Prediction and measurements of vibrations from a railway track lying on a peaty ground

This paper introduces a two-dimensional model for the response of the ground surface due to vibrations generated by a railway traffic. A semi-analytical wave propagation model is introduced which is subjected to a set of harmonic moving loads and based on a calculation method of the dynamic stiffness matrix of the ground. In order to model a complete railway system, the effect of a simple track model is taken into account including rails, sleepers and ballast especially designed for the study of low vibration frequencies. The priority has been given to a simple formulation based on the principle of spatial Fourier transforms compatible with good numerical efficiency and yet providing quick solutions. In addition, in situ measurements for a soft soil near a railway track were carried out and will be used to validate the numerical implementation. The numerical and experimental results constitute a significant body of useful data to, on the one hand, characterize the response of the environment of tracks and, on the other hand, appreciate the importance of the speed and weight on the behaviour of the structure.     

Modular Epidemic Spreading in Small-World Networks

We study the epidemic spreading of the susceptible-infected-susceptible model on small-world networks with modular structure. It is found that the epidemic threshold increases linearly with the modular strength. Furthermore, the modular structure may influence the infected density in the steady state and the spreading velocity at the beginning of propagation. Practically, the propagation can be hindered by strengthening the modular structure in the view of network topology. In addition, to reduce the probability of reconnection between modules may also help to control the propagation.     

Sound propagation in railway line cuttings

Sound propagation in and around railway line cuttings is in many cases dominated by multiple reflections between train body and cutting wall or between the cutting walls. Typical situations were examined by a large number of scale model experiments. Based on these results a simple empirical calculation scheme was deduced to estimate sound fields in the surroundings of railway line cuttings. The basic idea is to compose the sound field from three parts: the direct sound from the wheels, first order specular reflections and a diffuse sound portion that is emitted from the upper edges of the train body. The scheme can easily be incorporated into existing railway noise models.     

Investigation of an anisotropic tortuosity in a biot model of ultrasonic propagation in cancellous bone

The modeling of ultrasonic propagation in cancellous bone is relevant to the study of clinical bone assessment. Historical experiments revealed the importance of both the viscous effects of bone marrow and the anisotropy of the porous microstructure. Of those propagation models previously applied to cancellous bone, Biot's theory incorporates viscosity, but has only been applied in isotropic form, while Schoenberg's anisotropic model does not include viscosity. In this paper we present an approach that incorporates the merits of both models, by utilizing the tortuosity, a key parameter describing pore architecture. An angle-dependent tortuosity for a layered structure is used in Biot's theory to generate the "Stratified Biot Model" for cancellous bone, which is compared with published bone data. While the Stratified Biot model was inferior to Schoenberg's model for slow wave velocity prediction, the proposed model improved agreement fast wave velocity at high propagation angles, particularly when sorted for porosity. An attempt was made to improve the fast wave agreement at low angles by introducing an angle-dependent Young's Modulus, which, while improving the agreement of predicted fast wave velocity at low angles, degraded agreement at high angles. In this paper the utility of the tortuosity in characterizing the architecture of cancellous bone is highlighted.     

Numerical simulation and validation of SI-CAI hybrid combustion in a CAI/HCCI gasoline engine

SI-CAI hybrid combustion, also known as spark-assisted compression ignition (SACI), is a promising concept to extend the operating range of CAI (Controlled Auto-Ignition) and achieve the smooth transition between spark ignition (SI) and CAI in the gasoline engine. In this study, a SI-CAI hybrid combustion model (HCM) has been constructed on the basis of the 3-Zones Extended Coherent Flame Model (ECFM3Z). An ignition model is included to initiate the ECFM3Z calculation and induce the flame propagation. In order to precisely depict the subsequent auto-ignition process of the unburned fuel and air mixture independently after the initiation of flame propagation, the tabulated chemistry concept is adopted to describe the auto-ignition chemistry. The methodology for extracting tabulated parameters from the chemical kinetics calculations is developed so that both cool flame reactions and main auto-ignition combustion can be well captured under a wider range of thermodynamic conditions. The SI-CAI hybrid combustion model (HCM) is then applied in the three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (3-D CFD) engine simulation. The simulation results are compared with the experimental data obtained from a single cylinder VVA engine. The detailed analysis of the simulations demonstrates that the SI-CAI hybrid combustion process is characterised with the early flame propagation and subsequent multi-site auto-ignition around the main flame front, which is consistent with the optical results reported by other researchers. Besides, the systematic study of the in-cylinder condition reveals the influence mechanism of the early flame propagation on the subsequent auto-ignition.     

