塑料多轴冲击标准与试验技术探讨

分析比较了ISO 6603-2和ASTM D3763中关于塑料多轴冲击试验方法的异同,着重讨论了这些标准在测试技术上的不同要求,探讨了试验机性能对试验结果的影响,并提出了对试验机测控系统软硬件设计的技术要求。     

静态冷凝水试验方法及评价指标概述

静态冷凝水试验是评定涂层耐湿性能的重要方法,确定涂层在潮湿环境下的性能及腐蚀防护的缺陷;介绍了静态冷凝水试验方法及测试过程中应当注意的问题;起泡和生锈是涂层进行静态冷凝水气候测试后最常见的缺陷,详细描述了常用评价标准ISO4628-2、ASTM D714、ASTM D610对起泡和生锈的评级指标及差异。     

仪器化多轴冲击和简支梁冲击标准与试验技术的比较

分析比较了仪器化多轴冲击标准ISO 6603-2和简支梁冲击标准ISO 179-2的异同,着重讨论了这些标准在测试技术上的不同要求,探讨了试验机性能对试验结果的影响,并提出了对试验机测控系统软硬件设计的技术要求。提出实验人员要了解不同类型冲击试验标准的差异,在实际测试过程中根据具体测试目的选择合适的试验方法;测试数据的精确度、曲线的质量保障和测试标准有关,还和试验机的性能有关,要求实验人员熟知试验机的核心技术参数,同时了解所选测试标准对试验机的要求,选择满足测试需求的试验机。     

热塑性聚氨酯共混物的硬度与冲击性能的关系北大核心CSCD

选取了2种分子组成相同硬度不同的热塑性聚氨酯(TPU),将二者共混后得到了不同硬度的TPU共混物,探究了TPU共混物的硬度与冲击性能的关系。通过落球冲击试验、感压纸测试和冲击前后样品表面温度测试对TPU共混物的冲击性能进行表征。当样品的硬度越低时,峰值冲击力越小,冲击持续时间越长,冲击时的最大应变越大,冲击时样品的受力面积增大,对应的冲击时的峰值应力值减小。不同硬度样品的能量耗散比差别不大,但随硬度降低呈现小幅度上升趋势。冲击后的样品表面温度较冲击前有所上升,说明样品通过热的形式耗散了部分能量,各硬度样品的温度差值较为接近,这与不同硬度样品的能量耗散比的变化规律是相似的。所有样品均具有较高的能量耗散比,TPU能耗散大部分冲击能量,具有良好的抗冲击性能。     

WO_4~(2-)、MoO_4~(2-)在D290大孔阴离子交换树脂相内的传质研究

本文用浅床法通过对WO_4~(2-)/Cl~-、MOO_4~(2-)/Cl~-在D290树脂相内的传质研究,发现(?)—Cl~-与(?)—Cl~-交换扩散常数B及内扩散系数(?)相差20倍左右;所产生的阻滞时间τ_d也前者大约是后者的20倍;对D290树脂的亲合力WO_4~(2-)>Cl~->MoO_4~(2-)。同时发现对树脂的亲合力越强,τ_d值越大,反之越小。同条件下温度升高,τ_d值呈现减小趋势。     

X射线荧光光谱法在标准中的应用

综述了国内外采用X射线荧光光谱法的各类标准,其中包括美国材料与试验协会(ASTM)标准、国际标准化组织(ISO)标准和我国国家标准,主要应用在石油及产品、合金和矿石中元素的含量测定(引用文献31篇)。     

塑料泊松比标准与试验技术探讨

分析比较了ISO 527:2012和ASTM D638-10中关于塑料泊松比试验方法的异同,重点讨论了两个标准在测试技术上的不同要求,探讨了试验机性能对试验结果的影响,并提出了对试验机测控系统设计的技术要求。     

高效液相色谱-光电二极管阵列检测法测定柴油中芳烃的类型

在采用美国试验与材料学会(ASTM) D6591标准方法测定柴油芳烃含量的过程中,通过光电二极管阵列检测器(PDAD)检测得到的色谱保留时间值及光谱特征吸收曲线,观察柴油中各类芳烃在极性氨基柱上的分离情况;用PDAD检测器考察了根据ASTM D6591确定的反冲洗时间点B对分析结果的影响,结果发现其允许的变化范围为B±0.2 min。在单环芳烃和双环芳烃分界不明显时,用PDAD检测器可以确定其切割点。     

