α-Fe2O3/TiO2光催化剂的制备及可见光催化降解罗丹明B的研究

采用浸渍法制备不同掺杂量的负载型光催化剂 α-Fe2O3/TiO2,通过XRD、SEM-EDX、XPS和N2-sorption等手段对其进行表征,并研究其在可见光照射下对罗丹明B的降解性能.考察了不同掺杂量的复合纳米粒子、不同浓度的H2O2溶液、不同pH等条件对可见光降解罗丹明B的影响.结果表明,复合α-Fe2O3/TiO2催化剂的光催化活性均高于单一的α-Fe2O3或TiO2,其中α-Fe2O3掺杂量为6.0wt;的α-Fe2O3/TiO2的光催化活性和光降解稳定性最好.     

乙酰丙酮对PMMA负载锐钛矿型TiO2薄膜及其光催化性能影响

以钛酸丁酯作为钛源,水为溶剂,乙酰丙酮(AcAcH)为表面修饰剂,采用微波水热辅助溶胶-凝胶法制备了纳米晶二氧化钛水溶液,利用提拉镀膜法在聚合物聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)基板上沉积得到了透明TiO2纳米晶薄膜.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和紫外-可见光吸收光谱(UV-Vis)等对TiO2纳米颗粒和薄膜的晶相组成、表面形貌及光学性能进行表征.同时通过紫外光光催化降解罗丹明B研究了TiO2薄膜的光催化性能.结果表明:通过引入乙酰丙酮,可以得到高度分散、晶相为锐钛矿型的TiO2水溶胶,在PMMA基板上沉积得到的薄膜表面平整、致密,具有良好的透光率,经过180 min紫外光照射,对罗丹明B的降解率达到90;以上.     

Ag掺杂Sm2O3/TiO2对甲基橙光降解性能的影响

采用光沉积法制备Ag掺杂的光催化剂Ag-Sm2 O3/TiO2,并对其在紫外光区对甲基橙的光降解行为进行了研究.采用XRD、FT-IR、N2吸附、SEM、TEM和XPS等手段对样品Ag-Sm2 O3/TiO2进行了表征,考察了Sm2 O3和Ag掺杂量对甲基橙紫外光降解活性的影响和催化剂Ag-Sm2 O3/TiO2的催化稳定性.结果表明,Sm2 O3/TiO2在紫外光照射下对甲基橙的光降解活性随着Sm2 O3的增大而减小;与样品Sm2 O3/TiO2相比,催化剂Ag-Sm2 O3/TiO2对甲基橙具有更好的紫外光降解活性,其催化活性随着Ag掺杂量的增加而减小.Ag和Sm2 O3掺杂量均为3.0wt;的催化剂Ag(3)-Sm2 O3(3)/TiO2对甲基橙紫外光降解的活性最高,在相同条件下的6次循环实验未出现明显失活.     

酞菁镍-ZnO复合光催化剂的合成及其降解亚甲基蓝性能研究

采用水热法以25∶1,50∶1,100∶1和150∶1的掺杂比例,制备酞菁镍(NiPc)敏化半导体ZnO纳米粉末光催化剂,并用IR、UV、XRD及XPS等方法对NiPc-ZnO进行微观结构表征.研究了在可见光照射下,NiPc-ZnO对模拟染料废水中有机染料亚甲基蓝的降解性能.结果表明:NiPc能有效地扩展ZnO的可见光吸收范围,并提高其光催化性能,当酞菁镍掺杂比例为50∶1时,亚甲基蓝的降解率最高,达到53.7;,比纯ZnO提高了30.6;.     

F-掺杂TiO2制备及光降解甲基橙性能研究

以钛酸四丁酯为钛源,氟化铵为掺杂源采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了F掺杂二氧化钛(F/TiO2),通过甲基橙降解实验研究了掺杂量和外部加入氟化钠对光催化性能的影响.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-vis DRS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对样品进行了表征.实验结果显示:氟离子掺杂会影响TiO2的结晶程度、晶粒尺寸、形貌和光吸收带边,热处理过程F几乎没有损失;550℃煅烧和350 W金卤灯照射75min,10; F/TiO2对甲基橙的降解率达到了91.12;,未掺杂样品在相同条件下降解率只有45.6;;在甲基橙溶液中事先加入氟化钠,能加快催化剂对甲基橙的降解,在相同条件下照射60 min,10; F/TiO2对甲基橙的降解率达到了96.46;,未掺杂二氧化钛在相同条件下降解率为59.40;.550℃煅烧时,F掺杂使得二氧化钛的光吸收带边发生一定的蓝移.     

