Indications for a surface temperature excess in heterogeneous catalysis

We explored the surface temperature excess DeltaT = T(r) - T(m) (real reaction temperature T(r), measured catalyst temperature T(m)) on the basis of experimental data, a gradually curved Arrhenius plot for CO oxidation reactions over Pd/gamma-Al(2)O(3) catalysts. Such a plot could be an indication of the surface temperature excess in the 2-dimensional reaction surfaces of catalysts. The positive or negative surface temperature excess could be developed to be a general explanation for a gradually curved Arrhenius plot of a gas-solid catalytic system. This is a new insight into solving the puzzle on such common phenomena in heterogeneous catalysis. By using the reciprocal of the real reaction temperature T(r) in the hypothetical 2-D reaction surface, instead of the experimentally determined catalyst temperature T(m) or the gas temperature T(g), the gradually curved Arrhenius plot becomes linear. We investigated the implications of such a difference among T(r), T(m), and T(g). The surface temperature excess could be the effect of coupling between the fluxes of a chemical reaction and heat transport in the 2-D reaction surface. Its order of magnitude is 10 K for the present model system.(1) The surface temperature excess increases exponentially with the reaction temperature.     

Rapid solid-state metathesis routes to aluminum nitride

Metathesis (exchange) reactions offer the possibility of controlling temperature through a judicious choice of precursors. Here, a reaction between AlCl(3) and Ca(3)N(2) is found to produce phase-pure aluminum nitride (AlN) in seconds. The CaCl(2) byproduct salt, whose formation drives this highly exothermic reaction, is simply washed away after reaction completion. SEM images demonstrate that the AlN product is a micron-sized powder, while TEM shows well-formed crystallites. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that a reaction temperature of 2208 K could be reached under adiabatic conditions. Using an in situ thermocouple and a stainless steel reactor vessel to hold the precursors, a reaction temperature of 1673 K is measured 0.8 s after initiation. Switching to a thermally insulating ceramic vessel produces a maximum reaction temperature of 2010 K because of the more nearly adiabatic conditions. The high reaction temperature appears to be critical to forming phase-pure AlN. Experiments with Li(3)N, instead of Ca(3)N(2), produce lower temperatures (1513 K), resulting in both Al and Al(2)O(3) impurities.     

制备参数对β-Mo2N0.78催化剂加氢脱硫活性影响的研究

以N2与H2的混合气为反应气，和三氧化钼进行多段程序升温反应，制得一种β晶型的氮化钼。以噻吩为模型化合物的常压加氢脱硫反应表明，β-Mo2N0.78具有较强的加氢脱硫活性和强的抗硫化性能。同时考察了预还原、反应温度以及氮化末温、升温速率、反应气中N2-H2比及氮化时间等制备参数对β-Mo2N0.78加氢脱硫活性的影响。研究发现，β-Mo2N0.78的加氢脱硫活性在320 ℃～400 ℃随反应温度的升高增强，而还原预处理会降低催化剂的活性。氮化末温、氮化时间、反应气组成和升温速率等制备参数对催化剂的活性有明显的影响：随着氮化末温的升高，所制备的催化剂催化加氢脱硫活性降低；在氮化末温恒温较长时间，可以引起制备催化剂的加氢脱硫活性下降；存在最佳的反应气组成和各段升温速率。小晶粒的β-Mo2N0.78具有强的加氢脱硫活性。     

煤焦吸附和还原NO的动力学研究

利用固定床反应器研究了煤焦吸附和还原NO的动力学,分析了热解温度(500℃～900℃)和矿物质对煤焦脱除NO的影响。结果表明,在程序升温反应(TPR)和等温反应中,随着温度的升高(30℃～600℃),煤焦-NO经历了从化学吸附到还原反应的转变。低温时煤焦脱除NO的动力学符合Elovich方程,原煤焦的起始吸附速率随着温度的升高而增大,脱灰煤焦的起始吸附速率先增大后减小,等温吸附过程中煤焦的活化能随着吸附量的增大而增大。随着热解温度的升高,TPR中煤焦的NO转化率降低,等温还原反应的速率常数减小,高温热解导致煤焦脱除NO的活性降低。矿物质对煤焦-NO的吸附和还原反应存在催化作用。     

