Direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase on sulfonated graphene/gold nanoparticle hybrid and its application to glucose biosensing

Sulfonated graphene nanosheet/gold nanoparticle (SGN/Au) hybrid was synthesized by electrostatic self-assembly of anionic SGN and positively charged gold nanoparticles. Due to the well-dispersivity of SGN in aqueous solution and its adequate negative charge, Au nanoparticles were assembled uniformly on graphene surface with high distribution. With the advantages of both graphene and Au nanoparticles, SGN/Au hybrid showed enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards O₂ reduction. Furthermore, it provided a conductive and favorable microenvironment for the glucose oxidase (GOD) immobilization and thus promoted its direct electron transfer at the glassy carbon electrode. Based on the consumption of O₂ caused by glucose at the interface of GOD electrode modified with SGN/Au hybrid, the modified electrode displayed satisfactory analytical performance, including high sensitivity (14.55 μA mM^?1 cm^?2), low detection limit (0.2 mM), an acceptable linear range from 2 to 16 mM, and also the prevention from the interference of some species. These results indicated that the prepared SGN/Au hybrid is a promising candidate material for high-performance glucose biosensor.     

贵金属纳米颗粒在玻碳电极上的层层组装

采用表面活性剂二辛酯琥珀酸磺酸钠(AOT, sodiumbis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate)微乳法可以制备得到各种贵金属纳米颗粒(包括银、金、铂以及钯),其性质利用紫外-可见吸收光谱、透射电镜、X-射线衍射、傅立叶变换红外光谱以及Zeta电位分析进行了表征。通过层层自组装方法,将带有负电荷的Pt纳米颗粒和聚阳离子(聚烯丙基氯化铵, PAH)自组装到玻碳电极上,并研究了该修饰电极对甲醇的电催化氧化性质。     

Glucose oxidase/colloidal gold nanoparticles immobilized in Nafion film on glassy carbon electrode: Direct electron transfer and electrocatalysis

The direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase (GOD) was achieved based on the immobilization of GOD/colloidal gold nanoparticles on a glassy carbon electrode by a Nafion film. The immobilized GOD displayed a pair of well-defined and nearly reversible redox peaks with a formal potential (Eo ') of -0.434 V in 0.1 M pH 7.0 phosphate buffer solution and the response showed a surface-controlled electrode process. The dependence of Eo ' on solution pH indicated that the direct electron transfer reaction of GOD was a two-electron-transfer coupled with a two-proton-transfer reaction process. The experimental results also demonstrated that the immobilized GOD retained its electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of glucose. So the resulting modified electrode can be used as a biosensor for detecting glucose.     

葡萄糖在纳米金修饰金电极上电化学行为研究

利用电还原氯金酸制备了纳米金(Nano-gold,NG)修饰Au电极。该电极对葡萄糖有催化作用,可能是由于纳米金降低了OH-表面吸附能,增加了OH-在电极表面的吸附量。通过循环伏安法研究了扫描速度、温度、本体浓度和溶液pH值对葡萄糖氧化的影响。     

Electrochemical determination of nitrite using a gold nanoparticles-modified glassy carbon electrode prepared by the seed-mediated growth technique.

Seed-mediated growth of gold nanoparticles on glassy carbon (GC) surfaces was developed. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and electrochemical characterization confirmed the effective attachment of gold nanoparticles on GC surface with such a wet-chemical method. The as-prepared gold nanoparticles attached glassy carbon electrode (Au/GCE) presented excellent catalytic ability toward the oxidation of nitrite. Compared with bare GCE and planar gold electrode, the Au/GCE obviously decreased the overpotential of nitrite oxidation and improved the peak current. The catalytic current was found to be linearly proportional to the nitrite concentration in the range of 1 x 10(-5) - 5 x 10(-3) M, with a detection limit of 2.4 x 10(-6) M. The Au/GCE was successfully applied to the electrochemical determination of nitrite in a real wastewater sample, showing excellent stability and anti-interference ability.     