纤维素纤维材料几种降解方法的研究

测试和比较了天然棉纤维织物和几种人造可再生纤维素纤维(竹原纤维、莫代尔纤维和天丝纤维)在实验室条件下和大环境堆肥条件下的生物降解性.生物降解行为的测试分别采用ASTM D5988-03、堆肥法和酶催化降解法,以比较几种织物在自然环境和微生物培养基条件下的降解速度;结合红外光谱通过分析降解前后结构的改变研究不同的降解方法对纤维素材料的降解程度.结果表明纤维素类纤维织物均表现出良好的生物降解性,并且人造可再生纤维素纤维的降解速度高于天然棉纤维.和传统的实验室条件下测量织物降解性的方法相比,堆肥中含有更多的微生物和酶活性组分,加速了纤维素材料的分解.     

元素分析-同位素比质谱法测定葡萄酒中乙醇δ 13C值

比较了旋转蒸发仪、全玻璃蒸馏装置和全自动蒸馏控制系统3种蒸馏方法,对葡萄酒乙醇δ13C值的影响,确定了元素分析-同位素比质谱仪(Elementary analysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometer)最佳测定条件,建立了元素分析-同位素比质谱法测定乙醇δ13C值方法。在重复性和再现性条件下,对乙醇标准及葡萄酒乙醇δ13C值进行测定,标准偏差低于0.25‰。检测食品同位素分析技术-能力测试计划(FIT-PTS)两个葡萄酒样品乙醇δ13C值,与给定值相差0.2‰。采用液相色谱-同位素比质谱法(Liquid chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry)与本方法分别对16个国家和地区40个葡萄酒样品的乙醇δ13C值测定,其结果为!23.90‰~28.29‰,且两种检测方法的检测结果差值︳Δδ(EA-LC)max︳<0.3‰,具有较强的相关性(R2=0.9749)。本方法无同位素分馏,适用于葡萄酒中乙醇δ13C值测定。     

High-performance fiberglass/epoxy reinforced by functionalized CNTs for vehicle applications with less fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions

Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) is among the most promising nanofiller materials that could be used for enhancing the properties of fiberglass/epoxy laminates for vehicle industries with less CO₂ emission (the key player in the climate change). However, usually the commercialized CNTs are supplied in the shape of heavily entangled tubes what leads to random dispersion of CNTs in the polymer matrix and decrease in their performance, especially at industrial scale. Within this frame, the chemical functionalization process was used in the present research to avoid this problem and to modify the surface properties of CNTs at the same time, thus improving compatibility and solubility of CNTs in epoxy solutions. Afterwards, probe sonicator (pre-dispersion), ultrasonic path (main dispersion), mechanical mixer (mixed CNTs/Epoxy solutions with hardener), and vacuum infiltration (to remove air bubbles) were used to disperse functionalized CNTs with different concentrations (in the range 0.05–0.4 wt%) in the epoxy-hardener solutions. Then, vacuum-assisted resin transfer technique followed by curing process were used to prepare 4 layers-fiberglass/CNTs/epoxy panels. The mechanical and impact properties of the prepared panels were tested according to ASTM D7025 and ISO 6603-2 standards, respectively. Also, thermal behavior of the panels was investigated using thermogravimetric (TG-DTG). Finally, the environmental performance in terms of greenhouse gas emission (GHGE) was evaluated according to ISO-14040 standard, taking the resulting strength and changes in density into account. The results showed that 0.35 wt% of FCNTs were enough to improve the strength of panels by ~60%, compared to pure sample. Which means that weight structure of vehicles can decrease by 23%. Also, fuel consumption and GHGE can decrease significantly by 16% and ~26%, respectively. In addition, thermal stability and energy impact absorption at the same concentration of CNTs were improved by 5% and 31%, respectively.     

