SubthresholdK + production in proton-nucleus collisions

We analyzed theK ⁺ production at projectile energies below the free nucleon-nucleon threshold in proton-nucleus collisions and studied the contribution from different reaction channels to this process. It was shown that the secondary pion-nucleon (+N+K ⁺) channel significantly prevails over the direct (p+N+N+K ⁺) one. The momentum and angularK ⁺ spectra were calculated in the framework of different production channels in order to propose experimental measurements which allow to distinguish the mechanisms discussed. We also studiedK ⁺ d correlations and considered the deuteron reabsorption in the nuclear medium as well as the fast deuteron background. The features ofK ⁺ p correlations related to the different production channels were analyzed as well.     

AnomalousE1 conversion in octupole-deformed nuclei and muon shake-off in prompt fission

It has been shown that the coexistence of octupole and quadrupole deformation in nuclei gives rise to strong penetration effects in internal conversion for theE1 transitions. This idea has been applied for evaluating the muon shake-off probabilityW _sh. The value obtained,W _sh/–0.5% per prompt fission, is in good agreement with the experimental result. Possibilities for further experimental studies of this effect are discussed.The author would like to acknowledge fruitful discussions of the problem together with Prof. Yu.P. Gangrsky, Dr. V. Yu. Denisov and Prof. D.F. Zaretsky. He is also grateful to Prof. G.Ye. Belovitsky, Prof. P. David and Dr. Ch. Rösel for discussions of the experimental situation. This work was completed at the University of Bonn in the frame of a fellowship from the Heinrich Hertz Foundation.     

Trace anomaly and chiral symmetry breaking scale in the Nambu and Jona-Lasinio model

Bound state pion production in⁴⁰Ca and¹²⁰Sn nuclei in (p,2p) and (n,d) reactions is investigated. The differential and total cross sections have been obtained. It is shown that the cross sections are determined by the overlap function of the bound states of the nucleon and pion, and as consequence,s-wave part of the pion-nucleus optical potential. The contributions from the nucleons and deuteron distortions are evaluated.The authors would like to express their gratitude to R.A. Eramzhyan, S.N. Gninenko, V.B. Kopeliovich, V.M. Lobashev, B.B. Matveev and E. Oset for very useful and stimulating discussions.     

On the role of theΔ -isobar in deep inelastic scattering on the deuteron

The role of the nuclear structure effects, viz. the boundness of nucleons and-isobar components, in the deep inelastic scattering of leptons on the deuteron is considered. It is shown that small admixture of the-isobar configurations to the deuteron wave function may lead to significant effects in the spin structure functions of the deuteronb ₁ ^D andg ₁ ^D (x): up to 4% in g ₁ ^D (x) dx and up to 10% ing ₁ ^D (x) at smallx.One of the authors (A.U.) thanks Prof. F.C. Khanna for helpful discussions and for kind offering the information used in our calculations.     

Deuteron production and space-time characteristics of high-energy hadron-nucleus reactions

The contribution of the coalescence mechanism to deuteron production is discussed on the basis of data on inclusive deuteron and proton production in hadron-nucleus interactions. The angular dependence and theA dependence of the coefficient of twonucleon coalescence into a deuteron are analysed for 7.5 GeV/c pA and 5 GeV/cπ ^? A interactions. The results suggest an elongated shape of the interaction region along the trajectory of the incident hadron and a successive knock-out of nucleons during propagation of the incident particle through a nucleus.     

Nonadiabatic screening of proton charges in the case of tunneling methyl groups in external magnetic field

The equation of motion corresponding to methyl groups embedded in solid lattices and reorienting around their symmetry axes is considered in the presence of external magnetic field. It is known that the Born-Oppenheimer approximation does not describe the electronic screening of the magnetic field as seen by the nuclei, i.e., the protons interact with the magnetic field with their bare charges. To obtain the screening, one has to include the non-adiabatic terms in the analysis. Using the rotating coordinate system fixed to the methyl group, we have shown that the effective chargeq, describing the interaction of the protons with the magnetic field, satisfiesq>0.24e (–e is the electron charge). The possibility of experimental verification is also discussed.     

Sensitivity of T20 indA →PX to the reaction mechanism and relativistic effects

A method for the analysis of interactions between fast deuterons and nucleons is developed, taking into account both the relativistic effects in the deuteron and the mechanism of their interaction. The inclusive proton spectra and the polarisation characteristics are investigated, taking for instance the fragmentation type processes of deuterons on nucleons. A strong sensitivity of the deuteron polarisation tensor component T₂₀ both to the reaction mechanism and to the relativistic structure of the deuteron is shown. It is shown that there can't be a direct indication of the 6q-state existence in the deuteron from the T₂₀ experimental data.     