金属卟啉的合成及其对细胞色素P-450的模拟(ⅪⅤ)——钴卟啉对环己烷的单充氧催化作用

报道了钴卟啉催化下PhIO对环己烷的单充氧反应及其反应动力学行为。探讨了反应温度和有机配体对该反应的影响。研究结果表明:在配体吡啶的作用下,钴卟啉对PhIO单充氧化环己烷具有催化活性,其催化性能与反应温度以及吡啶用量有关。反应速率随温度增加而增加,且表观反应速率常数与反应温度之间存在Arrhenius关系。反应产率随温度升高而降低。当吡啶与TPPCo(Ⅱ)用量为50:1时,TPPCo(Ⅱ)催化效果最好。     

Investigation of Partial Oxidation of Methane over Rh/SiO2 catalyst by TP-MS

Partial oxidation of methane (POM) was investigated over Rh/SiO₂ catalyst using several techniques combined with MS, such as temperature programmed desorption (TPD), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), temperature programmed surface reaction (TPSR), temperature programmed reaction, and CH₃I chemical trapping reaction.     

Kinetics and rate constants of the reaction CH2OH+O2-->CH2O+HO2 in the temperature range of 236-600 K

The kinetics and absolute rate constants of the gas-phase reaction of the hydroxymethyl radical (CH2OH) with molecular oxygen have been studied using laser photolysis/near-IR absorption spectroscopy. The reaction was tracked by monitoring the time-dependent changes in the production of the hydroperoxy radical (HO2) concentration. For sensitive detection of HO2, two-tone frequency modulation absorption spectroscopy was used in combination with a Herriott-type optical multipass absorption cell. Rate constants were determined as a function of temperature (236 K相似文献   

Comparative simulation study of chemical synthesis of energetic (R)‐1,2,4‐butanetriol trinitrate plasticizer

A chemical synthesis method that involved aldol condensation and betenediol epoxidation was designed with the aid of Gaussian 09 and Materials Studio 6.0 software to accomplish simulation of the corresponding preparation processes of (R)‐1,2,4‐butanetriol trinitrate (BTTN) and its crucial (R)‐1,2,4‐butanetriol (BT) precursor. The aim of this work was to construct a comparative model that closely approached the real reaction environment. By regulation of the reaction temperature and reagent concentration, and employing detailed kinetics analysis and thermodynamic equilibrium computation, we aimed to explore potential reaction routes and enhance the production yield. The simulation reaction used ethanal and glyoxal as starting materials to obtain (R)‐BTTN, and the computational results revealed that with an increase in reaction temperature, a regular trend of a decrease in the overall energy barrier was observed. For the reaction process of BT preparation via 3‐butene‐1,2‐diol epoxidation, including all exothermic elementary reaction steps, the activation energy of each stage decreased in a stepwise manner, with a simultaneous lowering of the temperature. In summary, controlling the reagent at a concentration of 0.25 M and the reaction temperature at 283 K promoted rapid reaction and a high product yield. The results of this study could be used as a reference when performing laboratory experiments.     

Development and applications of a microfluidic reactor with multiple analytical probes

We report the development of a versatile microfluidic (MF) reactor with multiple analytical probes, which can be used for (i) quantitative characterisation of molecular vibrational signatures of reactants or products, (ii) the localised real-time monitoring of temperature and (iii) site-specific measurements of pH of the reaction system. The analytical probes utilised for in situ reaction analysis include an ATR-FTIR probe, a temperature probe, and a pH probe. We demonstrate the applications of the MF reactor with integrated probes for the parallel monitoring of multiple variables in acid/base neutralisation reaction, of changes in buffer pH, temperature, and vibrational absorption bands, and for monitoring the kinetics of the reaction between CO(2) and a buffer system with therapeutic applications.     

Effects of reaction temperature and reaction time on positive thermosensitivity of microspheres with poly(acrylamide)/poly(acrylic acid) IPN shells

We have successfully prepared monodispersed positively thermoresponsive core-shell hydrogel microspheres with poly(acrylamide-co-styrene) [P(AAM-co-St)] cores and IPN(interpenetrating polymer network)-based shells composed of poly(acrylamide)/poly(acrylic acid). The submicron-sized monodispersed P(AAM-co-St) core seeds were prepared by using a surfactant-free emulsion polymerization method, and the IPN-based shell layers were fabricated onto the core seeds by using a method of sequential IPN synthesis. Effects of reaction time and reaction temperature during preparation of IPN on the particle size, monodispersity, and thermoresponsive characteristics of microspheres were investigated. The results show that the sizes of particles with IPN shell layer are smaller than that of seeds, and the change of monodispersity among them is not obvious and the monodispersity of particles prepared under higher reaction temperature is higher than that of seeds and those particles prepared under lower reaction temperature. With increasing reaction time, thermoresponsive characteristics of microspheres increases. While thermoresponsive characteristics of microspheres decreases sharply with increasing reaction temperature. The results display preparation of IPN-structured microspheres is so careful to need longer reaction time and lower reaction temperature.     