An experimental investigation on the low‐velocity impact behavior of 3D five‐directional braided composites

This paper presents an experimental study on the low‐velocity impact performance of 3D carbon/epoxy braided composite panels with different braiding parameters, which have the similar fiber volume fraction but different braiding angles (15°, 25°, and 35°). The low‐velocity impact tests were conducted at three different energy levels of 15, 30, and 45 J. Impact response of the panels was recorded and analyzed in terms of peak load, absorbed energy, time, and deflection at peak load. The images of damage samples taken from impacted sides and non‐impacted sides were evaluated for the damage area and failure patterns. Through analysis, they discovered that samples with bigger braiding angle sustained higher peak loads; moreover, the fiber was arranged more closely, and the shock resistance improved as the braiding angle is increasing. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Low velocity impact and pseudo-ductile behaviour of carbon/glass/epoxy and carbon/glass/PMMA hybrid composite laminates for aircraft application at service temperature

Carbon/glass hybrid composite (CGHC) laminates are some of the most promising composites for lightweight applications. Sometimes these laminates are used in warm environment, such as aircraft frame structures, and this may affect their performance. In order to investigate this issue, the present research aims to study the effect of temperatures on the impact behavior and pseudo-ductile behaviour of CGHC in presence of different types of thermosets “epoxy” and thermoplastic “acrylic poly-methyl methacrylate-PMMA”. The experiments were started with making of CGHC laminates from different stacking sequences of unidirectional carbon and woven glass fibre layers, using a vacuum-assisted resin transfer method followed by curing treatment. In addition to CGHC laminates, four other neat batches (Carbon/epoxy, Carbon/PMMA, Glass/epoxy, Glass/PMMA) were prepared for comparison. The low velocity impact behaviour of the fabricated panels was evaluated at high temperatures (60 °C and 80 °C) according to ISO 6603-2 standard, using drop tower, while pseudo-ductile behaviour and ductility index (DI) of the specimens were estimated based on the measured total energy and elastic energy. Also, the low-velocity impact response was modeled mathematically based on a modified energy-balance model to predict the absorbed energies. Finally, the failure mechanisms were examined using optical microscope to determine the influence of these damage growth on DI of the composites under different temperatures. The results showed that the impact energy response of both hybrid composites i.e. epoxy and PMMA was stable even as the temperature rose, however, carbon/glass/PMMA exhibited better performance compared with carbon/glass/epoxy with an increase in impact energy response estimated at 50% (25 °C) and 53% (80 °C). Also, the pseudo-ductile phenomenon was strongly evident, which facilitates the predictablility of failure.     

Comparison of permeation resistance of protective gloves to organic solvents with ISO, ASTM and EN standard methods

In this study, the permeation resistance of nitrile and neoprene gloves to benzene and 1,2-dichloroethane was investigated using two permeation cells according to the ISO 6529, ASTM F739, and EN 374-3 standard test methods. The permeability coefficients were found to significantly increase with the flow rate of the collection medium. The appropriate flow rate of nitrogen collection should be higher than 75 and 150 mL/min for the ISO 6529 and ASTM F739 cells, respectively. For an open-loop system, the permeability coefficient of the ISO 6529 cell was obviously greater than that of the ASTM F739 cell, and the difference between these two cells was statistically significant. On the other hand, the breakthrough time was about 20–30 min for either the ISO 6529 or ASTM F739 cell at different flow rates of nitrogen collection. Fick's diffusion coefficient and solubility of permeant in the polymer glove can be specified as alternative test results for standard methods.     

Superhydrophilic functionalized graphene/fiberglass/epoxy laminates with high mechanical,impact and thermal performance and treated by plasma

