A hybrid SEA/modal technique for modeling structural-acoustic interior noise in rotorcraft

This paper describes a hybrid technique that combines Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) predictions for structural vibration with acoustic modal summation techniques to predict interior noise levels in rotorcraft. The method was applied for predicting the sound field inside a mock-up of the interior panel system of the Sikorsky S-92 helicopter. The vibration amplitudes of the frame and panel systems were predicted using a detailed SEA model and these were used as inputs to the model of the interior acoustic space. The spatial distribution of the vibration field on individual panels, and their coupling to the acoustic space were modeled using stochastic techniques. Leakage and nonresonant transmission components were accounted for using space-averaged values obtained from a SEA model of the complete structural-acoustic system. Since the cabin geometry was quite simple, the modeling of the interior acoustic space was performed using a standard modal summation technique. Sound pressure levels predicted by this approach at specific microphone locations were compared with measured data. Agreement within 3 dB in one-third octave bands above 40 Hz was observed. A large discrepancy in the one-third octave band in which the first acoustic mode is resonant (31.5 Hz) was observed. Reasons for such a discrepancy are discussed in the paper. The developed technique provides a method for modeling helicopter cabin interior noise in the frequency mid-range where neither FEA nor SEA is individually effective or accurate.     

汽车车内噪声主动控制系统仿真

摘要：降低汽车空腔的振动,是抑制汽车车内噪声的有效途径之一。以激振器、作动器和控制器等为主要部件,搭建了简化的汽车车内噪声主动控制系统,该系统通过将汽车空腔模型简化为板件,以减弱板件振动为目标,实现了汽车车内噪声主动控制。采用简谐正弦及余弦信号作为激振器发出的激励,用于模拟板件的初始振动,控制器通过采用模糊控制算法直接控制压电陶瓷作动器的振动,压电陶瓷作动器的振动用于抑制板件的振动,完成了汽车车内噪声主动控制系统仿真。仿真结果表明,研究采用的汽车车内噪声主动控制系统,使汽车空腔振动降低23%,为解决由汽车发动机和动力总成的振动所引发的汽车车内噪声问题提供了一个有效途径。     

Novel active noise-reducing headset using earshell vibration control

Active noise-reducing (ANR) headsets are available commercially in applications varying from aviation communication to consumer audio. Current ANR systems use passive attenuation at high frequencies and loudspeaker-based active noise control at low frequencies to achieve broadband noise reduction. This paper presents a novel ANR headset in which the external noise transmitted to the user's ear via earshell vibration is reduced by controlling the vibration of the earshell using force actuators acting against an inertial mass or the earshell headband. Model-based theoretical analysis using velocity feedback control showed that current piezoelectric actuators provide sufficient force but require lower stiffness for improved low-frequency performance. Control simulations based on experimental data from a laboratory headset showed that good performance can potentially be achieved in practice by a robust feedback controller, while a single-frequency real-time control experiment verified that noise reduction can be achieved using earshell vibration control.     

Structural-acoustic finite element analysis of the automobile passenger compartment: A review of current practice

This paper contains a brief review of the formulation of the finite element method for structural-acoustic analysis of an enclosed cavity, and illustrations are given of the application of this analytical method at General Motors Corporation to investigate the acoustics of the automobile passenger compartment. Low frequency noise in the passenger compartment (in approximately the 20–200 Hz frequency range) is of primary interest, and particularly that noise which is generated by the structural vibration of the wall panels of the compartment. The topics which are covered in the paper include the computation of acoustic modes and resonant frequencies of the passenger compartment, the effect of flexible wall panels on the cavity acoustics, the methods of direct and modal coupling of the structural and acoustic vehicle systems, and forced vibration analysis illustrating the techniques for computing panel-excited noise and for identifying critical panels around the passenger compartment. The capabilities of the finite element method are illustrated by applications to the production automobile, and experimental verifications of the various techniques are presented to illustrate the accuracy of the method.     

