Free vibration analysis of functionally graded curved panels using a higher-order finite element formulation

Free vibration analysis of functionally graded curved panels is carried out using a higher-order formulation. A C⁰ finite element formulation is used to carry out the analysis. The element consists of nine degrees of freedom per node with higher-order terms in the Taylor's-series expansion, which represents the higher-order transverse cross-sectional deformation modes. The formulation includes Sanders’ approximation for doubly curved shells considering the effects of rotary inertia and transverse shear. A realistic parabolic distribution of transverse shear strains through the shell thickness is assumed and the use of shear correction factor is avoided. Material properties are assumed to be temperature independent and graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power-law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. Heat conduction between ceramic and metal constituents is neglected. The accuracy of the formulation is validated by comparing the results with those available in the literature. Effects of panel geometry parameters and boundary conditions are studied.     

Free vibration of non-circular cylindrical shell panels

In the free vibration analysis of clamped non-circular cylindrical shell panels, a matrix method has been used to solve the governing differential equations, which have variable coefficients. The effect of the curvature, thickness ratio and aspect ratio on the natural frequencies has been studied. The results obtained for circular cylindrical panels are compared with other available results. The convergence of the solution is found to be good.     

Free vibration analysis of functionally graded plates using the element-free kp-Ritz method

A free vibration analysis of metal and ceramic functionally graded plates that uses the element-free kp-Ritz method is presented. The material properties of the plates are assumed to vary continuously through their thickness according to a power-law distribution of the volume fractions of the plate constituents. The first-order shear deformation plate theory is employed to account for the transverse shear strain and rotary inertia, and mesh-free kernel particle functions are used to approximate the two-dimensional displacement fields. The eigen-equation is obtained by applying the Ritz procedure to the energy functional of the system. Convergence studies are performed to examine the stability of the proposed method, and comparisons of the solutions derived with those reported in the literature are provided to verify its accuracy. Four types of functionally graded rectangular and skew plates—Al/Al₂O₃, Al/ZrO₂, Ti–6Al–4V/Aluminum oxide, and SUS304/Si₃N₄—are included in the study, and the effects of the volume fraction, boundary conditions, and length-to-thickness ratio on their frequency characteristics are discussed in detail.     

Nonlinear vibration of functionally graded circular cylindrical shells based on improved Donnell equations

In the present work, the study of the nonlinear vibration of a functionally graded cylindrical shell subjected to axial and transverse mechanical loads is presented. Material properties are graded in the thickness direction of the shell according to a simple power law distribution in terms of volume fractions of the material constituents. Governing equations are derived using improved Donnell shell theory ignoring the shallowness of cylindrical shells and kinematic nonlinearity is taken into consideration. One-term approximate solution is assumed to satisfy simply supported boundary conditions. The Galerkin method, the Volmir's assumption and fourth-order Runge–Kutta method are used for dynamical analysis of shells to give explicit expressions of natural frequencies, nonlinear frequency–amplitude relation and nonlinear dynamic responses. Numerical results show the effects of characteristics of functionally graded materials, pre-loaded axial compression and dimensional ratios on the dynamical behavior of shells. The proposed results are validated by comparing with those in the literature.     

Buckling and free vibration analysis of functionally graded cylindrical shells subjected to a temperature-specified boundary condition

Linear thermal buckling and free vibration analysis are presented for functionally graded cylindrical shells with clamped-clamped boundary condition based on temperature-dependent material properties. The material properties of functionally graded materials (FGM) shell are assumed to vary smoothly and continuously across the thickness. With high-temperature specified on the inner surface of the FGM shell and outer surface at ambient temperature, 1D heat conduction equation along the thickness of the shell is applied to determine the temperature distribution; thereby, the material properties based on temperature distribution are made available for thermal buckling and free vibration analysis. First-order shear deformation theory along with Fourier series expansion of the displacement variables in the circumferential direction are used to model the FGM shell. Numerical studies involved the understanding of the influence of the power-law index, r/h and l/r ratios on the critical buckling temperature. Free vibration studies of FGM shells under elevated temperature show that the fall in natural frequency is very drastic for the mode corresponding to the lowest natural frequency when compared to the lowest buckling temperature mode.     

Free vibration of conical shell panels

In this paper, the free vibration analysis of isotropic conical shell panel with all edges clamped carried out by using an integral equation technique is described. Results of a parametric study are presented.     

Control of sound and vibration for cylindrical shells by utilizing a periodic structure of functionally graded material

A periodic shell made of functionally graded material (FGM) is proposed in this Letter. Wave propagation and vibration transmission in the FGM periodic shell for different circumferential modes are investigated. By illustrating the dynamical behavior of the periodic FGM shell within the pass/stop band frequency ranges, the mechanism of wave propagation and vibration transmission in the shell are illuminated. Moreover, the suppression characteristics of structure-borne sound in the internal field of the shell, either within the stop or pass band frequency ranges, are studied.     

