Odd Rydberg spectrum of20NeI: High resolution laser spectroscopy and multichannel quantum defect theory analysis

We have carried out a high resolution study of odd²⁰Ne(ns, nd J=0, 1, 2, 3, 4) Rydberg states, using transverse resonant two photon laser excitation of metastable²⁰Ne(3s, 1s ₅) atoms in a highly collimated beam. Transition energies of more than 500 levels with principal quantum numbers up ton=80 have been determined with an accuracy of better than 100 MHz relative to the metastable level. Energy independent MQDT-parameters have been extracted from fits to the experimental data near the²⁰Ne⁺(² P _3/2)-threshold. The simultaneous analysis of Rydberg series with different total angular momenta provides new insight into the Coulomb and exchange interactions governing the spectrum of neon.     

Partial differential cross sections for inelastic He++Ne collisions at low energy

We report differential cross section measurements with high angular resolution for different channels of the inelastic processes He⁺+Ne→He⁺+Ne* and He⁺+Ne→He*+Ne⁺, for collision energies between 100 and 200 eV. For the Ne states (2p ⁵3s)^1,3 P ₁, which decay optically, we determined the fraction with the alignment at right angles to the scattering plane. The results are used to discuss the mechanism of the processes and the influence of the spin-orbit interaction upon the collision.     

Electron transfer from laser excited rydberg atoms to molecules. Absolute rate constants at low and intermediate principal quantum numbers

Using mass spectrometric detection of positive and negative ions, we have investigated ionizing reactions of Ne(ns,nd) Rydberg atoms, efficiently excited by resonant two-photon excitation of metastable Ne(3s ³ P ₂) atoms, with electron attaching moleculesBC (BC=SF₆, CCl₄, CS₂, O₂) at thermal collision energies. Absolute rate constants have been determined in the range of low and intermediate principal quantum numbersn(5≦n?30) by utilizing the photoionization signal caused by room temperature black-body radiation and the loss of Ne(3s ³ P ₂) atoms, associated with the laser excitation. Substantially differentn-dependences of the electron transfer cross section have been found for the larger molecules (BC = SF₆, CCl₄) and the smaller molecules (BC = CS₂, O₂). Simple model calculations have been performed to gain new insight into the dynamics of the electron transfer process; forBC = SF₆, our results at lown(5 ≦n ≦ 10) suggest that internal energy conversion in the Coulombic complex Ne⁺ — SF ₆ ^? is important for the formation of the detected ions.     

Collision spectroscopy with aligned and oriented atoms

Electron capture processes in the H⁺?Na(3s) and H⁺?Na(3p) collisions are experimentally investigated in the 0.3–3 keV energy range using a crossed beam experiment. The excited Na(3p) target is produced with a well-defined alignment using laser pumping. The time of flight technique enables the identification of all the H(n)+Na⁺ channels populated in the collision. Total cross section ratios σ_3p (n=2)/σ_3s (n=2),σ_3p (n=3)/σ_3s (n=2) and σ_3s (n=3)/σ_3s (n=2) for the production of H(n=2) and H(n=3) are measured in the H⁺?Na (3s) and H⁺?Na (3p) collisions. They reveal a strong dominance of the production of H(n=2) in the H⁺?Na(3p) collision, especially for energies below 1 keV.     

Calculation of the photo-electrons angular distribution asymmetry parameter β2p near the (3s3p)1 P resonance of He*

Near the (3s3p)¹ P resonance of He, we have calculated the photoelectrons angular distribution asymmetry parameter β_2p in the diagonalization approximation. Using the measured value of β _n=2 near the (3s3p)¹ P level obtained by Lindle et al. in the resonance photo-ionization of He to He^?(n=2), we have estimated the ratioR=σ_2p /σ_2s of the partial 2p photo-ionization cross section to the partial 2s photo-ionization cross section. Our calculation supports the result that in the resonance region, the formation of ions in the 2p level dominates over the 2s level. This is in good agreement with the experimental and most of the theoretical results reported to date.     