Reduction of radiated exterior noise from the flexible vibrating plate of a rectangular enclosure using multi-channel active control

This study attempted to control the radiated exterior noise from a rectangular enclosure in which an internal plate vibrates by acoustic excitation and noise is thus radiated from that plate. Multi-channel active control was applied to reduce the vibration and external radiation of this enclosed plate. A piezoelectric ceramic was used as a distributed actuator for multiple mode control of the vibration and radiated noise in the acoustically excited plate. To maximize the effective control, an approach was proposed for attachment the piezoelectric actuator in the optimal location. The plate and internal acoustic space in the enclosure are coupled with each other. This will change dominant frequency characteristics of the plate and, thus, those of the externally radiated noise. Active noise control was accomplished using an accelerometer attached to the plate and a microphone placed adjacent to that plate as an error sensor under acoustic excitation of sine wave and white noise. It was found that the control of radiated external radiation noise requires a microphone as an error sensor, a sound pressure sensor due to vibration of the plate, differences in the dominant frequency of externally radiated noise, and complex vibration modes of the plate.     

基于滑模鲁棒算法的超低频主动隔振系统

振动噪声的有效隔离是冷原子重力仪的关键技术之一.为了减小冷原子重力仪中拉曼反射镜的振动噪声,研制了一套紧凑型低频主动隔振系统.其原理是利用滑模鲁棒控制系统处理和反馈由地震仪采集到的振动信号,利用音圈电机控制和消除被动隔振平台的运动.在0.1—10 Hz频域范围内,滑模鲁棒控制系统的残余振动噪声功率谱密度比被动隔振平台最大降低了99.9%,比超前滞后补偿控制方法最大降低了83.3%.滑模鲁棒控制算法还具有整定参数少、抗干扰能力强等特点.     

Time domain finite volume method for the transient response and natural characteristics of structural-acoustic coupling in an enclosed cavity

A time domain finite volume method（TDFVM）based on wave theory is developed to analyze the transient response and natural characteristics of structural-acoustic coupling problems in an enclosed cavity.In the present method,the elastic dynamic equations and acoustic equation in heterogeneous medium are solved in solid domains and fluid domains respectively.The structural-acoustic coupling is implemented according to the continuity condition of the particle velocity along the normal direction and the normal traction equilibrium condition on the interface.Several numerical examples are presented to validate the effectiveness and accuracy of the present TDFVM.Then the effects of water depth on the acoustic and vibration characteristics and the natural characteristics of a structural-acoustic coupling system are analyzed.The numerical results show that the increase of water depth leads to a stronger coupling between the water and structure and the decrease of natural frequencies of coupling system,The computational cost and memory of this method are small and it can be applicable to structural-acoustic coupling problems in the heterogeneous fluid.     

Noise transmission from a curved panel into a cylindrical enclosure: analysis of structural acoustic coupling

Much of the research on sound transmission through the aircraft fuselage into the interior of aircraft has considered coupling of the entire cylinder to the acoustic modes of the enclosure. Yet, much of the work on structural acoustic control of sound radiation has focused on reducing sound radiation from individual panels into an acoustic space. Research by the authors seeks to bridge this gap by considering the transmission of sound from individual panels on the fuselage to the interior of the aircraft. As part of this research, an analytical model of a curved panel, with attached piezoelectric actuators, subjected to a static pressure load was previously developed. In the present work, the analytical model is extended to consider the coupling of a curved panel to the interior acoustics of a rigid-walled cylinder. Insight gained from an accurate analytical model of the dynamics of the noise transmission from the curved panels of the fuselage into the cylindrical enclosure of an aircraft is essential to the development of feedback control systems for the control of stochastic inputs, such as turbulent boundary layer excitation. The criteria for maximal structural acoustic coupling between the modes of the curved panel and the modes of the cylindrical enclosure are studied. For panels with aspect ratios typical of those found in aircraft, results indicate that predominately axial structural modes couple most efficiently to the acoustic modes of the enclosure. The effects of the position of the curved panel on the cylinder are also studied. Structural acoustic coupling is found to not be significantly affected by varying panel position. The impact of the findings of this study on structural acoustic control design is discussed.     

