A novel method to obtain electronic speckle pattern interferometry fringe patterns with high contrast

Traditional speckle fringe patterns of electronic speckle pattern interferometry （ESPI） are obtained by adding, subtracting, or multiplying the speckle patterns recorded before and after the deformation. However, these speckle fringe patterns are of limited visibility, especially for addition and multiplication fringe patterns. We propose a novel method to obtain speckle fringe patterns of ESPI from undeformed and deformed speckle patterns. The fringe pattern generated by our method is of high contrast and has better quality than subtraction fringe. The new method is simple and does not require more computational effort. The proposed method is tested on the experimentally obtained undeformed and deformed speckle patterns. The experimental results illustrate the performance of this approach.     

A more accurate method of evaluating the standard deviation of speckle phase

A phase angle is constructed to estimate the standard deviation of speckle phase. The relative accurate amending expression of the standard deviation of speckle phase is derived according to the statistical properties of speckle phase of the fully developed speckle fields. The theoretical values of standard deviation are compared with that which are calculated from the Gaussian theory of the speckle field. The theoretical results are compared and discussed with respect to the experimental results of Kadono et al.     

Spacetime correlation functions of dynamic speckles produced by a series of moving phase screens

Spacetime correlation functions of the time-varying speckle intensity have been evaluated for the case where speckle patterns are produced in the Fresnel diffraction region by light propagating through a series of moving random-phase screens. The correlation functions are given by a set of recursion formulae which are useful for numerical computations. Three statistical quantities relating to the motion of speckle patterns are derived to examine the relationship between the velocity distribution of the phase screens and the temporal behaviour of resultant speckle patterns. It is found that the velocity differences between the phase screens have a strong effect on both the decorrelation of speckle patterns and the fluctuating speed of the speckle intensity.     

Laser speckle reduction using motionless image conduits

We have demonstrated a speckle reduction method using motionless image conduits (MICs). Different experimental conditions by introducing the high-coherence HeNe laser and the low-coherence laser diode (LD) as the illumination light sources, by employing the straight MIC and the curved MIC as the speckle reduction components, and by recording speckle images without (objective speckle) and with (subjective speckle) the imaging lens mounted on the CCD camera are conducted, respectively. The most efficient speckle reduction condition is found by the combination of using the LD and the curved MIC, where the objective speckle contrast ratio is reduced from 0.7378 to 0.1725. Experimental results are discussed, and the causes for these speckle reduction efficiency changes are given.     

Assessment of speckle-pattern quality in digital image correlation based on gray intensity and speckle morphology

In digital image correlation (DIC), speckle patterns are generated on the surface of a specimen to resolve uniqueness issues. Thus, speckle patterns significantly affect the accuracy of image correlation. To assess the quality of speckle patterns, the standard deviation of gray intensities within each speckle (SDGIS) is introduced as a new metric. On the basis of the cumulative distribution of SDGIS, speckle-pattern quality measurement (ρ) is proposed, which integrates the features of gray intensity and speckle morphology. Twelve speckle patterns are generated by changing the spraying time and nozzle sizes of an airbrush because these are associated with the speckle volume fraction and speckle size, respectively. In addition, three displacement fields are used to investigate the effects of speckle patterns on the accuracy of the DIC results. For the 12 speckle images associated with the three displacement fields, the correlation results demonstrate that the proposed speckle-pattern quality measurement is inversely proportional to the averaged error of the subset method. This is statistically confirmed by evaluating the correlation coefficient and p-value. Furthermore, the error of the subset method is more affected by speckle patterns than the subset size when the subset size is sufficiently large.     

Studies on the statistical properties of phase difference of speckle fields

According to the relations between the phase and the complex speckle amplitude, a phase angle is constructed to estimate the free standard deviation of phase difference of speckle fields. The relative accurate amending expression of evaluating the free standard deviation of phase difference is derived for the Gaussian speckle fields. The statistical properties of phase difference are studied for the Gaussian speckle fields of diffraction fields. The theoretical values of the free standard deviation of phase difference for the case of fully developed speckle fields are compared with the numerical values of the free standard deviation which are calculated from the Gaussian theory of the fully developed speckle fields.     