Free vibration analysis of functionally graded conical shells and annular plates using the Haar wavelet method

The main aim of this paper is to provide a simple yet efficient solution for the free vibration analysis of functionally graded (FG) conical shells and annular plates. A solution approach based on Haar wavelet is introduced and the first-order shear deformation shell theory is adopted to formulate the theoretical model. The material properties of the shells are assumed to vary continuously in the thickness direction according to general four-parameter power-law distributions in terms of volume fractions of the constituents. The separation of variables is first performed; then Haar wavelet discretization is applied with respect to the axial direction and Fourier series is assumed with respect to the circumferential direction. The constants appearing from the integrating process are determined by boundary conditions, and thus the partial differential equations are transformed into algebraic equations. Then natural frequencies of the FG shells are obtained by solving algebraic equations. Accuracy and reliability of the current method are validated by comparing the present results with the existing solutions. Effects of some geometrical and material parameters on the natural frequencies of shells are discussed and some selected mode shapes are given for illustrative purposes. It’s found that accurate frequencies can be obtained by using a small number of collocation points and boundary conditions can be easily achieved. The advantages of this current solution method consist in its simplicity, fast convergence and excellent accuracy.     

Thermal postbuckling and vibration analyses of functionally graded plates

Thermal postbuckling and vibration behaviors of the functionally graded (FG) plate are investigated. The material properties of the FG plate are assumed to vary continuously through the thickness of the plate and as temperature with the nonlinearity. The nonlinear finite element equations based on the first-order shear deformation plate theory are formulated for the FG plate. The von Karman nonlinear strain–displacement relationship is used to account for the large deflection of the plate. The incremental form considering the initial displacement and initial stress is adopted for the nonlinear temperature-dependent material properties of the functionally graded material. The numerical result shows the characteristics of the thermal postbuckling and vibration of the FG plate in the pre- and post-buckled regions.     

Nonlinear free vibration behavior of functionally graded plates

In this paper, an analytical solution is provided for the nonlinear free vibration behavior of plates made of functionally graded materials. The material properties of the functionally graded plates are assumed to vary continuously through the thickness, according to a power-law distribution of the volume fraction of the constituents. The fundamental equations for thin rectangular plates of functionally graded materials are obtained using the von Karman theory for large transverse deflection, and the solution is obtained in terms of mixed Fourier series. The effect of material properties, boundary conditions and thermal loading on the dynamic behavior of the plates is determined and discussed. The results reveal that nonlinear coupling effects play a major role in dictating the fundamental frequency of functionally graded plates.     

Acoustic radiation from shear deformable stiffened laminated cylindrical shells

An analytical model of acoustic radiation from shear deformable laminated cylindrical shells with initial axial loadings and doubly periodic rings is presented. The shear deformation and rotary inertia of the rings are taken into account and the rings interact with the cylindrical shell only through the normal forces. The far-field sound pressure is found by using the Fourier wavenumber transform and stationary phase method. High frequency limitation issues of the first-order shear deformation theory are discussed and the effects of the second set of rings, axial initial loadings and multiple external loadings on the far-field acoustic radiation are explored. Further, the helical wave spectra of the radial displacement and sound pressure are used to study the vibrational and acoustic characteristics of the laminated shells. Above the ring frequency, the profile of the helical wave spectra of the far-field sound pressure induced by the cylindrical shell is an ellipse and the patterns of the helical wave spectra of the far-field sound pressure keep unchanged. Moreover, the ellipse distinguishes the supersonic wavenumbers and subsonic wavenumbers from the helical wave spectra of the radial displacement and surface sound pressure in the wavenumber domain. The bright spots and highlights of the helical wave spectra show that the corresponding waves are dominant.     

均匀流中剪切变形加筋层合板声与振动特性研究

基于一阶剪切变形理论, 建立了分析均匀流中周期加筋层合板声振特性的理论模型. 该模型应用对流波动方程及边界条件精确考虑了均匀流与层合板的耦合作用, 加强筋通过法向线力及扭矩与层合板相互作用, 利用傅里叶波数变换和稳相法, 得到了位移谱和辐射声压的解析表达式. 计算结果与已有公开数据符合良好, 验证了模型的有效性. 数值结果表明, 在高频段不能忽略剪切变形和加强筋扭转运动的影响; 增大均匀流速度可降低结构的辐射声压; 适当调整板厚和加强筋间距可有效避开结构的辐射声压波峰. 关键词： 均匀流 第一阶剪切变形理论 层合板 波数变换     

