Analytical Chemistry in Poland

ABSTRACT

The paper presents the main achievements of analytical chemistry in Poland on the basis of papers published mainly in the last decade. The selection is somewhat arbitrary but should show the most important directions of research. The citations generally refer to papers published in regular journals. The following topics were discussed: general aspects, chemical methods and reagents, spectrophotometry, speciation studies, atomic spectrometry, electrochemical methods, chemo- and biosensors, chromatography and related techniques.

Short reviews on the history and present status of analytical chemistry have been published elsewhere^{1, 2} and this review is intended to present the more detailed overview of the recent fields of interest, based on some selected publications from the nineties. Such selection is obviously to some extent arbitrary and this is mainly based on information sent by colleagues from various centres. It seemed, however, necessary to indicate where appropriate, the roots and earlier achievements.     

Analytical Chemistry in Romania

Abstract

Until now there has been no attempt to write the complete history of analytical chemistry in Romania. Nevertheless, we consider it important that our young chemists learn about the history of analytical chemistry in our country, because you can never step forward if you disregard the past. Furthermore, scientists in other countries might find the history and current status of analytical chemistry in Romania of interest.     

Analytical Chemistry in Australia

Abstract

Analytical chemistry in Australia is alive, but its current development can be likened to that of a young and vigorous infant who needs assured supplies of food, a favourable environment and some sound guidance for growth and eventual maturity. That analytical chemistry exists in Australia and is healthy, has occurred despite the existence of most of the 19 universities in Australia! Sweden, with a population of 8.5 million, has 10 chairs in analytical chemistry in 5 main universities and analytical chemistry has been an acknowledged branch of chemistry at Swedish universities since 1960¹. Australia, with a population of 13.5 million and reasonably comparable standard of living and industrial development, has only one chair in analytical chemistry (at The University of New South Wales) in its 19 universities. However, 4 of the remaining universities (Newcastle, La Trobe, Tasmania and Queensland) have a strong interest in analytical chemistry, which is somewhat difficult to discern by the incorporation of analytical chemistry in either general chemistry or inorganic chemistry departments.     

Analytical Chemistry in Israel

Abstract

Analytical chemistry in Israel is not in as good a shape as one may wish. Several attempts have been made to instill interest in this branch of the profession among faculty members, practicing chemists and students, but no great stride forward can be recorded, and on the contrary, some set-backs must be noted. Nevertheless, analytical chemistry is practiced vigorously in several laboratories, and original Israeli contributions in this field have been noted by the international community of analytical chemists. It is on this background that the present survey is being presented.     

Analytical Chemistry in France

Abstract

In this day and age it is not an easy task to describe in a few pages the current status of any scientific discipline. This is particularly difficult if one deals with a n area such as analytical chemistry in France which is on the upswing. The present wirteup is focused on developments in French universities since the war: we shall not deal with analytical chemistry in industry, even though chemical companies and the French Atomic Energy Commission have had a paramount influence on recent developments. Indeed, French analytical chemists are being educated mainly to serve the needs of industrial laboratories.     

Education in Analytical Chemistry

Summary After pointing out the necessity of including philosophical aspects in the teaching areas of Analytical Chemistry, proposals are made of new definitions of Analytical Chemistry and considerations are given of samples as representatives of a collective and carriers of information. An idealistic curriculum is presented for discussion.Presented at Euroanalysis III conference, Dublin, August 20–25, 1978     

Green Analytical Chemistry

We discuss the origins and the fundamentals of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC), based on the literature published about clean, environmentally-friendly or GAC methods. We pay special attention to the strategies and the tools available to make sample-pretreatment and analytical methods greener. We consider that the main principles are to replace toxic reagents, to miniaturize and to automate methods, making it possible to reduce dramatically the amounts of reagents consumed and wastes generated, so reducing or avoiding side effects of analytical methods. We also consider on-line decontamination or passivation of wastes to be of special interest in making analytical chemistry sustainable.     

血迹检验中的分析化学*

血迹检验是最常见也是最重要的一种法医物证检验,其预备实验和确证实验涉及化学科学中的许多理论和技术。具体来说,预备实验基于血红蛋白的催化性质,包括酚酞、联苯胺及其衍生物、隐色孔雀石绿、荧光素、鲁米诺等物质的显色或发光反应;确证实验基于血红蛋白中血红素的配位性质,包括血红素生成氯化血红素和吡啶血色原的结晶反应。通过系统梳理和归纳,丰富充实了分析化学的教育教学内容。     

Chelating Resins in Analytical Chemistry

Chelating resins, the polymeric complexing compounds, are specific and selective ion exchange resins. A chelating ion exchange resin consists essentially of two components, i.e. a chelating group and a polymeric matrix. The properties of both components affect the selectivity of the synthesized resin. Methods used to synthesize chelating resins are reviewed. The analytical and physical techniques used to characterize the dissociation constant, metal capacity and distribution coefficient of the newly synthesized resin as well as the coordination site, the composition and the formation constant of the metal-resin complexes are discussed. Chelating resins could be used in various forms. Some important features of the analytical application of chelating resins, including selective concentration and separation both in inorganic analysis and organic analysis are also discussed. The techniques by which sorption or separation with the help of chelating resins achieved can be static, dynamic, or chromatographic. After sorptive concentration or separation, the elements can be determined either directly in the sorbent phase, its decomposition residue, the eluent solution after desorption, or the effluent after the solution has been passed through the sorbent. Various objects such as natural waters, geological objects, industrial materials, foodstuffs, coal, fuel oil. shale oil, transuranium elements and biological materials could be analyzed with the help of chelating resins.     

分析化学学科发展趋势

本文对近年分析化学发展的新动向进行了简要的综述,包括痕量危险污染物和生物活性化合物分析方法的新进展。质谱法在分析生物样品中极性和荷电分子方面有着明显的长处。本文还评述了毛细管电泳、电分析、流动注射分析以及计算机在现代分析中的应用。     

Analytical Chemistry in the USSR

Abstract

In the USSR analytical chemistry is one of the most important of the chemical disciplines. Since its beginning as an independent part of the chemical research, analytical chemistry has developed as an integral part of the political economy, and serves the practical needs of industry, as well as being a theoretically well-founded science. Besides economically important problems like the analysis of the composition of sediments of raw materials, quality control in metallurgy and in the production of rare elements, analytical control in the chemical, pharmaceutical, nuclear-energy and semiconductor production are of importance, and furthermore, analysts develop their own theory, and success in many phases of development are related to a knowledge of other sciences, especially to physics, mathematics, general chemistry, metallurgy, biology, etc.