高斯型弱散射屏产生的像面散斑场的分布特性研究

弱散射屏产生的远场散斑由一个中央亮斑和一个分布于亮斑周围而与正态散斑类似的散斑结构, 根据弱散射屏远场的散斑图样, 人们假设弱散射屏产生的像面散斑为均匀背景与正态散斑两者相干叠加的结果, 但这种假设与实际像面散斑存在歧异, 基于上述情况, 本文利用4f高通滤波光学成像系统, 研究了高斯型弱散射屏产生的像面散斑场的统计特性, 得出只有表面均方根粗糙度与入射光波的波长相差不多时上述假设才是可行的结论. 关键词： 弱散射屏 f光学成像系统')" href="#">4f光学成像系统 像面散斑     

基于Gabor滤波的散斑条纹图平滑方法

提出了一种基于伽博(Gabor)滤波的散斑条纹图平滑方法.通过加窗傅里叶运算提取散斑条纹图的条纹频率和条纹梯度方向,并利用它们确定具有频率和方向选择性的Gabor滤波器对散斑条纹图进行Gabor滤波.数值模拟和实验结果表明,该方法在滤除散斑噪声的同时能够有效的保留散斑条纹图的条纹结构,为从单幅散斑条纹图中进一步提取条纹相位场奠定了良好的基础.     

激光散斑验光仪新进展

本文介绍了散斑验光的原理及激光散斑验光仪的新进展,较好地解决了散斑验光的技术问题。     

Spacetime correlation functions of dynamic speckles produced by a series of moving phase screens

Abstract

Spacetime correlation functions of the time-varying speckle intensity have been evaluated for the case where speckle patterns are produced in the Fresnel diffraction region by light propagating through a series of moving random-phase screens. The correlation functions are given by a set of recursion formulae which are useful for numerical computations. Three statistical quantities relating to the motion of speckle patterns are derived to examine the relationship between the velocity distribution of the phase screens and the temporal behaviour of resultant speckle patterns. It is found that the velocity differences between the phase screens have a strong effect on both the decorrelation of speckle patterns and the fluctuating speed of the speckle intensity.     

水下高斯界面背向散射超声散斑场的相位奇异

为了精确描述超声散斑场的特性,提出了采用计算机模拟产生超声散斑场的方法.利用模拟产生的高斯相关随机表面,获得了这类表面远场超声散斑场,同时得到了声强分布和相位分布.与实验产生的散斑场进行对比,建立了超声散斑场接收的实验系统,取与计算模拟相同的参数,获得了实验散斑场.通过对比发现:计算机模拟产生的超声散斑场相位存在奇异点,奇异点周围相位分布类似漩涡,计算机模拟产生的散斑场与实验得到的散斑场强度分布相似,强度值比实验产生的散斑场强度大,携带有用信息的高亮散斑较多,暗点较少,更利于研究和分析.     

Statistical properties of the phase difference between two interfering speckle fields in speckle interferometry

The statistical properties of the phase difference between the two interfering partially correlated and partially developed speckle fields were studied experimentally as a function of the intensity correlation coefficient. The gaussian statistics are assumed for the formation of speckle fields in the diffraction region and the correlation coefficient between the two speckle intensities is used to evaluate the phase difference. The standard deviation of the phase difference can be uniquely determined in the fully developed speckle field from the correlation coefficient of the two speckle intensities. However, it was found in the partially developed speckle field that the standard deviation of the phase difference between the two speckle fields cannot be uniquely determined from the correlation coefficient of the two speckle intensities.     

时间分幅型二维光子计数斑点像探测系统

在简要叙述了云南天文台斑点相机研制的改进的概况之后, 介绍了对新型斑点相机YOSC-4 时间分幅型二维光子计数斑点像探测系统的研制情况及该系统的性能。试验和分析表明: 当进行天文斑点成像观测时, 该系统极限星等达到12m ; 随后给出了一些实际的斑点图观测资料和像复原结果     

Digital phase stepping speckle interferometry

A variation of electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) is presented whereby phase fringes are produced in contrast to speckle correlation fringes. Digital phase stepping speckle interferometry uses a phase measurement technique developed for holographic interferometry, which involves phase shifting of the reference beam in a conventional speckle interferometer. Saw-tooth phase fringes are produced by subtracting the phases of the speckle fields before and after object deformation in a digital frame store. This enables the sign of the deformation to be distinguished. After application of a special low-pass digital filter, the phase fringes are of adequate quality to be counted automatically.     