Orbital alignment dependence of electron transfer cross sections

his paper reports experimental results for the influence of target excitation and orbital alignment on the charge exchange process for the systems Ne⁺, Ar⁺-Na(3s,3p) for impact energies in the 1-15 keV range. The cross section parameters are found to depend sensitively on collision velocity and choice of projectile. Using earlier results by Aumayr et al (Z. Phys. D 6(1987) 145-153) for the Na(3s) target, the relative cross sections are put on an absolute scale. A strong dependence of the total electron transfer cross section on the target state is observed, most dramatically for low energy Ar⁺ impact for which the cross section for a Na(3p) target is more than 200 times larger than for Na(3s). Time-of-flight spectra show that electron transfer channels with energy defects near zero are strongly preferred. Cross section estimates based on the Demkov-Olson model account well for the major trends observed, but not for the detailed behavior.     

Effect of the exchange integral K2s2p on the 2p-orbitals of the 1P and 3P states of the beryllium isoelectronic sequence arising from the configuration (1s)2(2s)(2p)

The ¹P and ³P states arising from the configuration (1s)²(2s)(2p) of the Be isoelectronic sequence are investigated. In the single configuration approximation, the energies of the two states are expressed as E⁰ + K_2s2p and E⁰ - K_2s2p, respectively. K_2s2p is the exchange integral between the 2s and 2p electrons and E⁰ is the energy of a model in which K_2s2p is deleted. First we calculate the 2s- and 2p-orbitals in this model. Second, by taking account of K_2s2p in this model, effects of this term on the 2p-orbitals in the ^1,3P states are investigated. In this manner, an explanation is given for the following facts which are obtained from a minimal Slater-type orbital set; (1) for Be and B⁺, the 2p-orbital of the ¹P state is broader than that of the ³P state; (2) for C²⁺, the extension of the 2p-orbital in the two states is almost the same; (3) for O⁴⁺ and Ne⁶⁺, in contrast to Be and B⁺, the 2p-orbital of the ¹P state is tighter than that of the ³P state.     

The large effects of electron correlation on the multiplet generalized oscillator strengths of non-closed shell systems: Be 1s22s21S → 1s22s2p 1P0 and B 1s22s22p 2p0 → 1s22s2p22D

Correlation effects are shown to change generalized oscillator strengths and inelastic form factors by large factors as large as 10, from the Hartree-Fock values. The effects are fully included in the charge wavefunctions of the non-closed shell many-electron theory by Sinano?lu. We calculate the charge wavefunctions and obtain from the generalized oscillator strength F_0η(q) versus ln q² and the integrated cross section σ_0η(E) versus lnE₁ for BeI 2s²¹S → 2s2p ¹P⁰ and BI 2s²2p ²P⁰ → 2s2p²²D cases, exemplifying the method.     

Theoretical study of LiK and LiK+ in adiabatic representation

The potential energy curves have been calculated for the electronic states of the molecule LiK within the range 3 to 300 a.u., of the internuclear distance R. Using an ab initio method, through a semiempirical spin-orbit pseudo-potential for the Li (1s ²) and K (1s ²2s ²2p ⁶3s ²3p ⁶) cores and core valence correlation correction added to the electrostatic Hamiltonian with Gaussian basis sets for both atoms. The core valence effects including core-polarization and core-valence correlation are taken into account by using an l-dependent core-polarization potential. The molecular orbitals have been derived from self-consistent field (SCF) calculation. The spectroscopic constants, dipole moments and vibrational levels of the lowest electronic states of the LiK molecule dissociating into K (4s, 4p, 5s, 3d, and 5p) + Li (2s, 2p, 3s, and 3p) in ^{1, 3}Σ, ^{1, 3}Π, and ^{1, 3}Δ symmetries. Adiabatic results are also reported for ²Σ, ²Π, and ²Δ electronic states of the molecular ion LiK⁺ dissociating into Li (2s, 2p, 3s, and 3p) + K⁺ and Li⁺ + K (4s, 4p, 5s, 3d, and 5p). The comparison of the present results with those available in the literature shows a very good agreement in spectroscopic constants of some lowest states of the LiK and LiK⁺ molecules, especially with the available theoretical works. The existence of numerous avoided crossing between electronic states of ²Σ and ²Π symmetries is related to the charge transfer process between the two ionic systems Li⁺K and LiK⁺.     