Electrochemical Sensor for Oxidation of NO Based on Au-Pt Nanoparticles Self-assembly Film

Au-Pt bimetallic nanoparticles film used as an efficient electrochemical sensor was prepared by self-assembled Au-Pt bimetallic nanoparticles on a glassy carbon (GC) substrate using thioglycolic acid as a linker. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the Au-Pt nanoparticles self-assembly film was dense and uniform. Electrochemical experiments revealed that Au-Pt bimetallic nanoparticles film/GC electrode showed high electrocatalytic activity to the oxidation of nitric oxide.     

Au Nanowires-MWCNTs修饰电极对葡萄糖的催化氧化

通过油胺(Oleylamine)还原法制备了金纳米线(Au nanowires),将其与酸化处理的多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)通过层层组装制备了Au nanowires-MWCNTs复合结构修饰的玻碳电极(Au nanowires-MWCNTs/GCE).电化学研究结果表明,与单纯Au nanowires或MWCNTs修饰电极相比,Au nanowires-MWCNTs/GCE对葡萄糖表现出更优良的电催化性能.以Au nanowires-MWCNTs/GCE为阳极,电沉积Pt膜电极(Pt/GCE)为阴极,构建了葡萄糖/O2燃料电池.测试结果表明,构建的燃料电池的开路电位(OCP)为0.57 V,在0.44 V下最大功率密度(Pmax)为0.28 m W/cm2.     

Electrocatalytic oxidation of bilirubin at ferrocenecarboxamide modified MWCNT–gold nanocomposite electrodes

A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with ferrocenecarboxamide, gold nanoparticles and multiwall carbon nanotubes was constructed and characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The electrochemical behavior of bilirubin (BR) on the modified electrode was investigated and it was found that the modified electrode had an obvious electrocatalytic effect on bilirubin. Compared with a bare GCE, the modified electrode exhibited a marked enhancement in the current response for bilirubin. Amperometry was employed to investigate the electrocatalytical oxidation of bilirubin on the modified electrode. As a result, it exhibits an excellent electrocatalytic response to bilirubin with a response time of less than 5 s, a broad linear range of 1 to 100 μmol L^?1, as well as good long-term stability and reproducibility.     

Electrochemical synthesis of a graphene sheet and gold nanoparticle-based nanocomposite, and its application to amperometric sensing of dopamine

We describe a simple, green and controllable approach for electrochemical synthesis of a nanocomposite made up from electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) and gold nanoparticles. This material possesses the specific features of both gold nanoparticles and graphene. Its morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy which reveals a homogeneous distribution of gold nanoparticles on the graphene sheets. Cyclic voltammetry was used to evaluate the electrochemical properties of this nanocomposite towards dopamine by modification of it on surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Compared to the bare GCE, the electrode modified with gold nanoparticles, and the electrode modified with ERGO, the one modified with the nanocomposite displays better electrocatalytic activity. Its oxidation peak current is linearly proportional to the concentration of dopamine (DA) in the range from 0.1 to 10?μM, with a detection limit of 0.04?μM (at S/N?=?3). The modified electrode also displays good storage stability, reproducibility, and selectivity.

团聚铂纳米粒子电极在甲醇氧化中的电催化特性

用H2还原法并以Nafion作为稳定剂合成团聚的Pt纳米粒子，附载于玻碳表面制备电催化剂.透射电子显微镜（TEM）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）表征结果指出,团聚Pt纳米粒子的平均尺寸约为400 nm.运用电化学循环伏安法(CV)和原位傅立叶变换红外反射光谱（in situ FTIRS）研究甲醇的氧化过程，发现团聚Pt纳米粒子电极具有较高的电催化活性.原位FTIRS研究结果检测到甲醇在所制备的电催化剂上氧化的中间体为线型吸附态CO物种，其红外吸收给出异常红外效应的光谱特征.     

Au/GCE电极对水中15种苯酚衍生物的测定

研究了15种不同取代基苯酚衍生物在纳米金/玻碳 (Au/GCE) 电极上的电化学响应. 测试表明：该电极对15种苯酚衍生物的电化学反应各呈现出不同程度的电催化作用;与GCE和平面金电极相比,苯酚衍生物的氧化峰电流均有所增加,氧化电位受待测物反应活性影响较大;水杨酸在Au/GCE电极上响应迅速,电流灵敏度是GCE电极的1.8倍;该电极可用于多种苯酚衍生物的痕量测定.     