用非饱和三相孔弹模型研究浅层土壤中地震波的传播特性

研究浅层土壤中声波耦合的地震波的传播特性, 用于声波探雷技术的机理分析. 根据浅层土壤具有孔隙度和可压缩性的特点, 利用非饱和三相孔隙介质中的地震波模型, 研究了土壤孔隙度、含水饱和度等参数对地震波传播特性的影响. 计算结果显示: 在给定的参数条件下, 地震波的传播速度和衰减系数均随频率的增加而增加; 纵波的传播速度随孔隙度的增加而减小, 横波的传播速度随孔隙度的增加而增加; 地震波的传播特性随含水饱和度的增加变化比较复杂. 通过对计算结果与已发表实验结果的比较分析, 讨论了解析方法的可行性, 为声-地震耦合机理及其在声波探雷研究中的应用提供了一定的理论基础. 关键词： 声-地震耦合 地震波 孔隙度 声波探雷     

基于选择性模型组合的三维荧光光谱水质分析方法

为提高三维荧光光谱水质分析的精度,提出一种选择性模型组合方法,采用相关系数法对三维荧光光谱激发波长进行选择,并将被选中的激发波长下的荧光发射光谱水质分析子模型采用岭回归法进行模型组合,得到对水质指标的组合模型。以一组总有机碳(TOC)范围在3.41～125.35 mg·L-1,化学需氧量(COD)范围在22.80～330.60 mg·L-1的32个地表水和城市生活污水水样做为研究对象,对其三维荧光光谱220～400 nm范围内的10个激发波长采用上述方法进行选择,分别针对TOC和COD指标筛选出260,280,400 nm和220,280,400 nm各3个激发波长。采用部分最小二乘方法建立上述激发波长下荧光发射光谱水质分析子模型,根据岭回归法计算各子模型的组合系数,分别得到对TOC和COD指标的组合模型。实验结果表明：采用该方法得到的组合模型对TOC和COD两种指标的预测误差均方根(RMSEP)相比精度最高的单一荧光发射光谱子模型分别减小了15.4%和17.5%,相比未经模型选择的组合模型分别减小了6.1%和10.9%。     

The influence of source–receiver interaction on the numerical prediction of railway induced vibrations

The numerical prediction of vibrations in buildings due to railway traffic is a complicated problem where wave propagation in the soil couples the source (railway tunnel or track) and the receiver (building). This through–soil coupling is often neglected in state-of-the-art numerical models in order to reduce the computational cost. In this paper, the effect of this simplifying assumption on the accuracy of numerical predictions is investigated. A coupled finite element–boundary element methodology is employed to analyze the interaction between a building and a railway tunnel at depth or a ballasted track at the surface of a homogeneous halfspace, respectively. Three different soil types are considered. It is demonstrated that the dynamic axle loads can be calculated with reasonable accuracy using an uncoupled strategy in which through–soil coupling is disregarded. If the transfer functions from source to receiver are considered, however, large local variations in terms of vibration insertion gain are induced by source–receiver interaction, reaching up to 10 dB and higher, although the overall wave field is only moderately affected. A global quantification of the significance of through–soil coupling is made, based on the mean vibrational energy entering a building. This approach allows assessing the common assumption in seismic engineering that source–receiver interaction can be neglected if the distance between source and receiver is sufficiently large compared to the wavelength of waves in the soil. It is observed that the interaction between a source at depth and a receiver mainly affects the power flow distribution if the distance between source and receiver is smaller than the dilatational wavelength in the soil. Interaction effects for a railway track at grade are observed if the source–receiver distance is smaller than six Rayleigh wavelengths. A similar trend is revealed if the passage of a freight train is considered. The overall influence of dynamic through–soil coupling in terms of power flow remains limited to 2 dB, but the insertion gain at particular locations can easily reach 10 dB. This is of the same order of magnitude as other sources of uncertainty in the numerical prediction of railway induced vibrations; this should hence be accounted for when performing vibration predictions.     