2-D differential quadrature solution for vibration analysis of functionally graded conical, cylindrical shell and annular plate structures

This paper focuses on the dynamic behavior of functionally graded conical, cylindrical shells and annular plates. The last two structures are obtained as special cases of the conical shell formulation. The first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) is used to analyze the above moderately thick structural elements. The treatment is developed within the theory of linear elasticity, when materials are assumed to be isotropic and inhomogeneous through the thickness direction. The two-constituent functionally graded shell consists of ceramic and metal that are graded through the thickness, from one surface of the shell to the other. Two different power-law distributions are considered for the ceramic volume fraction. The homogeneous isotropic material is inferred as a special case of functionally graded materials (FGM). The governing equations of motion, expressed as functions of five kinematic parameters, are discretized by means of the generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) method. The discretization of the system leads to a standard linear eigenvalue problem, where two independent variables are involved without using the Fourier modal expansion methodology. For the homogeneous isotropic special case, numerical solutions are compared with the ones obtained using commercial programs such as Abaqus, Ansys, Nastran, Straus, Pro/Mechanica. Very good agreement is observed. Furthermore, the convergence rate of natural frequencies is shown to be very fast and the stability of the numerical methodology is very good. Different typologies of non-uniform grid point distributions are considered. Finally, for the functionally graded material case numerical results illustrate the influence of the power-law exponent and of the power-law distribution choice on the mechanical behavior of shell structures.     

Free vibration analysis of circular cylindrical shells

A general analytical method is presented for evaluating the free vibration characteristics of a circular cylindrical shell with classical boundary conditions of any type. The solution is obtained through a direct solution procedure in which Sanders' shell equations are used with the axial modal displacements represented as simple Fourier series expressions. Stokes' transformation is exploited to obtain correct series expressions for the derivatives of the Fourier series. An explicit expression of the exact frequency equation can be obtained for any kind of boundary conditions. The accuracy of the method is checked against available data. The method is used to find the modal characteristics of the thermal liner model of the U.S. Fast Test Reactor (FTP). The numerical results obtained are compared with finite element method solutions.     

Free vibration analysis of a cracked shear deformable beam on a two-parameter elastic foundation using a lattice spring model

The free vibration of a shear deformable beam with multiple open edge cracks is studied using a lattice spring model (LSM). The beam is supported by a so-called two-parameter elastic foundation, where normal and shear foundation stiffnesses are considered. Through application of Timoshenko beam theory, the effects of transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia are taken into account. In the LSM, the beam is discretised into a one-dimensional assembly of segments interacting via rotational and shear springs. These springs represent the flexural and shear stiffnesses of the beam. The supporting action of the elastic foundation is described also by means of normal and shear springs acting on the centres of the segments. The relationship between stiffnesses of the springs and the elastic properties of the one-dimensional structure are identified by comparing the homogenised equations of motion of the discrete system and Timoshenko beam theory.     

Nonlinear dynamic response and active vibration control for piezoelectric functionally graded plate

The nonlinear dynamic response and active vibration control of the piezoelectric functionally graded plate are analyzed in this paper. Based on higher-order shear plate theory and elastic piezoelectric theory, the nonlinear geometric and constitutive relations of the piezoelectric functionally graded plate are established, and then the nonlinear motion equations of the piezoelectric functionally graded plate are obtained through Hamilton's variational principle. The nonlinear active vibration control of the structure is carried out with adoption of the negative velocity feedback control algorithm. By applying finite difference method, the whole problem is solved by using iterative method synthetically. In numerical examples, the effects of mechanical load, electric load, the volume fraction and the geometric parameters on the dynamic response and vibration control of the piezoelectric FGM plate are investigated.     

Three-dimensional free vibration of thick functionally graded annular plates in thermal environment

The free vibration analysis of functionally graded (FG) thick annular plates subjected to thermal environment is studied based on the 3D elasticity theory. The material properties are assumed to be temperature dependent and graded in the thickness direction. Considering the thermal environment effects and using Hamilton's principle, the equations of motion are derived. The effects of the initial thermal stresses are considered accurately by obtaining them from the 3D thermoelastic equilibrium equations. The differential quadrature method (DQM) as an efficient and accurate numerical tool is used to solve both the thermoelastic equilibrium and free vibration equations. Very fast rate of convergence of the method is demonstrated. Also, the formulation is validated by comparing the results with those obtained based on the first-order shear deformation theory and also with those available in the literature for the limit cases, i.e. annular plates without thermal effects. The effects of temperature rise, material and geometrical parameters on the natural frequencies are investigated. The new results can be used as benchmark solutions for future researches.