This research aims to develop superhydrophilic fiberglass/epoxy nanocomposite (FGEC) laminates with high mechanical, thermal, and impact properties. In order to achieve this goal, functionalized graphene (FGA) was used as a nanofiller material to improve the mechanical, impact, and thermal behaviors of FGEC, while the plasma treatment helped to form the oxidized polar functional groups (C9O groups and C–O groups) on the fabricated FGEC laminates, thus modifying their hydrophilic behavior. The experiments were started with production of FGEC laminates by mixing FGA (0.05-0.4 wt%) with epoxy resin in presence of Acetone (to obtain better dispersion), followed by preparation of FGEC laminates using vacuum-assisted resin transfer and curing processes. Afterwards, the surfaces of the fabricated FGEC laminates were treated by air plasma at 13Pa and 30W for different treatment times in the range 5–30 min. Mechanical and impact properties of the untreated and treated laminates were investigated according to ASTM-D7025 and ISO 6603-2 standards, respectively. Also, thermal behavior of the laminates was investigated using a thermogravimetric analysis, while a high resolution camera was used to record and calculate a contact angle of the untreated and treated laminates. SEM and Optical Microscope was used to observe dispersion of FGA, microstructure, impact mechanism, and surface morphology of the fabricated FGEC matrix. Meanwhile, XPS was used to evaluate changes in the surface structures of the untreated and treated samples. The results showed that 0.35 wt% of FGA and 15-min exposure to plasma treatment were enough to improve tensile strength and impact energy of the laminates by 18% and 70%, respectively, and to decrease the water contact angle from 67° to 14°.     

A biostimulation-based accelerated method for evaluating the biodegradability of polymers

The high cost and long duration of the existing standard tests, such as ASTM D5338 and ISO 14855, represents an important drawback in evaluating the biodegradability of polymers. This works presents a new accelerated method for this purpose, based on the use of a Bartha respirometer and biostimulation with yeast extract. The new method was applied to microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), low density polyethylene (LDPE), poly(3-hidroxybutyrate) (PHB), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH), polypropylene (PP) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The results obtained with these polymers were consistent with those of the standard methods in terms of differentiating biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers and relative order of biodegradation extent. Besides, a significant reduction of test duration was achieved (from 45 to 110 days with ASTM D5338 or ISO 14855 to 28 days). These results corroborate the potential of the proposed method as a fast test for assessment of biodegradation of polymeric materials.     

Cellulose acetate butyrate as multifunctional additive for poly(butylene succinate) by melt blending: Mechanical properties, biomass carbon ratio, and control of biodegradability

We have evaluated the plasticizing effect of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB). PBS and CAB were mixed with a melt-kneading machine. The tensile strength and strain at break in the case of the blend with 10% CAB in the PBS matrix were 547% and 35 MPa. It showed that CAB acted as a plasticizer for PBS. The biomass carbon ratio of the blends measured by accelerator mass spectrometry based on ASTM D6866 showed that the biomass carbon derived from a part of the CAB corresponded to the theoretical value of the polymer blend. The biodegradation of PBS with the CAB melt blend powders was evaluated by a microbial oxidative degradation analyzer under controlled compost conditions based on ISO 14855-2. PBS with 10% CAB was not degraded within 60 days due to the addition of CAB that could control the biodegradability of the PBS.     

Slice imaging of quantum state-to-state photodissociation dynamics of OCS

Slice imaging experiments are reported for the quantum state-to-state photodissociation dynamics of OCS. Both one-laser and two-laser experiments are presented detecting CO(J) or S((1)D(2)) photofragments from the dissociation of hexapole state-selected OCS(v(2) = 0,1,2 / J = 1,2) molecules. We present data using our recently developed large frame CCD centroiding detector and have implemented a new high speed MCP high voltage pulser with an effective slice width of only 6 ns. Slice images are presented for quantum state-to-state photolysis, near 230 nm, of vibrationally excited OCS(v(2) = 0,1,2). Two-laser pump-probe experiments detecting CO(J = 63 or 64) show a dramatic change in the beta parameter for the same final state of CO(J) when the photolysis energy is reduced by about 1000 cm(-1). We attribute the observed change from large positive to large negative beta to a large increase of the molecular frame deflection angle at very slow recoil velocity, due to a breakdown of the axial recoil. Two-laser experiments on the S((1)D(2)) fragment reveal single well-separated rings in the slice images correlating with individual CO(J) states. Strong polarization effects of the probe laser are observed, both in the angular distribution of the intensity of single S((1)D(2)) rings and in the resolution of the radial velocity distribution. It is shown how the broadening of the velocity distribution can be reduced by a directed ejection of the electron in the ionization process perpendicular to the slice imaging plane. The dissociation energy of OCS(v(2) = 0, J = 0) --> CO(J = 0) + S((1)D(2)) is determined with high accuracy D(0) = (34 608 +/- 24) cm(-1).