Acoustic response characteristics of unsaturated porous media

By employing the plane wave analysis method, the dispersion equations associated with compressional and shear waves using Santos’s three-phase poroelastic theory were driven. Considering the reservoir pressure, the high frequency corrections and the coupling drag of two fluids in pores, the influences of frequency and gas saturation on the phase velocities and the inverse quality factors of four body waves predicted by Santos’s theory were discussed in detail. The theoretical velocities of the fast compressional and shear waves were compared with the results of the low and high frequency experiments from open publications, respectively. The results showed that they are in good agreement in the low frequency case rather than in the high frequency case. In the latter case, several popular poroelastic models were considered and compared with the experimental data. In the models, the results of White’s theory fit the experimental data, but the parameter b in White’s model has a significant impact on the results. Under the framework of the linear viscoelasticity theory, the attenuation mechanism of Santos’s model was extended, and the comparisons between the experimental and theoretical results were also made with respect to attenuation. For the case of water saturation less than 90%, the extended model makes good predictions of the inverse quality factor of shear wave. There is a significant difference between the experimental and theoretical results for the compressional wave, but the difference can be explained by the experimental data available.     

Acoustic energy in non-uniform flows

The concept of acoustic energy is extended to non-uniform fluid flows. In general, the resulting energy balance equation exhibits acoustic energy production or dissipation within the flow, but in an important special case the production term is zero, implying conservation of acoustic energy. The acoustic energy equations used in classical and geometric acoustics are recovered from the general formulation by making the appropriate assumptions.     

Phase-locking resonator with annular gain media

A new type of laser resonator that is designed to extract good phase coherence and circular beams from an annular gain region is developed. We also calculated the parameters theoretically by applying the resonator to a CO₂ laser. And the transfer characteristics of the output beam from the phase-locking laser resonator through a lens are also discussed.     

Acoustic double-negative media

We consider the possibility of the existence of media in acoustics that are similar in several effects to the widely discussed electrodynamic left-handed media. The density and compressibility of a medium are shown to be the mechanical analogues of negative permittivity and permeability. We discuss the physical meaning of their negativity and mechanical models with such properties. To identify the effects related to the sign of the density and compressibility, we have performed our analysis based on linearized hydrodynamic equations instead of the wave equation or the Helmholtz equation. We have obtained an analogue of the Lippmann—Schwinger equation and constructed a theory of wave scattering by inhomogeneities in a medium with arbitrary values and signs of the density and compressibility. Our numerical simulations have revealed all of the expected effects. We consider the questions concerning the fulfillment of the causality principle and its consequences generalized to the case of negative media in the form of a connection between the damping and dispersion of waves.     

Acoustic treaming visualization in elastic spherical cavities

Flow visualizations are presented for acoustic streaming occurring inside spherical elastic cavities oscillating in an acoustic field. Streaming flows are visualized using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and results are observed for a range of values of a dimensionless frequency parameter,M=120–306. Over the frequency range investigated, streaming flow fields remain steady at a given value ofM. The magnitude of the flows circulating inside the cavity remains small (<1 mm/s) and follows a non-linear dependency with respect to the acoustic power of the sound wave. The present boundary-driven cavity flows may enhance particle fluid transport mechanisms, leading ultimately to potential fluid mixing applications.     

Acoustic properties of a dielectric with cavities in a polarizing electric field

The effect of an external polarizing electric field on the shear wave propagation in a centrosymmetric crystal with electrostriction, whose body is penetrated with parallel cylindrical cavities (pores), is considered. The cavities are distributed throughout the crystal at random and with a low density. The waves are assumed to be polarized along the cavity generatrices, and the wave propagation occurs in the elastic isotropy plane, which is orthogonal to the cavity axes. The external field is assumed to be axial. Possibility of controlling the propagation of shear waves by the polarizing field is demonstrated for the case of metallized cavity surfaces.     

Acoustic identification of nanocrystalline media

Two-dimensional (2D) models of nanocrystalline media with close proximity (a hexagonal lattice) and with non-dense packing (a square lattice) are considered in this paper. It is supposed that particles have a round shape and possess two translational and one rotational degrees of freedom. The differential equations describing the propagation of acoustic and rotational waves in such media have been derived. Analytical relationships between the macroelasticity constants of the medium and microstructure parameters have been found. These relationships appear to be different for nanocrystalline media with hexagonal and square lattices. It has been shown that identification of macroparameters of a nanocrystalline medium can be obtained by measurement of wave velocities and the form of dispersion dependences of acoustic and rotational waves.     

环形流道的热声学特性分析

从线性热声理论出发,推导了环形流道的横向分布函数表达式。在此基础上比较了等截面积环形流道与圆管的阻抗特性;针对一定工况,计算比较了两者沿管长的压力体积流率分布情况。该表达式对于设计小型同轴型热声系统以及简化热声系统的CFD模拟具有重要意义。     

Acoustic virtual mass of granular media

Mechanical coupling between grains in a randomly packed unconsolidated granular medium is shown to cause an increase in the effective inertia, hence, a reduction in sound and shear wave speeds, relative to predictions by the standard expressions for a uniform elastic solid. The effect may be represented as a virtual mass term, and directly related to the scintillation index of the grain-to-grain contact stiffness.     