复杂地理环境的图像分割及电波传播特性

复杂地理环境是电波传播不可避免的传播环境,不仅不规则地形会对电波传播产生影响,不同的地表媒质对电波传播也会产生不同的影响。为了使得电波传播特性的预测结果更加地准确有效,通过图像分割算法实现地表环境的简单分类,同时对不同的媒质赋予不同的电磁参数,并结合数字高程模型(DEM)数据,实现了既具有地形起伏信息又具有地表电磁环境参数的复杂地理环境建模。在此基础上,对地表电磁环境信息做了网格剖分处理,利用抛物方程(PE)模型对复杂地理环境下的电波传播特性进行了预测。     

基于非线性光谱混合模型的遥感影像提取城市不透水层

针对传统方法在提取城市不透水层中的许多局限性,采用两种非线性光谱混合分解模型,包括混合调谐匹配滤波和多层感知器神经网络,通过混合像元分解获取城市不透水层.混合调谐匹配滤波利用用户选择的端元,通过最大化端元响应并减少未知背景信息的影响,进行局部分解端元.多层感知器由多个感知器组成,能够很好的进行非线性学习.对Landsa...     

基于反馈和多最小二乘支持向量机的分数阶混沌系统控制

根据分数阶线性系统的稳定理论,将混沌系统分成稳定的线性部分和相应的非线性部分.设计主动控制器,对非线性部分进行补偿,从而将分数阶混沌系统控制到平衡点.为了提高主动控制器的补偿能力,提出基于反馈的多最小二乘支持向量机(M-LS-SVM)拟合模型.通过减聚类方法将输入空间划分为一些小的局部空间,在每个局部空间中用LS-SVM建立子模型.为解决子模型相互之间的严重相关问题,提高模型的精度和鲁棒性,各个子模型的预测输出通过主元递归(PCR)方法连接.仿真实验表明该方法有助于提高补偿精度和系统响应指标. 关键词： 分数阶 混沌系统 多最小二乘支持向量机 反馈     

原子吸收光谱法测定铁路岩石边坡土壤中重金属含量

铁路岩石边坡土壤中重金属含量直接关系到铁路岩石边坡生态系统以及周边农田生态系统的环境安全。应用原子吸收光谱法检测了途经四川省紫色土丘陵区的成达铁路岩石边坡土壤与对照土壤中Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Mn等多种重金属元素的含量。结果表明：铁路岩石边坡土壤中重金属元素Pb和Mn的含量比对照土壤增加明显,增加幅度高达29.7%～35.4%;但重金属元素Cd, Zn, Cu在铁路岩石边坡土壤与对照土壤之间差别并不明显。     

考虑含水量变化信息的土壤有机质光谱预测模型

地物高光谱技术已被用于土壤有机质(SOM)等理化参数速测,但由于含水量、粗糙度等因素的影响,基于遥感影像的SOM空间反演精度较低。为此引入时相信息,将时像信息与光谱信息结合对研究区SOM进行预测,使预测模型精度显著提高。以黑龙江典型黑土区(北安市南部、海伦市中部、绥化市东部、绥棱县西南部、望奎县中部)为例,获取多期MODIS影像,利用MODIS数据高时间分辨率的优势,研究含水量对土壤反射光谱曲线的影响;基于SOM与含水量对反射率的综合作用分析,建立SOM遥感预测模型。结果表明：(1)利用单期影像建立的SOM光谱预测模型,未加入含水量变化对土壤反射光谱曲线的影响信息,基于年积日(DOY)117,119,130,140,143单期影像建立的SOM预测模型,RMSE分别为0.591,0.522,0.545和0.553,R2分别为0.505,0.614,0.562,0.568和0.645,模型精度及稳定性较低;(2)利用年积日119和143多时相影像建立的SOM预测模型,考虑了含水量与SOM的综合作用,RMSE为0.442,R2为0.723,模型精度、稳定性得到显著提高。研究成果对于区域土壤肥力评价、土壤碳库储量估测、精准农业发展有重要意义。     

