利用石英晶体的线性电光和电致旋光强度调制

提出并实验研究了利用石英晶体自身特性产生光学偏置的线性电光调制器。利用某些电光晶体的自然旋光性和自然双折射,并合理设计晶体尺寸及其晶轴与光传播方向之间的夹角,可以提供所需要的光学偏置以实现大动态范围的线性电光调制。对于兼有电光和电致旋光效应的晶体,例如石英晶体,应考虑综合利用这两种效应对电光调制的贡献。实验研究了一块石英晶体的电光强度调制特性,在27V～4.5kV工频调制电压范围内,调制输出信号与调制电压之间的线性相关系数大于0.9999。     

Barium titanate single crystal electrooptic modulator

In this work, the magnitudes of the critical voltages are determined for various mutual orientations of the optical axis of the crystal, the vector of the applied electrical field intensity, and the wave vector of the optical radiation being modulated both for the linear and quadratic electrooptic effects in BaTiO₃ crystals. It is shown that the critical voltages are considerably lower for the linear electrooptic effect than for the quadratic. The minimal critical voltage which ensures a modulation depth of 100% for the linear electrooptic effect is equal to 30 V.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, Vol. 16, No. 7, pp. 35—38, July, 1973.     

Photothermal and electrooptic nonlinearities in ZnSe and ZnTe and their application in bistable devices

In this paper we present results on ZnSe and ZnTe optically bistable elements in connection with electrooptic effects. The behaviour of optical hysteresis under an applied electric field is studied and the electrical characteristics under illumination with monochromatic laser radiation are investigated. Influences of optical bistability on the photocurrent are measured and an attempt is made to explain the unusual behaviour of the current with respect to the absorbed amount of light, namely a switching down in photocurrent when the absorptive switching takes place. Towards this aim we report here for the first time on spatially resolved measurements of photoconductivity in ZnSe to investigate the influence of Schottky contacts on photothermal electrooptic bistability. Furthermore, we report also to our knowledge for the first time on the influence of the 3D-Stank effect on optical bistability.     

旋光晶体在偏光干涉实验中电光效应的研究

研究了旋光晶体在偏光干涉实验中的电光效应，给出了旋光晶体在偏光干涉实验中出射光强与晶体旋光性之间关系的表达式I—Ao^2cos^2[β-（π/λ）（n1-nr)l]，以及与旋光晶体电光效应之间关系的表达式I—Ao^2cos^2[β-（π/λ）（n1-nr)l (π/λ）（n2-n1)l]。根据这些表达式给出的关系，将典型的旋光晶体La3Ga5SiO14制作成了电光Q开关，像那些用无旋光性晶体制作的Q开关一样工作良好。在中等功率输出的激光器中，La3Ga5SiO14晶体电光Q开关有可能取代氘化磷酸二氢钾(DKDP)晶体电光Q开关。     

低能激光的威胁与防护

叙述低能激光对人眼、光学系统以及光电传感器的破坏作用,并介绍几种对低能激光的防护措施。     

Electro-absorption and refraction in Fabry-Perot quantum well modulators: a general discussion

Fabry-Perot resonators have long been advocated to improve the limited contrast ratio of multiple quantum well optical modulators used in photonic switches based on self electrooptic effect devices (SEEDs) and in other array based optical interconnection schemes. Using data on field dependent GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well absorption and refraction, we have modelled the reflectivity, modulation depth and contrast ratio of resonant modulators. Our results are generally valid for any quantum well modulator and demonstrate 23the important role played by electro-refraction even in regions of strong absorption. Resonators give large contrast ratios but there are trade-offs in the maximum reflectivity change achievable with Fabry-Perot resonators compared to simple modulators. The model gives the optimum number of quantum wells and reflectivity values required to make a resonator at any wavelength for a given quantum well structure. Understanding the limits of Fabry-Perot quantum well modulator performance is important for their application in symmetric self electrooptic effectiveness for photonic switching where modulation and detection properties are both used and for optical interconnection systems.     

Deep impurity states and intrinsic defects in photorefractive Cd1−x FexTe crystals

AbstractStudies were made of the low-temperature optical and photoelectric properties of Cd_1−x Fe_xTe crystals (x=0.0038) which provided information on the optical quality of these crystals and the nature of their inhomogeneity, and also revealed deep Fe²⁺ impurity centers and singly charged acceptor complexes. It was established that these complexes, which include doubly charged cadmium vacancies and ionized donors, are anisotropic. It was shown that their anisotropy is determined by the nature of the donor atom and its position in the crystal lattice (at a cationic or anionic site). Since these crystals contain real deep impurity centers and acceptor complexes, a mechanism is proposed for the photorefractive effect in these crystals. It was observed for the first time that the photorefractive properties of CdTe crystals containing impurity 3d elements may exhibit anisotropy unrelated to that of the electrooptic effect. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 40, 1216–1220 (July 1998)     

