气相色谱法测定饮用水中痕量土臭素和二甲基异冰片

对液液微萃取-气相色谱法测定饮用水中异嗅物质——土臭素(geosmin,GSM)和二甲基异冰片(2-methylisoborneol,2-MIB)的方法进行了探讨,确定了最佳萃取条件,搅拌时间为10 min,搅拌速率为1 200r/min,NaCl加入量为20 g,pH值为5左右。利用该法对上海市原水及某水厂水样进行检测,检出GSM和2-MIB含量为10 ng/L左右。     

全自动顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定生活饮用水中12种嗅味物质的含量

<正>嗅味物质影响着水体质量。在水体中,特别是饮用水资源中,嗅味物质已经成为关注的热点。水体中的嗅味物质一部分来源于自然界,例如藻类、放线菌等的代谢物,另一部分来源于人为因素,如现代工农业生产排放物进入自然环境以及水处理过程中产生化学反应,进而在水体中引入嗅味物质。土臭素(GSM)和2-甲基异茨醇(2-MIB)被认为是导致水体土霉味的主要物质,主要来源于藻类、放线菌和真菌的代谢产物^[1-2],嗅味阈值极低,分别为9ng·L^-1和4ng·L^-1[3],极少量存在就可致水体异味。     

HS-SPME–GC–MS法测定水中2-甲基异冰片及土臭素

采用顶空固相微萃取–气质联用(HS-SPME–GC–MS)的方法对地表水中2-甲基异冰片(2-MIB)和土臭素(GSM)进行分析测定。通过试验确定了HS-SPME的最佳萃取条件:萃取头为DVB/CAR/PDMS,萃取时间为30 min,萃取温度为70℃,NaCl的加入量为30%(质量分数),萃取纤维在GC上的解吸温度为250℃。用内标法进行定量,2-MIB,GSM的质量浓度在5~100 ng/L范围内与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数(r2)分别为0.999 7,0.997 0,检出限分别为0.8,1.7 ng/L。采用该法对水样进行测定,2-MIB,GSM测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.6%~6.3%(n=6),加标回收率为92%~112%。该方法能简单、快速地测定水中痕量嗅味物质。     

大体积浓缩-固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用测定水样中6种典型嗅味物质

2-甲基异崁醇(2-MIB)、土臭素(GSM)、2,4,6-三氯苯甲醚(TCA)、β-环柠檬醛(β-Cyclocitral)、β-紫罗兰酮(β-Ionone)和二甲基三硫醚(DMTS)为不同特征水体的典型嗅味物质。本研究建立了大体积浓缩-固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用同时测定这6种痕量物质的方法。自制大体积玻璃萃取瓶,萃取体积为100 mL。优化的萃取条件:萃取时间30 min,NaCl离子浓度0.3 g/mL,萃取温度65℃,解吸时间2 min,溶液pH值4～9范围内,不影响萃取效果。各物质的检出限均低于1 ng/L,具有较高的灵敏度;加标回收率为86.0%～114.2%,具有较好的精密度;浓度在1～200 ng/L范围内线性关系良好。本方法应用于江河湖泊、水库、自来水出厂水和管网末端水等水体中嗅味物质的定量检测,结果表明:在富营养化的水体中DMTS,2-MIB和β-Cyclocitral的浓度较高;TCA在管网末端水中含量较高。     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用测定饮用水中的2-甲基异莰醇和土臭素

2-甲基异莰醇(2-methylisoborneol, 2-MIB)和土臭素(geosmin, GSM)在水源水中大量分泌排放是造成饮用水土霉异味突发事件、引发居民用水恐慌的重用因素之一。使用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)与气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)建立了水库水、水库附近土壤、居民自来水中2-MIB和GSM的测定方法。结合正交分析优化了加盐量、萃取温度、萃取时间条件,在电子轰击(EI)-选择离子扫描(SIM)模式下进行了目标物的定性定量分析。结果表明:在5~1000 ng/L范围内,2-MIB和GSM的色谱峰面积与其质量浓度的线性关系良好(r²≥0.998), 2-MIB与GSM的检出限分别为0.72 ng/L和0.34 ng/L,定量限分别为2.40 ng/L和1.13 ng/L;目标物加标水平为10~600 ng/L时,平均回收率为93.6%~107.7%,相对标准偏差(RSD)≤6.1%(n=6)。基于上述方法,对辽宁省某地区水库水、水库附近土壤、居民自来水中的目标物进行检测,结果表明:水库水目标物质量浓度范围为3.0~3.6 ng/L,水库附近土壤中提取的2-MIB为8.1 ng/L、提取的GSM为17.8 ng/L,居民自来水中的目标物未检出。该方法操作简便、准确可靠,灵敏度高,无需有机溶剂,适合于饮用水中2-MIB和GSM的分析检测。     