The low-energyD(α, γ)6Li and6Li+208Pb→D+α+208Pb cross sections

We have calculated theE1 andE2 contributions to the low-energyD(,)⁶Li fusion and to the⁶Li+²⁰⁸Pb D++²⁰⁸Pb Coulomb dissociation cross sections within a multichannel Resonating Group calculation based on many-body deuteron+ configurations and pseudo-states. For both reactions experimentally determined cross sections are reasonably well reproduced. We find that dipole capture contributes noticeably to the fusion cross sections atE500 keV, while it is negligible in the Coulomb dissociation data.     

Possible interpretation of the „anomalous“ behaviour of the proton spectrum at 0° from the deuteron fragmentation at 9 GeV/c

The momentum spectra of protons, produced at 0° as a result of fragmentation of relativistic deuterons on nuclei, are analyzed. Possible causes of the existing discrepancy of the data on the 0° proton spectrum from the¹ H(d,p)X reaction at 9.1 GeV/c with results of the impulse approximation calculations are considered. It is shown that taking into account the finite angular resolution of the experimental setup and the corresponding renormalization of the experimental data, on the one hand, and also the inclusion of the additional (to stripping) contribution of protons from the scattering of deuteron nucleons by target protons, on the other, make it possible to match these data with the results of calculations within the framework of the relativistic impulse approximation using the deuteron wave function for the Paris potential.     

Relativistic spin-1 dynamics and deuteron-nucleus elastic scattering

A discussion of the Proca and Weinberg relativistic spin-1 equations and of their relation is presented. With them the Dirac approach to proton-nucleus elastic scattering is extended to deuteron-nucleus elastic scattering. The strength of the predicted deuteron spin-orbit potential is found to be weaker, by a factor of approximately 2, than the deuteron folding model value, because the g-factor for spin-1 is g = 1. The implications of this result are discussed.     

Electric field effects on persistent spectral holes: Perylene in the polar polymer polyvinylbutyral

We investigated the effects of an electric field on a spectral hole burned in the inhomogeneously broadened S ₀–S ₁ transition of perylene in different samples of the polar polymer polyvinylbutyral (PVB) and in cellulose nitrate. The spectral hole is broadened and reduced in depth by the electric field. It was checked experimentally for perylene in PVB that the hole area remains constant when an electric field is applied. We determined the effective matrix-induced electric dipole moment differences * for perylene in different PVB samples and in cellulose nitrate. Within experimental accuracy the value of * is approximately independent of the composition of PVB and its water content. For perylene in cellulose nitrate the value of * is larger by a factor of 1.5 than in PVB. The results are discussed on the basis of a simple model for the electric field effect.     

Color transparency effects in electron deuteron interactions at intermediateQ 2

High momentum transfer electrodisintegration of polarized and unpolarized deuterium targets,d(e, ep)n is studied. We show that the importance of final state interactions FSI, occuring when a knocked out nucleon interacts with the other nucleon, depends strongly on the momentum of the spectator nucleon. In particular, these FSI occur when the essential contributions to the scattering amplitude arise from internucleon distances 1.5 fm. But the absorption of the high momentum ^* may produce a point like configuration, which evolves with time. In this case, the final state interactions probe the point like configuration at the early stage of its evolution. If the point like configuration is still small after propagating about 1.5 fm, the FSI are suppressed. The result is that significant color transparency effects, which can either enhance or suppress computed cross sections, are predicted to occur forQ ²4GeV². We suggest searching for color transparency phenomenon by examining ratios of experimentally measured quantities. Possible theoretical uncertainties of the calculations, including those due to the deuteron wave function and relativistic effects, are found to be small.This work was supported in part by the USA — Israel Binational Science Foundation Grant No. 9200126 and by the US Department of Energy under Contract Nos. DE-FG02-93ER40771 and DE-FG06-88ER40427.     

Experimental evidence for muonicX-rays from fission fragments

In the spectrum of muonic X-rays of²³⁸U measured in coincidence with prompt fission events a structure has been found which is attributed to 2p1s transitions of the muon attached to heavy fragments. The intensityI _s of this structure relative to the strengthI _pf observed for prompt fission has been determined to beI _s/I _pf=(6.0± 2.1) %. Although the experimental significance for the appeareance of this phenomenon is weak, this is the first experimental indication for its occuxence.We are indebted to the following institutes or organizations for financial support: Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie der Bundesrepublik Deutschland contract number 06BN271 (CR,PD,HH,FR,WS), Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter (FOM) and the Netherlands Organization of the Advancement of Pure Research (NWO) (JK,CTAMdL,AT), the Swiss National Foundation (SNF) (LAS,LS), and the Heinrich-Hertz-Foundation (HH) (FFK,BS).     