电光调制器的温度特性及其最优化设计

利用线性电光效应的波耦合理论对铌酸锂晶体电光调制器的温度特性进行研究,给出了不同光波波矢和晶体光轴夹角情况下电光效应的温度变化特性,发现可以利用角度调节来克服电光调制器的温度敏感性;在此基础上,进一步对电光调制器进行了最优化设计,得到一个半波电压小(几十伏)、零场泄漏几乎为零(零电压出射光强和入射光强比为0．0027)、消光比达到365．6、温度性能稳定而且不需要透明电极的一个设计。     

Electrooptic properties of one-dimensional photonic crystals based on organic ferroelectric and dye

We present the results of our study of the electrooptic properties of a one-dimensional photonic crystal created from alternating thin layers of two organic compounds, a ferroelectric and a dye. We show that the ferroelectric subsystem of molecular layers in such a heterostructure can be polarized by an external electric field, leading to a linear electrooptic effect and bistability of the electrooptic response in the spectral region of the photonic stop band. On the other hand, a quasi-linear electrooptic effect attributable to the quadratic Stark effect and the built-in spatially periodic static electric field is observed in the spectral region of the absorption of dye molecules. The emergence of this built-in field is explained in terms of the continuity of the electric displacement vector in a spatially periodic dielectric heterostructure with a macroscopically polarized subsystem of ferroelectric layers.     

Broadband and low-driving-power LiNbO<Subscript>3</Subscript>electrooptic modulators

Microwave and optical properties of lithium niobate electrooptic modulators are investigated in this paper. The effect of simultaneous matching of optical and microwave velocities and impedance matching, conductor loss, dielectric loss on the optical bandwidth of an ultra-high-speed lithium niobate modulator are presented here. The metal electrode design, buffer thickness, ridge depth, and the gap between electrodes at different operating frequencies on device performance are thoroughly investigated by using the finite element method.     

基于双音外差的电光相位调制器半波电压自校准测量方法

电光相位调制器是光纤通信系统、微波光子系统和相干光通信系统中的关键器件之一. 作为器件本征参数, 电光相位调制器的半波电压通常利用光谱方法和电谱方法进行测量. 光谱方法受到光源线宽和光谱仪分辨率限制, 测量的分辨率较低; 电谱方法则需要光电检测之前将相位调制转换成强度调制, 电谱方法的主要困难在于需要对探测器的不平坦响应进行额外校准. 提出了利用双音外差实现电光相位调制器半波电压自校准测量新方法, 该方法利用双音电光相位调制的边带与移频光载波的外差拍频, 对外差拍频信号进行频谱分析, 获得电光相位调制器的半波电压; 通过设定双音调制信号的频率关系, 克服了探测器光电转换中的不平坦频率响应, 实现了自校准测量. 该方法可扩展探测器和频谱仪的测试频率两倍以上, 节省至少一半的带宽需求. 与光谱测量方法相比, 该方法测试分辨率大幅提高且避免了光源线宽的影响; 与传统电域测量方法相比, 该方法无须额外校准, 无驱动功率和工作波长限制, 且对测试仪器带宽需求降低一半以上. 实验证实了所提方法获得的电光相位调制器半波电压的测量结果与光谱分析法获得的结果一致, 且大幅度地提高了测量范围和分辨率. 该方法提供了非常简单的电光相位调制器微波特性化分析方法, 对其他光电子器件分析也提供了参考.     

液晶物性实验介绍

介绍了在大学物理实验教学中新开设的研究液晶的旋光特性和电光效应(光开关、液晶光栅)的实验,以及对实验结果的分析．     

晶体的双参量调制及其应用

利用折射率椭球分析法,分析了某些具有多重光学效应的光学晶体在两个外场同时作用下的一些特有调制规律.结果表明,当晶体的折射率椭球方程的三个交叉项中只有一项x1x2不为零时,可以得到其外场诱导新主轴折射率及其主轴取向的简单计算式.据此可以揭示出某些晶体在两个外加电场同时作用下将具有双横向电光Pockels效应,例如ˉ6点群的电光晶体.但一般晶体在双横向应力作用下不具有与双横向电光效应类似的调制特性,其弹光双折射大小与其应力差成正比,其双折射主轴方向一般为固定值.在相互垂直的外加应力和电场同时作用下,某些晶体(例如ˉ43m点群晶体)的双折射大小与外加应力和外加电场的加权几何平均值成正比,且新折射率主轴旋转角由外加应力和外加电场的比值来确定.晶体的上述双参量调制特性对设计新型光学调制器或传感器具有重要指导意义.     