同轴边加载三腔谐振腔高频特性

研究了同轴边加载三腔谐振腔的高频特性,从圆柱坐标系下的Borgnis位函数出发求解各个区域的场表达式,利用边界条件和相邻区域公共界面上的匹配条件,导出同轴边加载三腔谐振腔内角向均匀的TM模式的色散关系和各个区域场分布的解析表达式。将求得的谐振频率和数值模拟所得到的谐振频率进行了对比验证,求解所得谐振模式的频率和场分布与数值模拟的结果基本一致。     

Acoustic flux imaging in anisotropic media

A new method for characterizing acoustic flux propagation in anisotropic media is introduced and developed. The technique, which we call ultrasonic flux imaging (UFI), utilizes a pair of water-immersion focused acoustic transducers as a point source and point detector. Raster scanning one transducer produces a transmission pattern which exhibits the anisotropies in acoustic flux known as phonon focusing modulated by interference between sheets of the acoustic wave surface. This internal diffraction is studied theoretically taking into account the anisotropy of the medium, the boundary conditions between the solid and the water, and the pressure fields produced by the transducers. In addition to bulk effects, the images reveal interesting critical-cone structures associated with the water/solid interface. The theoretical predictions agree well with experimental observations in silicon and a number of other materials, including single-crystal metals, insulators, and semiconductors. All measurements are made at room temperature, in contrast to the cryogenic requirements of previous phononimaging techniques. As a new method, UFI holds promise for examining anisotropies in the vibrational properties, and, possibly, electron-phonon coupling in metals and superconductors. The principles and techniques may also have application to non-destructive characterization of textured polycrystalline and composite materials.     

Acoustic waves in media with hysteretic nonlinearity and linear dispersion

A hysteresis equation of state is proposed for polycrystalline solids with saturation of nonlinear losses. Effects of amplitude-dependent internal friction and higher harmonic generation that result from propagation of harmonic acoustic waves in rods made of such materials are theoretically and numerically studied.     

Acoustic scattering from a submerged cylindrical shell coated with locally resonant acoustic metamaterials

Using the multilayered cylinder model, we study acoustic scattering from a submerged cylindrical shell coated with locally resonant acoustic metamaterials, which exhibit locally negative effective mass densities. A spring model is introduced to replace the traditional transfer matrix, which may be singular in the negative mass region. The backscattering form function and the scattering cross section are calculated to discuss the acoustic properties of the coated submerged cylindrical shell.     

非均匀热流边界条件下螺旋管内换热特性

对均匀和非均匀热流边界条件下螺旋管内湍流换热进行了数值模拟,结果表明:当螺旋管表面加热功率一定时,相同Re数下均匀热流边界条件时螺旋管截面周向局部Nu数高于非均匀热流边界条件;非均匀热流边界下充分发展段的平均Nu数小于均匀热流边界;相同的De数下,曲率较小的螺旋管换热系数大。     

Acoustic transmission in non-uniform ducts with mean flow,part II: The finite element method

This second paper in a two part series describes the implementation of the finite element method for the solution of the problem of acoustic transmission through a non-uniform duct carrying a high speed subsonic compressible flow. A finite element scheme based on both the Galerkin method and the residual least squares method and with eight noded isoparametric elements is described. Multi-modal propagation is investigated by coupling of the solution in the duct non-uniform section to modal expansions in uniform sections. The accuracy of the finite element results for both the eigenvalue and transmission problems is assessed by comparison with exact solutions and with results from the method of weighted residuals in the form of a modified Galerkin method as introduced in Part I of this pair of papers. The results of calculations show that modal interactions, particularly in transmitted modes, become increasingly important with increasing duct flow Mach number. Power transmission coefficient calculations for the geometries studied reveal no indication of a linear basis for the phenomenon of subsonic acoustic choking.     

Acoustic transmission in non-uniform ducts with mean flow,part I: The method of weighted residuals

3n this and a companion paper the problem of transmission of sound through non-uniform ducts carrying a high speed subsonic compressible flow is approached using the method of weighted residuals (MWR) in the form of a modified Galerkin method and the finite element method (FEM). The intent of the investigation is to carry out a careful evaluation of these methods in this computationally difficult problem. To this end both MWR and FEM have been limited to in-core computer implementations to generate useful results with relatively modest computational requirements. This paper (Part I) details the MWR formulation and presents numerical results establishing the degree of accuracy of MWR as compared to exact eigenvalue calculations and approximate one dimensional transmission calculations. The comparison of MWR and FEM results is carried out in the companion paper (Part II).     

光束通过含环形光阑的光学系统的传输特性研究

采用将环形光阑的窗口函数展开的傅里叶级数与复高斯函数的乘积的方法,推导出平面波经过含环形光阑光学系统的近似解析传输公式。利用该公式对光束通过含环形光阑的光学系统的传输进行了数值模拟,计算并分析了不同遮拦比下轴上光强分布和横向光强分布的特点。结果表明：轴上光强分布和横向光强分布与环形光阑的遮拦比有关。该研究方法和结果可推广到其他光阑,对控制光束和光学系统设计具有一定的参考价值。