Ag/TiO2的制备及光催化性能研究

以钛酸丁酯为钛源,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Ag掺杂纳米TiO2,结合XRD、TEM、Uv-vis等测试手段,对样品的结构和性能进行了表征.以甲基橙溶液为目标降解物,探讨了Ag掺杂纳米TiO2的光催化活性,分析了Ag掺杂纳米TiO2提高光催化性能的机理.结果表明,Ag掺杂使TiO2晶粒减小,拓展了TiO2的光谱响应范围,降低了光生电子和空穴的复合几率;Ag掺杂后,TiO2光催化剂的吸收光谱向可见光区发生红移.Ag掺杂量为n(Ag)∶n(TiO2)=0.08;,紫外光下240 min,Ag掺杂纳米TiO2前后材料对甲基橙溶液去除率由60.3;提高到83.1;.     

可见光响应型Fe掺杂SiO2/TiO2光催化材料的制备及降解水中腐殖酸的研究

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了可见光响应型Fe掺杂SiO2/TiO2光催化材料,并采用TG-DTA、XRD、UV-vis、TEM及XPS等手段对其进行了表征.以水中腐殖酸的降解为探针反应,考察了可见光照射下Fe-SiO2/TiO2的光催化活性.XRD结果表明,Fe离子掺杂可抑制催化剂晶粒尺寸,600℃焙烧后的Fe-SiO2/TiO2为锐钛矿相结构.Ur-vis吸收光谱分析可看出Fe离子掺杂提高了催化剂对可见光的吸收能力,并使催化剂的吸收带边产生了红移.XPS光谱表明,催化剂表面存在着Fe2+和Fe3+.实验结果表明,Fe-SiO2/TiO2在可见光下对腐殖酸的光催化降解率优于SiO2/TiO2和TiO2.Fe-SiO2/TiO2具有较高光催化活性的主要原因为:Fe离子掺杂不仅使SiO2/TiO2催化剂的粒径减小和对可见光的吸收增强,而且在催化剂表面产生了有利于光生e--h+对分离的Fe3+/Fe2+氧化还原循环电对.     

Fe掺杂对改善g-C3N4结构提升光催化活性的影响

石墨相氮化碳已经成为光催化领域、特别是光催化材料领域的研究热点.本文以尿素为原料,引入少量的硝酸铁改性,制备了不同含量的Fe掺杂的g-C3N4催化剂.采用SEM、XRD、IR、XPS、UV-Vis、PL等手段对催化剂样品表征.结果表明,Fe的掺杂有利于g-C3N4的剥离,影响了g-C3N4的能带结构,增强了其对可见光的吸收,提高电子-空穴对的分离效率.并以罗丹明B水溶液模拟废水,在可见光下考察催化剂的光催化降解性能,发现当Fe掺杂量为0.3;时效果最佳,降解速率是g-C3N4的1.62倍,且研究发现超氧自由基与空穴是该体系下的主要活性物种.     

B掺杂量对TiO2纳米粉体的结构与光催化性能影响研究

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了不同量B掺杂TiO2纳米粉体,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱(FT-IR)及紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis)等技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明:B部分掺入到TiO2晶格间隙中形成B-O-Ti键,部分以B2O3的形式存在,随着B掺杂量的增加,进入晶格的B比例减少;B掺杂有效抑制了TiO2由锐钛矿相向金红石相的转变,掺杂样品经650℃煅烧后仍为锐钛矿结构,随B掺杂量的增加,其晶粒变小;B掺杂使得TiO2表面羟基量显著增加,且掺杂量越大表面羟基量越多;各掺杂样品的吸收边带没有明显红移,光吸收强度较未掺杂TiO2稍弱,且随着B掺杂量的增加,光吸收能力呈递减趋势.可见光催化降解亚甲基蓝结果表明,B掺杂大大提高了TiO2的光催化活性,这与掺B后晶粒变小,表面羟基量显著增加有关;当B掺杂质量百分数为1.0;时,B/TiO2可见光催化活性最高,达93.40;.     

F掺杂纳米TiO2/硅藻土复合材料光催化性能研究

以硅藻土为载体,钛酸四丁酯为前驱体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了F掺杂纳米TiO2/硅藻土复合光催化材料.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)以及紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)等手段对材料的晶体结构、微观形貌及光学性能进行了表征.结果表明与纯TiO2相比,硅藻土显著提高了材料的吸附能力,有效抑制了催化剂纳米粒子的团聚;F掺杂量为1;时,制备的F-TiO2/硅藻土样品在可见光下对罗丹明B降解效果最好.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.