基于Pt/Au双金属修饰针灸针的非酶葡萄糖传感器

通过在不锈钢针灸针（AN）表面依次电沉积金（Au）纳米颗粒和铂（Pt）纳米颗粒,基于它们在AN表面的协同作用,实现了一种用于非酶葡萄糖检测的电化学生物传感器。首先,通过扫描电子显微镜对其功能界面（Pt/Au/AN）进行表征,结果显示类似卷心菜的纳米材料均匀致密地分布在AN表面。然后,通过循环伏安法和电化学阻抗法对Pt/Au/AN电极的电化学特性进行了研究。结果表明,与Au/AN或Pt/AN电极相比,Pt/Au/AN电极对葡萄糖氧化表现出优越的电催化活性。这表明双金属Pt/Au的接触界面是葡萄糖氧化的重要电催化位点。在pH7.4的模拟生理介质中,制得传感器的线性范围为0.1~35 mmol·L^-1,检测限为0.0763 mmol·L^-1,对葡萄糖的检测表现出较高的灵敏度和良好的抗干扰性能、稳定性。此外,该传感器已成功用于人体血清葡萄糖的检测。     

A highly sensitive nonenzymatic glucose sensor based on CuO nanowires

We report on the sensitive determination of glucose using a glassy carbon electrode modified with CuO nanowires and a Nafion film. The structure and morphology of CuO nanowires were established by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The electrochemical performance of the modified electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Compared to a bare glassy carbon electrode, a substantial increase in efficiency of the electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose can be observed. The new glucose sensor displays two useful linear ranges of response towards glucose, is not affected by commonly interfering species, and displays a detection limit as small as 45?nM. The response time is <2?s towards 0.5?mM of glucose. Additional features include high electrocatalytic activity, high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, and good stability.

An Electrochemical Sensor Based on Gold Nanoparticles Incorporated in Mesoporous MFI Zeolite for Determination of Purine Bases in DNA

An electrochemical sensor was developed based on gold nanoparticles incorporated in mesoporous MFI zeolite for the determination of purine bases. Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) were incorporated into the mesoporous MFI zeolite (AuNPs/m‐MFI) by post‐grafting reaction. The composite materials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical methods. Au nanoparticles with a size of 5‐20 nm are uniformly dispersed in the pores of mesoporous MFI zeolite. And the morphology of MFI zeolite can be perfectly kept after pore expansion and Au nanoparticles incorporation. The electrocatalytic oxidation of purine bases (guanine and adenine in DNA) is investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The surface‐confined Au nanoparticles provide the good catalytic activity for oxidation of purine bases. The simultaneous detection of guanine and adenine can be achieved at AuNPs/m‐MFI composites modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The electrochemical sensor based on AuNPs/m‐MFI exhibits wide linear range of 0.5–500 μM and 0.8–500 μM with detection limit of 0.25 and 0.29 μM for guanine and adenine, respectively. Moreover, the electrochemical sensor is applied to evaluation of guanine and adenine in herring sperm DNA samples with satisfactory results.     

Effect of the nature of conductive supported nickel electrocatalyst for salicylic acid oxidation in alkaline medium

The electrocatalytic activity of Ni films electrodeposited on glassy carbon (Ni/GC), titanium (Ni/Ti), and gold (Ni/Au) electrodes toward salicylic acid (SA) oxidation are investigated. The cyclic voltammetry studies show that the nature of substrate strongly influences the apparent electrocatalytic activities of the nickel over layer in basic medium. It is observed that the Ni/GC electrode has higher activity for SA oxidation compared to other electrodes. Effects of various parameters such as concentration of Ni²⁺, deposition time for Ni film growth, and deposition potential on the electrooxidation of SA are investigated. It is demonstrated that the Ni(OH)₂/NiOOH plays the key role in the electrooxidation of SA. The response to SA on the Ni/GC electrode is examined using chronoamperometry.     