用原子吸收光谱法分析铁路运输对周边脐橙种植园土壤元素的影响

铁路运输在推动路域经济发展的同时,也会对路域生态环境带来某些不良影响。水果品质与种植园土壤元素含量有直接关系,研究铁路周边脐橙种植园土壤元素含量对于农产品安全以及铁路周边生态环境建设都具有十分重要的意义。脐橙是一种人们十分喜欢的优质水果,在铁路周边尤其是四川省、重庆市、湖北省、江西省、贵州省等南方地区的铁路周边的栽种面积很大。应用原子吸收光谱法检测了四川省金堂县境内1997年建成的成达铁路沿线脐橙种植园土壤与对照土壤中Pb,Cd,Mn,Cu,Zn等多种元素的含量。结果表明, 铁路周边脐橙种植园土壤中重金属元素Pb和中量元素Mn比对照土壤增加明显,但重金属元素Cd与微量元素Cu和Zn在铁路周边脐橙种植园土壤与对照土壤之间差别并不明显。     

Diffraction of sound from a dipole source near to a barrier or an impedance discontinuity

Pierce's formulation for the diffraction of spherical waves by a hard wedge has been extended to the case of the sound field due to a dipole source. The same approach is also used to extend a semiempirical model for sound propagation above an impedance discontinuity due to a dipole source. The resulting formulas have been validated by comparing their numerical solutions with that computed by summing the sound fields due to two closely spaced monopole sources of equal magnitude but opposite in phase. These new formulations are then used to develop a simple model for calculating the dipole sound field diffracted by a barrier above an impedance ground. Applications of these models relate to transportation noise prediction, particularly railway noise abatement, for which dipole sources are commonly used. The numerical predictions have been found to compare reasonably well with indoor measurements using piezoceramic transducers as dipole sources.     

准移动闭塞系统的元胞自动机模型及列车延迟传播规律的研究

在NaSch模型的基础上，针对铁路交通的特点提出一种用于模拟准移动闭塞系统的元胞自动机模型.应用该模型模拟了准移动闭塞系统列车延迟传播的交通现象，分析了准移动闭塞系统中的轨道定位单元长度、发车时间间隔、初始延迟时间等因素对列车延迟传播的影响. 关键词： 元胞自动机 交通流 准移动闭塞     

The propagation of infinitesimal disturbances in an ultrarelativistic gas according to the method of elementary solutions

It has recently been shown that a linearized relativistic BGK model can be reduced, in the ultrarelativistic limit, to a system of three uncoupled transport equations for thermal, sound, and shear waves. The equation describing the propagation of thermal waves is the well-known one-speed neutron transport with isotropic scattering in the conservative case. In this paper the solution of the half-space problem for the equation describing the propagation of shear and sound waves is given according to Case's elementary solutions method.     

Using Short Wave Visible–Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy to Predict Soil Properties and Content

In this study, short wave visible–near infrared reflectance spectroscopy was evaluated for prediction of diverse soil properties related to four different soil series of several regions in Jiangxi, China. A total of 240 soil samples were collected for the calibration (n = 168) and prediction (n = 72) sets. The used wavelength range of short wave visible–near infrared reflectance spectroscopy is 325–1075 nm. Partial least squares regression and back propagation neural network were used to develop models for soil properties such as organic matter and extractable forms of calcium, magnesium, and potassium. Performance of these models was also compared and analyzed. The input of back propagation neural network was the first six principal components resulted from the principal component analysis and the optimal number of latent variables obtained from partial least squares regression. The overall results showed that the performance of partial least squares regression model was inferior to all back propagation neural network models. The best prediction was obtained with latent variables as input of back propagation neural network model for organic matter (determination coefficient = 0.84 and relative predictive determinant = 2.38), which was classified as very good model predictions. The prediction of calcium, magnesium, and potassium was classified as fair (determination coefficient = 0.56–0.68 and relative predictive determinant = 1.51–1.61), where quantitative predictions were considered possible. It is recommended to adopt latent variables as input for back propagation neural network model predicting soil properties with short wave visible–near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. In conclusion, short wave visible–near infrared reflectance spectroscopy was variably successful in estimating soil properties and showed potential for substituting laboratory analyses.