Line-profile analysis of excitation spectroscopy in the even 4p5(2P1/2)nl′ [K′]J（l′=1,3） autoionizing resonances of Kr

The even-parity autoionizing resonance series 4p5np′[3/2]1,2,[1/2]1,and 4p5nf′[5/2]3of krytpon have been investigated by laser excitation from the two metastable states 4p55s[3/2]2and 4p55s′[1/2]0in the photon energy region of 29000–40000 cm 1at experimental bandwidth of~0.1 cm 1.The excitation spectra of the even-parity autoionizing resonance series,most of which are experimentally studied for the first time in this work,show typical asymmetric line shapes.Complementary information on level energies,quantum defects,line profile indices and resonance widths,resonance lifetimes and reduced widths of the autoionizing resonances are derived by Fano-type line-shape analyses of the experimental results.Results from this work indicate that the line profile index(q)and the resonance width()are approximately proportional to the effective principal quantum number(n*);the line separation of the 4p5np′autoionizing resonances is also in good agreement with theoretical model.     

Alignment of atomic autoionizing states created by slow Na++He collisions

Ejected-electron spectra have been measured for collisions of He-atoms with Na⁺-ions, whose impact energy ranged from 1.7 to 7.0 keV. The ion impact-energy dependence of the angular-differential cross-section of the ejected electrons has been investigated for an aligned autoionizing state Na**(2p ⁵ 3s ^{2 2} P), which has been created by charge transfer from the He-atoms. The alignment of the autoionizing state Na**(2p ⁵ 3s ^{2 2} P) is discussed in relation to the scattering angles of the Na⁺-ions. A complete longitudinal alignment has been observed with respect to the quasimolecular axis.     

Penning ionization and photoionization electron spectrometry of hydrogen bromide

An electron spectrometric study has been performed on HBr using metastable helium and neon atoms as well as helium resonance photons. High resolution electron spectra were obtained for a mixed He(2¹ S, 2³ S) beam, a pure He(2³ S) beam, a mixed Ne(3s ³ P ₂,³ P ₀) beam, and for HeI VUV light. From the comparison of vibrational populations of HBr⁺ (X, v′) and HBr⁺ (A, v′), formed by either He^* and Ne^* Penning ionization (PI) or HeI photoionization, we conclude that HBr⁺ (X) formation by PI exhibits only little perturbation of HBr potentials, whereas HBr⁺ (A) formation by PI exhibits substantial bond stretching of HBr due to metastable atom attack preferably from the H end. For He(2¹ S) + HBr theX- andA-state vibrational peak shapes are substantially broader than for the He(2³ S) + HBr case pointing to an additional, charge exchanged interaction (He⁺ + HBr^?) in the entrance channel of the former system which is also responsible for a broad feature found at lower electron energies in the He(2¹ S, 2³ S) induced PI electron spectra. For the first time, we have detected the low energy electrons in both the He(2¹ S) + HBr and He(2³ S) + HBr spectra, associated with the major mechanism for the formation of Br⁺ ions: energy transfer to repulsive HBr** Rydberg states, dissociating to H(1s) and autoionizing Br** atoms. The HBr⁺ (X)² II _3/2:² II _1/2 fine structure branching ratios vary significantly with the ionizing agent in a similar way as for the isoelectronic, atomic target case krypton.     

Polarisation effects in electron transfer reactions with laser excited Na(3P) at medium energies

We report new experimental data for the investigation of the role of electronic orbital alignment and orientation in charge transfer processes, in the medium energy range where the collision velocityv _c and the velocity of the active electronv _e are of the same order of magnitude. The results obtained for the H ₂ ⁺ -Na(3p) and He⁺-Na(3p) collisions are discussed in comparison with the experimental and theoretical findings obtained for the H⁺-Na(3p) system. Recent time-of-flight measurements for charge transfer in Li⁺-Na(3s and 3p) collisions are also presented.     

The structure of the NH2 group and its basicity

The fundamental symmetric (v^s) and antisymmetric (v^as) NH₂ stretching frequencies of some amine-containing compounds (aliphatic and aromatic amines, benzyl amines, and amides) have been measured in dilute CCl₄ solutions. The s-character of the hybrid orbitals of the N-H bonds (b²) has been calculated from v^s and v^as. The basicities (pK_BH⁺) of a number of compounds have been determined. The relationship between pK_BH⁺ and the amount of s-character of the N-H, bonds of the amino groups of the corresponding compounds has been obtained. Separate linear relationships have been found between the indicated values for each group of compounds. For anilines, which have the most highly electron-accepting substituents, there are deviations from the linear dependence b² = f(pK_BH⁺). Differences in the correlation character b² = f(pK_BH⁺) have been explained by a combination of the variations of the N-atom hybrid state and the population of the orbital's lone pair under the influence of substituents.     