电光与磁光效应的互补特性及其传感应用

研究了兼有电光效应和磁光效应的晶体内电光与磁光效应的互补特性及其传感应用. 在光强度调制条件下, 晶体中偏振光波的电光调制与磁光调制具有互相补偿的效果, 从而能够使输出光强度保持为一个固定值. 基于这种互补特性, 提出了一种利用单块闪烁锗酸铋(Bi₄Ge₃O₁₂, BGO)晶体的电光补偿型光学电流(磁场)传感器, 其光学传感单元由两个偏振器和一块平行四边形BGO晶体组成. 该晶体自身能够产生π/2的光学相位偏置, 同时兼用作电流传感和电光补偿元件, 通过控制BGO晶体的外加电压, 能够实时补偿被测电流(磁场)变化引起的磁光旋转角和输出光强度的变化, 从而实现电流(磁场)的闭环光学测量. 实验测量了5.0 A范围内的工频交流电流, 所需要的电光补偿电压约为21.2 V/A, 补偿电压与被测电流之间具有良好的线性关系, 其非线性误差低于1.7%.     

光纤热极化过程的实时测试研究

通过热极化可以使中心对称的熔石英光纤中产生二阶非线性效应和线性电光效应。为了解各热极化过程参量对热极化产生的线性电光效应的影响,利用全保偏光纤马赫一曾德尔干涉仪构造了一套光纤热极化的实时线性电光效应测试系统,并利用其进行了光纤热极化全过程的监控测试。在线测试了热极化过程的一些参量,例如极化电压、极化时间、以及极化温度等对热极化光纤中产生的线性电光效应的影响。实时测试研究表明,在光纤中施加尽可能高的极化电场将可能在光纤中产生较高的线性电光效应。对侧边抛磨光纤结构的热极化器件,考虑到器件的抗强电场击穿能力,可选用3．o～4．0kV左右的极化直流电压。当施加3．0kV左右的极化电压时,热极化优化时间约为16min,最佳热极化加热温度约为190℃。     

Studies of errors in measurements of electrooptic coefficients in uniaxial crystals

The Jones calculus extended for optical waves that diverge and are modulated in electrooptic uniaxial crystals is applied to quadratic electrooptic coefficients. It is shown that in measurements of the coefficients the approach may be used to predict experimental errors that result from inaccuracies in the crystal cutting and alignment. The cases of static and sinusoidal modulating fields are considered.     

Nonlinear phenomena in A2MX4 type crystals with incommensurate phases

Investigations of the nonlinear phenomena in A₂MX₄ type crystals (A, organic cation or alkaline metal ion; M, metal ion; X, halogen ion) with incommensurate phases are very interesting from both a scientific and a practical point of view. In the crystals many interesting nonlinear phenomena are observed, e.g., thermal hysteresis of birefringence and absorption coefficient, piezooptic effect, electrooptic effect. Different anomalies (e.g., a discontinuity or change of sign of the briefringence coefficient, a distinct increase of the value of piezooptic and electrooptic coefficients) exist in the phase transition regions. They are especially distinct for a transition from the incommensurate phase to the commensurate phase. Some possibilities of detection and recognition of the existence of incommensurate phases by optical methods are suggested.     

单块晶体2×2光开关

利用晶体的双折射和全内双反射现象以及晶体的电光效应 ,设计了一种单块晶体集成的 2× 2光开关 ,将一个电光调制器和两个光束分束器集成到一块铌酸锂晶体上 ,实现了光束合束、偏振态调制和光束分束三种功能。根据这种光开关的工作原理 ,给出两种开关结构 ,一种是易于级联的垂直入射结构 ,另一种是有较低操作电压的倾斜入射结构 ,并对倾斜入射结构的光开关进行了制作和测试。实验结果表明 :这种集成结构的 2× 2光开关操作电压低 ,串扰小 ,能量损耗小 ,抗干扰 ,稳定可靠 ,适用于各种光学互连网络。     

Bilateral switching of the modulated electrooptic contrast in PLZTN ceramics

Spatial distribution of ferroelectric polarization in Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃ ceramics doped with lanthanum and niobium has been investigated using scanning electrooptic confocal microscopy. Measurement of the modulated electrooptic signal in presence of a sinusoidal electric field reveals ferroelectric domains at microscopic scale not accessible to conventional polarized optical imaging. Both electrooptic images and local electrooptic loops have been observed after applying a bias electric field to the ceramic samples, being initially non-ferroelectric macroscopically. Bilateral reversal of the electrooptic contrast during the poling cycle has been detected and explained taking into account non-180° switching processes in ferroelectric grains of arbitrary orientation.     

叉指电光布拉格衍射光栅分析

叉指电光布拉格衍射光栅能够用于制作集成光学器件。将点匹配法扩展应用于又指电光布拉格衍射光栅分析,将光栅各区域的势函数表示为该区域中满足拉普拉斯方程的一系列基函数的级数,匹配边界上有限个点的边界条件以确定出级数项的系数,从而得到叉指电傲电场分布的解析表达式,在此基础上得到了叉指电光布拉格衍射光栅的一些重要的光学与电学特性参量。将分析结果与测量值进行了对比,发现二者十分吻合。所提出的分析方法简便快捷、精度高,所导出的电场分布的解析表达式和分析结果对叉指电光衍射光栅的优化设计具有重要的意义。