Br+CH3S(O)CH3反应机理的直接动力学研究

采用直接动力学的方法，对多通道反应体系Br＋CH3S（O）CH3进行了理论研究．在BH＆H-LYP／6-311G（2d，2p）水平下获得了优化几何构型、频率及最小能量路径（MEP），能量信息的进一步确认在MC-QCISD（单点）水平下完成．利用正则变分过渡态理论，结合小曲率隧道效应校正（CVT／SCT）方法计算了该反应的两个可行的反应通道在200K～2000K温度范围内的速率常数．在整个反应区间内，生成HBr的反应通道与生成CHa的反应通道存在着竞争，前者是主反应通道，后者是次反应通道．变分效应和小曲率隧道效应对反应速率常数的计算影响都很小．理论计算得到的两个反应通道的反应速率常数与实验值符合得很好．     

杨村烟煤快速液化反应性的研究

用共振搅拌反应器研究了杨村烟煤的高温快速液化。研究发现，在体系保持较高活性氢浓度时，适当提高反应温度，缩短反应时间——在短时间内达到较高的煤转化率,即高温快速液化是可行的。高温快速液化的最佳反应温度正是热重曲线反映的煤活泼热解温度范围的上限。从液化产物看，高温快速液化反应产物中苯可溶物占绝大多数，这对于煤液化产物的进一步利用非常有利。     

异丁烯直接胺化合成叔丁胺反应的热力学研究

叔丁胺是一种重要的有机化工中间体,广泛应用于制备橡胶促进剂,医药,农药,着色剂等诸多下游产物.目前,叔丁胺主要的生产方法,如叔丁脲水解法,异丁烯-氢氰酸法(Ritter法),卤代烃胺化法等存在产品收率较低,涉及强酸/强碱的使用,对设备腐蚀和环境污染严重等问题.异丁烯直接胺化生产叔丁胺,原子利用率100%,是典型的绿色化学反应.20世纪末,BASF公司以β沸石为催化剂,率先实现了异丁烯胺化技术的工业应用.但是,其反应条件苛刻,压力达28 MPa,生产过程能耗大,对设备材质要求高.目前,关于异丁烯直接胺化的文献较少,且相关研究多在远离工业应用的常压条件下进行.同时,对于异丁烯直接胺化反应过程的热力学,特别是缓和反应条件下的热力学尚待进一步系统和深入地研究分析,以期指导低温低压条件下高性能胺化催化剂的研发和工艺条件优化.我们计算了473?573 K间,异丁烯胺化制备叔丁胺反应的ΔrH,ΔrG,Kp等热力学数据.在此基础上,分析了反应温度,压力和氨烯比(摩尔比)对异丁烯平衡转化率(叔丁胺选择性>99%,未予考虑)的影响.结果表明,异丁烯胺化是中等强度的放热反应,升高反应温度会急剧降低异丁烯的平衡转化率,如在5 MPa,氨烯比1的条件下,反应温度从473 K提高到573 K,异丁烯平衡转化率从40.6%降到6.9%.但从动力学角度而言,升温可提高胺化反应速率,因此在特定的反应条件下和催化剂上,必然存在最佳反应温度.提高反应压力和氨烯比有利于提高异丁烯的热力学平衡转化率.开发在低温和相对较低的压力下具有较高胺化活性的催化剂是提高该过程经济性和实用性的关键.在较缓和的反应条件下(523 K,5 MPa,氨烯比4及异丁烯空速0.5 h?1),考察了ZSM-5(R=50和R=412,R为硅铝比,下同),ZSM-11(R=48),MOR(R=10),SAPO-11(摩尔组成,1.6Al2O3:1.0SiO2:1.4P2O5)等不同拓扑结构分子筛以及氧化铝在异丁烯胺化反应中的性能.结果表明,空白试验中,无叔丁胺产物生成.在ZSM-11上的获得最高的异丁烯胺化转化率,为14.2%(达到平衡转化率的52.2%),在ZSM-5(R=50),ZSM-5(R=412)和MOR上,异丁烯转化率分别为13.9%,6.4%和2.9%,叔丁胺选择性均大于99.8%.而SAPO-11和氧化铝未呈现出胺化反应活性.关联氨气程序升温脱附,吡啶吸附红外表征结果及分子筛孔结构特点,表明分子筛胺化活性与其孔径及Br?nsted酸的酸量和酸强度密切相关.为了进一步验证实际反应体系中反应条件对异丁烯胺化反应过程的影响规律,我们在ZSM-11催化剂上,系统考察了反应温度,压力,氨烯比和异丁烯空速对催化剂胺化反应性能的影响及变化规律.结果表明,在其他条件不变的情况下,异丁烯转化率随着温度的升高呈现出先增大后减小的趋势.适当提高原料中氨烯比和反应压力,以及采用较低异丁烯空速有利于促进异丁烯的转化.上述规律与热力学计算结果呈现出较好的一致性.在ZSM-11催化剂上,异丁烯直接胺化反应的较佳反应条件为523 K,5 MPa,氨烯比4,异丁烯空速0.5 h?1.上述结果可为异丁烯直接胺化合成叔丁胺过程新型高效催化剂的研发和反应工艺条件优化提供参考和指导.     