Theoretical study on the statistical properties of phase difference between two interfering speckle fields

The statistical properties of phase difference between two interfering speckle fields are studied theoretically with the general expression of the free standard deviation of the phase difference of speckle fields. The experimental results of the standard deviations of phase difference between two interfering partially developed speckle fields in the diffractive region [Opt. Quantum Electron. 19 (1987) 59] are studied and discussed theoretically with the general expression of the free standard deviation of phase difference of speckle fields. The theoretical standard deviations of phase difference for the case of two interfering fully developed Gaussian speckle fields are compared with that which are numerically calculated from the Gaussian theory.     

Controlling speckle using lenses and free space

The correlation properties of speckle fields are studied for general paraxial systems. The previous studies on lateral and longitudinal speckle size for the case of free-space propagation (Fresnel transform) are generalized to the case of the linear canonical transform. These results have implications for the control of speckle size, through appropriate design of optical systems, with particular relevance for speckle interferometry.     

Wavelet filtering applied to time-average digital speckle pattern interferometry fringes

In this paper we are presenting a filtering scheme using Symlet wavelet to remove the speckle noise from the time-averaged digital speckle pattern interferometry fringes. To demonstrate the potential of Symlet wavelet filtering, experiments are conducted to remove the speckle noise from the fringes recorded for the surface of computer hard disk. Experimental results demonstrate that this filtering removes the speckle noise to the large extent.     

基于一阶及二阶灰度梯度的散斑图质量评价方法

散斑图质量对数字图像相关(DIC)方法的测量精度具有重要的影响。以平均灰度梯度这一传统的散斑图质量评价参数作为基础,提出了一种新的评价参数——平均一阶及二阶灰度梯度商,该参数同时考虑了一阶和二阶灰度梯度。从整体上来说,一阶灰度梯度的曲面比较光滑,而一阶及二阶灰度梯度商的曲面比较粗糙。采用Zhou等人提出的方法制作了80张模拟散斑图,对这些模拟散斑图的传统参数和提出参数进行了计算。结果表明:当散斑半径相同时,随着散斑数量的增加,两种参数均先增加,后减小;当散斑数量一定时,二者均有一个峰值;散斑半径越大,提出参数的峰值越大,而传统参数的峰值越小。对提出参数的峰值所对应的4张散斑图进行了多次连续平动,并使用DIC方法测量了测点的水平位移。结果表明,在提出参数越大的散斑图上测点的水平位移误差越小,在一定程度上验证了提出参数的正确性。     

Comparison between instantaneous and integral intensities in dynamic speckle pattern interferometry

A new speckle measurement technique called temporal speckle pattern interferometry or time sequential speckle pattern interferometry has been developed recently. Its principle is that by capturing the temporal speckle patterns related to the object deformation or displacement, the whole-field displacement, the amplitude of the vibrating object and the shape of the tested object can be calculated through speckle intensity fluctuation scanning technique or Fourier-transforming method. In this paper, we combine the analytical and numerical methods to simulate the properties of the time demodulation in temporal speckle patterns interferometry techniques. The performance of three kinds of temporal phase sequences, power, exponential and harmonic phase sequences, are studied with the parameters of temporal speckle intensity fluctuation, the value of the spatial phase term, optical integral time of the recording camera and the initial phase of the temporal speckle intensities. The results indicate that the normalized value and period change of the instantaneous intensity are nearly coincident with that of the integral intensity for the harmonic temporal phase sequences and are different for the power and exponential temporal phase sequences.     

Sampled-speckle photography for measurement of deformation

Speckles usually are of two kinds: laser speckle and white-light speckle. An additional kind, termed a sampled speckle, is proposed. Whereas laser speckles arise from multiple interference of light scattered from an object illuminated by a coherent laser beam and white-light speckles are a physically generated speckle pattern on the surface of the object, sampled speckles are generated as a result of the sampling of a digital image. The generation of these speckles and their application to displacement measurement are demonstrated.