Application of radiation modes to the problem of low-frequency noise from a highway bridge

Low-frequency noise radiated from highway bridges is a serious environmental problem in Japan. Although the suppression of bridge vibration as usually done in practice can alleviate the radiation, it may not be optimal because the behavior of radiation is not taken into consideration. Concept of radiation modes, which can represent both vibration and radiation behavior, is adapted to a highway bridge. The objectives of this paper are to study the benefits of using radiation modes in (1) identification of low-frequency noise characteristics and (2) active control of low-frequency noise radiation. Numerical study shows that the radiation modes enable radiation characteristics of low-frequency noise to be physically understood and the active controller designed by radiation modes is superior to the controller designed without considering radiation behavior. Because the concept of radiation modes can reveal the mechanics of radiation/vibration, it is appropriate to the problem of low-frequency noise radiated from highway bridges.     

封闭声腔的结构-声耦合的瞬态响应及固有特性分析的时域有限体积法

基于波动理论,采用时域有限体积法(TDFVM)研究封闭声腔结构-声耦合问题的瞬态响应及固有特性。该方法在结构与流体区域分别求解结构动力学方程与非均匀介质中的声波动方程,根据流固分界面上的力平衡与质点振速连续条件实现结构-声耦合。通过数值算例验证方法的正确性和精确性,在此基础上研究封闭声腔结构与空气耦合的瞬态响应及固有特性,分析水深变化对耦合系统声振特性和固有特性的影响。结果表明,随着水深的增加,结构与水的耦合会更加强烈,导致耦合系统的特征频率降低,同时空气腔深度的减小,导致声腔的部分固有频率增加。该法对计算机内存要求低,且可以考虑含有非均匀流体的结构-声耦合。      

Dynamic Modeling and Analysis of Wind Turbine Blade of Piezoelectric Plate Shell

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of vibration control technology of wind turbine blades made of piezoelectric intelligent structures. The design of the blade structure, which is made from piezoelectric material, is approximately equivalent to a flat shell structure. The differential equations of piezoelectric shallow shells for vibration control are derived based on piezoelectric laminated shell theory. On this basis, wind turbine blades are simplified as elastic piezoelectric laminated shells. We establish the electromechanical coupling system dynamic model of intelligent structures and the dynamic equation of composite piezoelectric flat shell structures by analyzing simulations of active vibration control. Simulation results show that, under wind load, blade vibration is reduced upon applying the control voltage.     

Analytical research on structural-acoustic coupling of a cavity surrounded by flexible panel

The structural-acoustic coupling characteristics, mechanisms, effect of structural-acoustic coupling on natural mode and natural frequencies of the system are analyzed theoretically and numerically. Formulae for the natural frequencies of the coupled system are derived. Some new conclusions are obtained. Analytical results demonstrate that the strongly coupled system indicates obvious closed-loop feedback characteristics, whereas the weakly coupled system indicates obvious feedforward characteristics, and it is because of the presence of the feedback loop that the natural characteristics and natural frequencies are changed. Cluster coupling characteristic between the structural and acoustic modes for the regular cavity and panel system is found, which determines the coupling interaction between the flexible panel and cavity. Any mode in one mode cluster only interferes the modes and the modal natural frequencies in the same cluster independently. The modal cluster coupling changes not only the natural frequencies of the system but also the modal order and structural mode shape.     