Temperature- and pH-dependent morphology and FT-IR analysis of magnesium carbonate hydrates

Various morphologies of magnesium carbonate hydrates have been synthesized by carefully adjusting the reaction temperature and pH value of the initial reaction solution in the precipitation process. At lower temperatures (from room temperature to 328 K) and lower pH values (variation with the reaction temperature), magnesium carbonate hydrates are prone to display needlelike morphology, and the axis diameter of the particles decreases with the increase of reaction temperature and pH value. With the further increase of the reaction temperature (333-368 K) and pH value, the sheetlike crystallites become the preferred morphology, and at higher temperatures and pH values, these crystallites tend to assemble into layerlike structures with diverse morphologies, such as spherical-like particles with rosette-like structure and cakelike particles built from sheetlike structure. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra show that these various morphologies are closely related to their compositions. The needlelike magnesium carbonate hydrate has a formula of MgCO3.xH2O, in which the value x is greatly affected by the experimental conditions, whereas with the morphological transformation from needlelike to sheetlike structure, their corresponding compositions also change from MgCO3.xH2O to Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2.4H2O in the interval of 328-333 K.     

The solid-state polymerization of cyanotetramminecobalt(III)-μ-cyanoaquotetrammine- cobalt(III) perchlorate: Effect of water vapor pressure

The effect of the water vapor pressure on the solid-state polymerization reaction of cyanotetramminecobalt(III)-μ-cyanoaquotetramminecobalt(III) perchlorate was investigated. The reaction temperature increased with increasing water vapor pressure. At a constant water vapor pressure, the reaction temperature increased as the heating rate increased. A reaction mechanism for these phenomena is postulated.     

Development of an efficient and safe process for a grignard reaction via reaction caloremetry

A Grignard reaction of reactantA and phenyl magnesium chloride is used to make a pharmaceutical intermediate at the production scale. The elimination of protecting groups onA was proposed as a means to reduce synthesis costs. This new synthesis route, however, had process efficiency and safety issues associated with it: (1) build-up of unreactedA in the reactor, (2) influence ofA's particle size on the reaction rate, (3) the sensitivity of the reaction rate to the reaction temperature and to the (changing) solvent composition, and (4) the highly exothermic nature of the reaction.The Mettler RC1 Reaction Calorimeter was used to quantify the influence of solvent composition, temperature, and particle size on the reaction rate. Results indicated a dramatic effect of solvent composition and reaction temperature on the reaction rate; for example, over a temperature range of just 30°C, the reaction time decreased from more than a day to just a few minutes. At such high reaction rates, the vessel jacket could not remove the reaction heat sufficiently and the internal temperature rose adiabatically.These results were used to make process design and operation recommendations for safe and efficient plant operation with this modified Grignard reaction system.The authors would like to thank the following for their assistance in this work: E. Daugs for preparing the Grignard reagents, K.L. Gonzales for her help in running the experiments and in the subsequent data work-up; P.M. Russell for his assistance in the design of the slurry addition assembly, and K. Chritz and J. Engel for performing the HPLC analyses of the samples.     