Precision energies and hyperfine structures of the 5s5p 3 P 0,1,2 0 and 5s6s 3 S 1 levels in In II

Absolute frequencies of hyperfine components of the 230.6 nm (5s ^{2 1} S ₀?5s5p ³ P ₁ ⁰ ), 193.6 nm (5s5p ³ P ₀ ⁰ ?5s6s ³ S ₁), 197.7 nm (5s5p ³ P ₁ ⁰ ?5s6s ³ S ₁) and 207.9 nm (5s5p ³ P ₂ ⁰ ?5s6s ³ S ₁) transitions in In II emitted from a hollow-cathode source have been measured using a high-resolution, scanning échelle monochromator. The measured frequencies of these four transitions have been used to determine the energies and hyperfine interaction constants of the 5s5p ³ P ₀ ⁰ ,³ P ₁ ⁰ ,³ P ₂ ⁰ and 5s6s ³ S ₁ levels in In II. The hyperfine interaction constants for the dominant isotope¹¹⁵In are found to be: 5s5p ³ P ₁ ⁰ A=0.2322(2) cm^?1,B=?0.0159(9) cm^?1 5s5p ³ P ₂ ⁰ A=0.1699(4) cm^?1,B= 0.021 (6) cm^?1 5s6s ³ S ₁ A=0.4022(4) cm^?1,B= 0.002 (2) cm^?1. The absolute frequency of the very narrow, strongly forbidden In II 236.5 nm (5s ^{2 1} S ₀?5s5p ³ P ₀ ⁰ ) transition, which has been proposed as a candidate for a new optical frequency standard, is found to be 42275.986(7) cm^?1.     

A diatomics-in-molecules model for singly ionized neon clusters

A minimum-basis diatomics-in-molecules (DIM) model previously developed for singly-ionized argon clusters is applied to neon clusters, Ne _n ⁺ , forn=3, 4,...,22. A search for the global minimum energy of each cluster yields structures with the positive charge localised on a dimer-ion. This appears to be due largely to the linear unsymmetrical configuration which the model finds for Ne ₃ ⁺ . For this reason, the structures of the clusters at their minimum energy are different from those for Ar _n ⁺ computed with the same model. On the other hand, the behaviour of the charge distribution as a function of the geometrical configuration is similar to that for Ar _n ⁺ , as are the overall shapes of the potential energy surfaces. The results are discussed in terms of the charge distributions and the ratios of equilibrium properties of the dimers and dimer-ions which constitute the input to the model.     

Jahn—Teller effects in the mindo approximation: structures of the molecular cations of methane and the chloromethanes

The MINDO/3 technique gives geometries for (CH₄)⁺, (CCl₄)⁺ and the intermediate ions (CH_nCl_{4 ? n})⁺ (n = 1, 2, 3) which have symmetries in precise accord with the predictions of the Jahn—Teller effect. The ground state of (CH₄)⁺ has D_2d symmetry, with a C_3v structure ca. 45.6 kJ mol^?1 higher. (CCl₄)⁺ has a C_2v ground state, with a D_2d structure ca. 144 kJ mol^?1 higher: no bound state of C_3v symmetry could be found. (CH₃Cl)⁺ and (CHCl₃)⁺ both have C_s symmetry, and (CH₂Cl₂)⁺ has C_2v symmetry. The analogous fluoro ions are discussed briefly.     

Dielectronic recombination of lithium-like Ar15+

Dielectronic recombination (DR) of Ar¹⁵⁺(1s ²2s) ions was studied in a single-pass merged-beams experiment at the UNILAC (universal linear accelerator) of GSI. Absolute recombination rates and cross sections were measured for electron-ion center-of-mass energies from 0 to 580 eV. A number of Rydberg states formed by DR with 2s → 2p (Δn=0) and 2s → 3? (Δn=1) core excitations and even individual terms in the 1s ²3?3?′ configuration could be resolved. Theoretical calculations of DR cross sections are in good overall agreement with the data. In the calculations for Δn=0 transitions, effects of electric fields have to be included to reproduce the magnitude of the measured DR rates at the limit of the 2 _{p 1/2}? and 2 _{p 3/2}? Rydberg series. Discrepancies between theory and experiment are observed at the series limits of the (1s ²3?n?′) Rydberg series.