhance their industrial applications have been updated and critically discussed. Likewise, the stability, selectivity, reusability, and multi-metal/pollutant removal potential of MOFs have been delineated using recent findings. Finally, the future perspectives have been put forth keeping in view the recent trends and potential research gaps. This review will act as guidelines for future studies of MOF-mediated PTE removal from wastewaters.     

A Robust Infinite Zirconium Phenolate Building Unit to Enhance the Chemical Stability of Zr MOFs

A novel Zr‐chain based MOF, namely MIL‐163, was designed and successfully synthesized using a bis‐1,2,3‐trioxobenzene ligand. Endowed with large square‐shaped channels of 12 Å width, it shows remarkable water uptake (ca. 0.6 cm³ g^?1 at saturating vapor pressure) and a remarkable stability in simulated physiological media, where archetypical Zr carboxylate MOFs readily degrade.     

A Combined Experimental and Computational Study on the Adsorption Sites of Zinc-Based MOFs for Efficient Ammonia Capture

Ammonia (NH₃) is a common pollutant mostly derived from pig manure composting under humid conditions, and it is absolutely necessary to develop materials for ammonia removal with high stability and efficiency. To this end, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have received special attention because of their high selectivity of harmful gases in the air, resulting from their large surface area and high density of active sites, which can be tailored by appropriate modifications. Herein, two synthetic metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), 2-methylimidazole zinc salt (ZIF-8) and zinc-trimesic acid (ZnBTC), were selected for ammonia removal under humid conditions during composting. The two MOFs, with different organic linkers, exhibit fairly distinctive ammonia absorption behaviors under the same conditions. For the ZnBTC framework, the ammonia intake is 11.37 mmol/g at 298 K, nine times higher than that of the ZIF-8 framework (1.26 mmol/g). In combination with theoretical calculations, powder XRD patterns, FTIR, and BET surface area tests were conducted to reveal the absorption mechanisms of ammonia for the two materials. The adsorption of ammonia on the ZnBTC framework can be attributed to both physical and chemical adsorption. A strong coordination interaction exists between the nitrogen atom from the ammonia molecule and the zinc atom in the ZnBTC framework. In contrast, the absorption of ammonia in the ZIF-8 framework is mainly physical. The weak interaction between the ammonia molecule and the ZIF-8 framework mainly results from the inherent severely steric hindrance, which is related to the coordination mode of the imidazole ligands and the zinc atom of this framework. Therefore, this study provides a method for designing promising MOFs with appropriate organic linkers for the selective capture of ammonia during manure composting.     

复杂烟气条件下太西活性焦脱除Hg0的实验研究

为了解复杂烟气条件下活性焦吸附剂的脱汞特性,利用汞渗透管和主要气体成分模拟复杂烟气,在实验室规模的固态吸附剂汞吸附效能测定系统上,进行了太西活性焦吸附单质汞的实验研究,并采用FT-IR对活性焦表面进行了光谱表征。结果表明,在活性焦表面存在各种含氧官能团;在CO₂/N₂/O₂/SO₂/Hg⁰烟气体系中,当SO₂加入量为400、855、1 520 mL/m³时,出口汞浓度分别为36、43、48 μg/m³,SO₂对系统吸附Hg⁰的能力有抑制作用;在CO₂/N₂/O₂/NO/Hg⁰烟气体系中,较低浓度的NO对Hg⁰脱除有抑制作用,而高浓度值的NO抑制作用减弱;在CO₂/N₂/O₂/NO/SO₂/Hg⁰烟气体系下,提高NO浓度对Hg⁰脱除有一定的促进作用,而提高SO₂浓度初期促进汞的脱除,后期则表现为抑制作用。     

Analysis of sorption and bioavailability of different species of mercury on model soil components using XAS techniques and sensor bacteria

The present work studies the adsorption behaviour of mercury species on different soil components (montmorillonite, kaolinite and humic acid) spiked with CH₃HgCl and CH₃HgOH at different pH values, by using XAS techniques and bacterial mercury sensors in order to evaluate the availability of methyl mercury on soil components. The study details and discusses different aspects of the adsorption process, including sample preparation (with analysis of adsorbed methyl mercury by ICP-OES), the various adsorption conditions, and the characterization of spiked samples by XAS techniques performed at two synchrotron facilities (ESRF in Grenoble, France and HASYLAB in Hamburg, Germany), as well as bioavailability studies using mercury-specific sensor bacteria. Results show that XAS is a valuable qualitative technique that can be used to identify the bonding character of the Hg in mercury environment. The amount of methyl in mercury adsorbed to montmorillonite was pH-dependent while for all soil components studied, the bond character was not affected by pH. On the other hand, clays exhibited more ionic bonding character than humic acids did with methyl mercury. This interaction has a higher covalent character and so it is more stable for CH₃HgOH than for CH₃HgCl, due to the higher reactivity of the hydroxyl group arising from the possible formation of hydrogen bonds.The bioavailability of methyl mercury adsorbed to montmorillonite, kaolinite and humic acids was measured using recombinant luminescent sensor bacterium Escherichia coli MC1061 (pmerBR_BSluc). In case of contact exposure (suspension assays), the results showed that the bioavailability was higher than it was for exposure to particle-free extracts prepared from these suspensions. The highest bioavailability of methyl mercury was found in suspensions of montmorillonite (about 50% of the total amount), while the bioavailabilities of kaolinite and humic acids were five times lower (about 10%). The behaviour of methyl mercury in the presence of montmorillonite could be explained by the more ionic bonding character of this system, in contrast to the more covalent bonding character observed for humic acids. Thus, XAS techniques seem to provide promising tools for investigating the mechanisms behind the observed bioavailabilities of metals in various environmental matrices, an important topic in environmental toxicology.     

锰负载钛锆和钛锡复合氧化物催化剂烟气脱汞实验研究

采用共沉淀法制备了TiO_2、TiZr和TiSn载体,浸渍锰制备了10%MnO_2的MnTi、MnTiZr和MnTiSn催化剂。采用BET、XRD、H_2-TPR、FT-IR和XPS等对样品进行表征,并对三种催化剂进行固定床脱汞性能实验。结果表明,在100-300℃,MnTiZr和MnTiSn催化剂脱汞性能均优于MnTi催化剂,这归因于Sn和Zr的引入提升了催化剂比表面积和低温氧化还原性能增加了催化剂表面的酸性位点数量、高价态锰离子和O~*含量;在反应温度为150-300℃,MnTiSn催化剂脱汞效率均高于MnTiZr催化剂这是由于前者具有更好的氧化还原性能,表面具有更多含量的高价态锰离子、O~*含量和酸性位点数量;在Hg~0脱除过程中催化剂表面活性组分如高价态锰离子和O~*均消耗,参与了Hg~)氧化为Hg~(2+)的反应且MnTiSn催化剂表面活性组分的消耗量更多。