环氧氯丙烷橡胶的热可逆共价交联

以环戊二烯二羧酸钾 [DCPD(COOK) 2 ]为交联剂 ,采用溶液反应法使环氧氯丙烷橡胶 (环氧氯丙烷均聚物 ,CER)交联 ,制得了凝胶含量达 88 75 %的交联CER ,研究了溶剂种类、反应温度、催化剂及交联剂用量对凝胶形成量的影响 .IR谱证明 ,DCPD(COOK) 2 与CER发生双端酯化而交联 ;反应溶解性试验表明 ,该共价交联聚合物具有热可逆转化特性 ,热可逆转化百分率随反应温度的提高、交联剂用量的增多而下降     

Acylation and related reactions under microwaves. 4. Sulfonylation reactions of aromatics.

Solvent-free sulfonylation of benzene and its activated or deactivated derivatives were carried out under microwave (MW) irradiation and a catalytic amount of iron(III) chloride, which, under these conditions, is more active than other metallic salts. With more reactive and/or nonvolatile reagents (anisole, xylenes, mesitylene) expeditious conditions (short reaction time at constant MW power without control of the temperature) were used. With less reactive and/or low-boiling reagents (benzene, toluene, halobenzenes), the rise in temperature and the increase of reaction time were controlled either by sequential MW irradiation or by a temperature order. It was shown that MWs cause preferential interactions with polar species present in the reaction, especially the aryl sulfone and its FeCl3-complexed form. A MW nonthermal effect was not observed when identical temperature gradients were produced by classical heating and MW irradiation, and if reaction temperature was strictly controlled.     

A large volume, portable, real-time PCR reactor

A point-of-care, diagnostic system incorporating a portable thermal cycler and a compact fluorescent detector for real-time, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on disposable, plastic microfluidic reactors with relatively large reaction volume (ranging from 10 μL to 100 μL) is described. To maintain temperature uniformity and a relatively fast temperature ramping rate, the system utilizes double-sided heater that features a master, thermoelectric element and a thermal waveguide connected to a second thermoelectric element. The waveguide has an aperture for optical coupling between a miniature, fluorescent reader and the PCR reaction chamber. The temperature control is accomplished with a modified, feedforward, variable structural proportional-integral-derivative controller. The temperature of the liquid in the reaction chamber tracks the set-point temperature with an accuracy of ± 0.1 °C. The transition times from one temperature to another are minimized with controllable overshoots (< 2 °C) and undershoots (< 5 °C). The disposable, single-use PCR chip can be quickly inserted into a thermal cycler/reader unit for point-of-care diagnostics applications. The large reaction chamber allows convenient pre-storing of dried, paraffin-encapsulated PCR reagents (polymerase, primers, dNTPs, dyes, and buffers) in the PCR chamber. The reagents are reconstituted "just in time" by heating during the PCR process. The system was tested with viral and bacterial nucleic acid targets.     

Sodium chloride-catalyzed oxidation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes for environmental benefit

A sodium chloride (NaCl) catalyst (0.1 w/w %) lowers the oxidation temperature of graphitized multiwalled carbon nanotubes: MWCNT-20 (diameter: 20-70 nm) and MWCNT-80 (diameter: 80-150 nm). The analysis of the reaction kinetics indicates that the oxidation of MWCNT-20 and MWCNT-80 mixed with no NaCl exhibits single reaction processes with activation energies of E(a) = 159 and 152 kJ mol(-1), respectively. The oxidation reaction in the presence of NaCl is shown to consist of two different reaction processes, that is, a first reaction and a second reaction process. The first reaction process is dominant at a low temperature of around 600 degrees C, while the second reaction process becomes more dominant than the first one in a higher temperature region. The activation energies of the first reaction processes (MWCNT-20: E(a1) = 35.7 kJ mol(-1); MWCNT-80: E(a1) = 43.5 kJ mol(-1)) are much smaller than those of the second reaction processes (MWCNT-20: E(a2) = 170 kJ mol(-1); MWCNT-80: E(a2) = 171 kJ mol(-1)). The comparison of the kinetic parameters and the results of the spectroscopic and microscopic analyses imply that the lowering of the oxidation temperature in the presence of NaCl results from the introduction of disorder into the graphitized MWCNTs (during the first reaction process), thus increasing the facility of the oxidation reaction of the disorder-induced nanotubes (in the second reaction process). It is found that the larger nanopits and cracks on the outer graphitic layers are caused by the catalytic effect of NaCl. Therefore, the NaCl-mixed samples showed more rapid and stronger oxidation compared with that of the nonmixed samples at the same residual quantity.