Characterization of gold nanoparticles electrochemically deposited on amine-functioned mesoporous silica films and electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose

This study reports the preparation and characterization of gold nanoparticles deposited on amine-functioned hexagonal mesoporous silica (NH₂–HSM) films and the electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose. Gold nanoparticles are fabricated by electrochemically reducing chloroauric acid on the surface of NH₂–HSM film, using potential step technology. The gold nanoparticles deposited have an average diameter of 80 nm and show high electroactivity. Prussian blue film can form easily on them while cycling the potential between −0.2 and 0.6 V (vs saturated calomel electrode) in single ferricyanide solution. The gold nanoparticles loading NH₂–HSM-film-coated glassy carbon electrode (Au–NH₂–HSM/GCE) shows strong catalysis to the oxidation of glucose, and according to the cathodic oxidation peak at about 0.16 V, the catalytic current is about 2.5 μA mM⁻¹. Under optimized conditions, the peak current of the cathodic oxidation peak is linear to the concentration of glucose in the range of 0.2 to 70 mM. The detection limit is estimated to be 0.1 mM. In addition, some electrochemical parameters about glucose oxidation are estimated.     

Synthesis of 5-[(2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl]isophthalic acid and its application to electrocatalytic oxidation and determination of adrenaline,paracetamol, and tryptophan

In this study,Au nanoparticles/poly 5-[(2-hydroxynaphthalen-l-yl)diazenyl]isophthalic acid film modified glassy carbon electrode(AuNPs/poly(NDI)/GCE) has shown excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of adrenaline(ADR),paracetamol(PAC),and tryptophan(Trp).The bare glassy carbon electrode(GCE) fails to separate the oxidation peak potentials of these molecules,while the poly(NDI) film modified electrode can resolve them.Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)indicates that the charge transfer resistance of the bare electrode decreases as 5-[(2-hydroxynaphthalen-l-yl)diazenyl]isophthalic acid is electropolymerized on the bare electrode.Furthermore,EIS exhibits enhancement of electron transfer kinetics between analytes and the electrode after electrodeposition of Au nanoparticles.Differential pulse voltammetry results show that the electrocatalytic current increases linearly in the ranges of 0.01-680.0 μmol L~1 for ADR,0.05-498.0 μmol L~1 for PAC,and 3.0-632.0 μmol L~1 for Trp;with detection limits(S/N = 3) of 0.009 μmol L~1,0.005 μmol L~1,and 0.09 μmol L~1 for ADR,PAC,and Trp,respectively.The proposed method has been successfully applied for simultaneous determination of ADR,PAC,and Trp in biological samples.     

Au@Pt纳米粒子单层膜对甲醇氧化的电催化性能及SERS研究

通过种子生长法合成Au@Pt核壳结构纳米粒子,采用两相成膜法制备单层粒子膜,并转移获得Au@Pt核壳纳米粒子单层膜电极,该电极表面纳米粒子分布均匀,具有较大的比表面,对甲醇的氧化具有较好的电催化活性.研究表明,利用内核Au的长程电磁场增强效应,该单层膜表现出均匀且优良的表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)活性,适合作为基底在分子水平上研究表面的吸附和反应.获得了Au@Pt核壳纳米粒子单层膜表面甲醇电催化氧化过程的SERS光谱,为深入分析表面反应机理提供了实验依据.     

Hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on horseradish peroxidase–Au nanoparticles at a viologen grafted glassy carbon electrode

A novel hydrogen peroxide biosensor was fabricated that is based on horseradish peroxidase–Au nanoparticles immobilized on a viologen-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by amino cation radical oxidation in basic solution. The immobilized BAPV acts as a mediator and a covalent linker between GCE and the Au nanoparticles. The biosensor exhibited fast response, good reproducibility, and long-term stability.     

Fabrication of Bienzymatic Glucose Biosensor Based on Novel Gold Nanoparticles‐Bacteria Cellulose Nanofibers Nanocomposite

An exploration of gold nanoparticles–bacterial cellulose nanofibers (Au‐BC) nanocomposite as a platform for amperometric determination of glucose is presented. Two enzymes, glucose oxidase (GOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were immobilized in Au‐BC nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode at the same time. A sensitive and fast amperometric response to glucose was observed in the presence of electron mediator (HQ). Both of GOx and HRP kept their biocatalytic activities very well in Au‐BC nanocomposite. The detection limit for glucose in optimized conditions was as low as 2.3 µM with a linear range from 10 µM to 400 µM. The biosensor was successfully applied to the determination of glucose in human blood samples.