A multi-input multi-output adaptive feed-forward controller for vibration alleviation on a large blended wing body airliner

Turbulent atmosphere, gusts, and manoeuvres significantly excite aircraft rigid body motions and structural vibrations, which leads to reduced ride comfort and increased structural loads. In particular BWB (Blended Wing Body) aircraft configurations, while promising a significant fuel efficiency improvement compared to wing-tube configurations, exhibit severe sensitivity to gusts. In general, a flexible aircraft represents a lightly damped structure involving a large variety of uncertainties due to fuel mass variations during flight, control system nonlinearities, aerodynamic nonlinearities, and structural nonlinearities, to name just a few. Especially at the beginning of flight testing of a newly developed aircraft type, plant models generally require a lot of verification and adjustment based on obtained flight test data, before they can be used reliably for control law design. Adaptive control already is a well-established method for many active noise and vibration control problems, and thus is proposed here for application to the problem of gust load alleviation. However, safety requirements are significantly higher for gust load alleviation systems than for most noise and vibration control systems. This paper proposes a MIMO (Multi-Input Multi-Output) adaptive feed-forward controller for the alleviation of turbulence-induced rigid body motions and structural vibrations on aircraft. The major contribution to the research field of active noise and vibration control is the presentation of a detailed stability analysis of the MIMO adaptive algorithm in order to support potential certification of this method for a safety-critical application. Finally, the proposed MIMO adaptive feed-forward vibration controller is applied to a longitudinal flight dynamics model of a large flexible BWB airliner in order to verify the derived vibration controller on a challenging control problem.     

Modeling and analysis of laminate composite plates with embedded active-passive piezoelectric networks

The objective of this work is to present the finite element modeling of laminate composite plates with embedded piezoelectric patches or layers that are then connected to active-passive resonant shunt circuits, composed of resistance, inductance and voltage source. Applications to passive vibration control and active control authority enhancement are also presented and discussed. The finite element model is based on an equivalent single layer theory combined with a third-order shear deformation theory. A stress-voltage electromechanical model is considered for the piezoelectric materials fully coupled to the electrical circuits. To this end, the electrical circuit equations are also included in the variational formulation. Hence, conservation of charge and full electromechanical coupling are guaranteed. The formulation results in a coupled finite element model with mechanical (displacements) and electrical (charges at electrodes) degrees of freedom. For a Graphite-Epoxy (Carbon-Fibre Reinforced) laminate composite plate, a parametric analysis is performed to evaluate optimal locations along the plate plane (xy) and thickness (z) that maximize the effective modal electromechanical coupling coefficient. Then, the passive vibration control performance is evaluated for a network of optimally located shunted piezoelectric patches embedded in the plate, through the design of resistance and inductance values of each circuit, to reduce the vibration amplitude of the first four vibration modes. A vibration amplitude reduction of at least 10 dB for all vibration modes was observed. Then, an analysis of the control authority enhancement due to the resonant shunt circuit, when the piezoelectric patches are used as actuators, is performed. It is shown that the control authority can indeed be improved near a selected resonance even with multiple pairs of piezoelectric patches and active-passive circuits acting simultaneously.     

Robust active noise control in the loadmaster area of a military transport aircraft

The active noise control (ANC) method is based on the superposition of a disturbance noise field with a second anti-noise field using loudspeakers and error microphones. This method can be used to reduce the noise level inside the cabin of a propeller aircraft. However, during the design process of the ANC system, extensive measurements of transfer functions are necessary to optimize the loudspeaker and microphone positions. Sometimes, the transducer positions have to be tailored according to the optimization results to achieve a sufficient noise reduction. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a controller design method for such narrow band ANC systems. The method can be seen as an extension of common transducer placement optimization procedures. In the presented method, individual weighting parameters for the loudspeakers and microphones are used. With this procedure, the tailoring of the transducer positions is replaced by adjustment of controller parameters. Moreover, the ANC system will be robust because of the fact that the uncertainties are considered during the optimization of the controller parameters. The paper describes the necessary theoretic background for the method and demonstrates the efficiency in an acoustical mock-up of a military transport aircraft.     