Deuteron photodisintegration within the Quark-Gluon Strings Model and QCD motivated nonlinear Regge trajectories

We investigate deuteron two-body photodisintegration within the framework of the Quark-Gluon Strings Model with nonlinear baryon Regge trajectories. Special attention is paid to the use of QCD motivated Regge trajectories of the logarithmic and square-root form. We find that the recent experimental data from TJNAF in the few-GeV region can be reasonably described by the model. Angular distributions at different γ-energies are presented and the effect of a forward-backward asymmetry is discussed. Predictions for the energy dependence of dσ/dt at higher energies and different Θ_c.m. are presented, too. Received: 12 March 2001 / Accepted: 19 March 2001     

Sensitivity of cross section andT 20 to secondary interactions in the reaction indp → ppn at medium energies

Secondary effects in deuteron breakup reactions are reexamined for the process¹ H(d, p) pn with a proton detected at 0° and for the process¹ H (d, pp)n with two fast forward moving protons fixed at the beam line. Sensitivity of the cross section and the tensor asymmetryT ₂₀ to the double-scattering and final-state-interaction corrections is demonstrated. The nonrelativistic method used here incorporates both the energy-conserving and the principal-value part of the free nucleon propagator. The calculations are compared with the inclusive experimental data¹ H(d, p)X at the 1.25 and 2.1 GeV deuteron kinetic energy.The author would like to express his thanks to Prof. B. Tecoult for valuable ideas stimulating this work and Yu.Panebratsev and A. Litvinenko for many helpful discussions. For ideas and advice concerning Sect. 4, I thank to G. Lykasov and S. Shimansky.     

Dynamical and thermal aspects of relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Within a covariant BUU-approach we simulate heavyion collisions at various bombarding energies from 400 MeV/u to 1 GeV/u. We evaluate locally the energymomentum tensorT ^v (x), and extract pressures, energydensities and temperatures. The connection of these thermodynamical quantities to experimental observables and their sensitivity to the equation of state is discussed. Furthermore, we investigate the question of local equilibration and evaluate the entropy produced in these reactions.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. P. Kienle on the occasion of his 60th birthday. Work supported by BMFT and GSI Darmstadt     

Dissociative adsorption of alkanes on clean and sulfur-modified nickel surfaces

Recent studies of the dissociative adsorption of methane on clean Ni(111), Ni(100), Ni(110), and sulfur-modified Ni(100), as well as ethane, propane, and n-butane on Ni(100) have been carried out under the high incident flux conditions of 1.00 Torr methane, 0.10 Torr ethane, 0.01 Torr propane, and 0.001 Torr n-butane, respectively. It has been found that the activation energies for these processes range from 3.1±1.0 to 13.3±1.5 kcal mol^–1. A comparison with the results of corresponding molecular beam studies suggests that the effects of vibrational energy on sticking probabilities must be accounted for and the sticking probabilities of molecules with very low normal kinetic energies must be accurately known when attempting to model high pressure processes using molecular beam techniques. While dissociation of ethane, propane, and n-butane on Ni(100) is believed to proceed primarily via a trapped molecular precursor, the results on sulfur-modified Ni(100) surface indicate that the direct channel to methane dissociation likely dominates and the contribution from the trapped molecular precursor mechanism is likely relatively small, with the sulfur atoms poisoning this reaction by a simple site blocking mechanism.     

Thermal configurations of oxygen in silicon

The central position and the infrared absorption coefficient of the 9 m band of Si samples were measured with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) at temperatures from T=77 K to 775 K. The infrared absorption coefficients were corrected by considering background absorption and free carrier absorption calculated from the increased free carrier concentration and from the resistivity determined from Hall effect measurements. We found the central position of the 9 m band to shift to longer wavelengths with increasing temperature. The concentration [O_i] of interstitial oxygen is almost constant for T<600 K, but decreased rapidly for T>600 K. These results verified there are two types of thermal configurations of oxygen in silicon: The bonded Si₂O configuration with a binding energy E _b0.8 to 1.0 eV at T77 K to 600 K, and the Si₂O configuration coexists with a quasi-free interstitial oxygen (QFIO) state for T>600 K. The lattice potential barrier E _L, which retards QFIO atoms from migrating in the lattice, is estimated to be 1.5 to 1.6 eV. From these configurations the anomalous diffusivity of oxygen in silicon can be explained quite well.     

Exclusive measurement of coherent η-photoproduction from the deuteron

Coherent photoproduction of η-mesons from the deuteron has been measured from threshold up to E _γ≈ 750 MeV using the photon spectrometer TAPS at the tagged photon facility at the Mainz microtron MAMI. For the first time, differential coherent cross-sections have been deduced from the coincident detection of the η-meson and the recoil deuteron. A missing-energy analysis was used for the suppression of background events so that a very clean identification of coherent η-photoproduction was achieved. The resulting cross-sections agree with previous experimental results except for angles around 90^° in the γd c.m. system where they are smaller. They are compared to various model calculations. Received: 5 April 2001 / Accepted: 3 September 2001