Remarks on robust stability of saturation controllers

In active structural vibration control, actuator's saturation and robust stability with respect to parameter uncertainties are practical and important issues. Saturated sliding mode controller and robust saturation controller, which were presented in previous researches, are suitable in this case. In this paper, robust stabilities of the two controllers are examined and compared through numerical simulations for a 2dof vibrating system.     

H∞ Feedback control and Fx-LMS feedforward control for car engine vibration attenuation

The attenuation of the low frequency noise produced by the car engine vibration has been the major concern of the automotive community with the objective to increase the comfort of the driver and the passengers. The chassis subframe is the part responsible for transmission of the engine vibration to the car body through the engine mounts. At the beginning of this paper, we briefly describe the test rig we used and which has been experimentally investigated by using system identification. Then the experimental results of the feedforward control strategy and the achieved performance are briefly presented. These results are then compared to the feedback control method utilizing H_∞ strategy which allows us to design a robust controller requiring less sensors. Furthermore, a broadband noise attenuation could be achieved by using a robust feedback controller in the real time test.     

An Analysis of Structural-Acoustic Coupling Band Gaps in a Fluid-Filled Periodic Pipe

A periodic pipe system composed of steel pipes and rubber hoses with the same inner radius is designed based on the theory of phononic crystals. Using the transfer matrix method, the band structure of the periodic pipe is calculated considering the structural-acoustic coupling. The results show that longitudinal vibration band gaps and acoustic band gaps can coexist in the fluid-filled periodic pipe. The formation of the band gap mechanism is further analyzed. The band gaps are validated by the sound transmission loss and vibration-frequency response functions calculated using the finite element method. The effect of the damp on the band gap is analyzed by calculating the complex band structure. The periodic pipe system can be used not only in the field of vibration reduction but also for noise elimination.     

Multimode shunt damping of piezoelectric smart panel for noise reduction

Multimode shunt damping of piezoelectric smart panel is studied for noise reduction. Piezoelectric smart panel is a plate structure on which a piezoelectric patch is attached with an electrical shunt circuit. When an incidence sound is impinged on the panel structure, the structure vibrates and the attached piezoelectric patch produces an electrical energy, which can be effectively dissipated as heat via the electrical shunt circuit. Since the energy dissipation strongly depends on the vibration mode of the panel structure, many patches are required for multiple vibration modes. Instead of using multiple piezoelectric patches, a single piezoelectric patch is used in conjunction with a blocked shunt circuit for multimode shunt damping. Modeling, shunt parameter tuning, and implementation of the blocked shunt circuit along with an acoustic test of the panel are explained. A remarkable reduction of the transmitted noise was achieved for multiple modes of the panel. Since this technology has many merits in terms of compactness, low cost, robustness, and ease of installation, practical applications in many noise problems can be anticipated.     

On utilizing delayed feedback for active-multimode vibration control of cantilever beams

We present a single-input single-output multimode delayed-feedback control methodology to mitigate the free vibrations of a flexible cantilever beam. For the purpose of controller design and stability analysis, we consider a reduced-order model consisting of the first n vibration modes. The temporal variation of these modes is represented by a set of nonlinearly coupled ordinary-differential equations that capture the evolving dynamics of the beam. Considering a linearized version of these equations, we derive a set of analytical conditions that are solved numerically to assess the stability of the closed-loop system. To verify these conditions, we characterize the stability boundaries using the first two vibration modes and compare them to damping contours obtained by long-time integration of the full nonlinear equations of motion. Simulations show excellent agreement between both approaches. We analyze the effect of the size and location of the piezoelectric patch and the location of the sensor on the stability of the response. We show that the stability boundaries are highly dependent on these parameters. Finally, we implement the controller on a cantilever beam for different controller gain-delay combinations and assess the performance using time histories of the beam response. Numerical simulations clearly demonstrate the controller ability to mitigate vibrations emanating from multiple modes simultaneously.