气相色谱-质谱联用测定富营养化水体中的异味物质

通过固相微萃取富集,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)测定了水中常见的两种异味化合物,即2-甲基异茨醇(2-MIB)、土味素(GSM),并对富营养化水体中的挥发性物质进行了初步分析。不同的异味物质吸附于75μm Carboxen/PDMS纤维涂层处理后,通过DB-WAX毛细管色谱柱得以分离。采用选择离子监测模式(SIM)对两种化合物(2-MIBm/z=95,GSMm/z=112)进行外标法定量分析,从而提高检测灵敏度。线性范围2-MIB为0.5~500 ng.L-1、GSM为1.0~500 ng.L-1,检出限分别为0.1,0.4 ng.L-1。用该法对富营养化水源水监测,2-MIB及GSM的分析结果的RSD值及加标回收率为3.35%,7.68%和105.0%,88.3%。     

顶空固相微萃取–气相色谱–质谱法测定饮用水中9种嗅味物质

建立顶空固相微萃取–气相色谱–质谱法同时测定水中的2-甲基异莰醇、土臭素、2-异丙基-3甲氧基吡嗪、2-异丁基-3-甲氧基吡嗪、三氯苯甲醚、β-环柠檬醛、β-紫罗兰酮等9种嗅味物质。以内标法定量,嗅味物质在1~200 ng/L范围内线性良好,线性相关系数r~2为0.993 7~0.999 9,方法检出限为0.38~0.55 ng/L。水样的加标回收率为72.1%~130.0%,测定结果的相对标准偏差小于10%(n=5)。同时对样品的保存期限、保存剂、余氯的影响进行了研究。该法适用于饮用水中嗅味物质的测定。     

水中微量含硫类致嗅物质的色谱分析测试技术*

水中微量挥发性有机硫化物是我国饮用水中重要的嗅味物质组成部分,不仅嗅阈值很低,而且具有毒性。水中微量含硫类致嗅物质的分析测试技术是开展各项相关研究的基础,因而受到越来越多的关注。本文介绍了水中常见含硫类致嗅物质的嗅味特征、水中微量挥发性有机硫化物分析测试中遇到的主要困难及主要分析测试方法。气相色谱技术是测试该类物质的实用技术,从检测器的选择、色谱柱的选择和预富集方法三个方面详细介绍了采用气相色谱分析水中微量挥发性有机硫化物过程中遇到的主要问题和解决方法,并展望了水中微量挥发性有机硫化物分析测试技术的发展方向。     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定太湖水源水中嗅味物质土臭素、2-甲基异莰醇以及β-紫罗兰酮的含量北大核心CSCD

水样过0.45μm滤膜,分取10 mL滤液和已经于450℃处理2 h的氯化钠2.5 g混合,在顶空仪中于65℃平衡5 min,再用二乙烯苯基/Carboxen/聚二甲基硅氧烷(DVB/CAR/PDMS)固相微萃取纤维头在500 r·min^(-1)转速下于65℃萃取30 min,于250℃热解吸3 min,所得气体进入气相色谱-质谱仪,在HP-5MS毛细管色谱柱上用升温程序分离,用附电子轰击离子(EI)源的质谱仪检测。结果显示,土臭素、2-甲基异莰醇的质量浓度在2.0~200.0 ng·L^(-1)内,β-紫罗兰酮的质量浓度在1.0~100.0 ng·L^(-1)内分别与其对应的峰面积呈线性关系,检出限(3.36s)分别为1.38,1.12,0.78 ng·L^(-1);对纯水及太湖水源水进行3个浓度水平的加标回收试验,水源水中3种嗅味物质的检出量分别为1.78,3.07,3.81 ng·L^(-1),回收率为92.3%~111%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为0.98%~13%,适用于水源水中嗅味物质的测定。     

环境水体中致嗅有机物分析的样品前处理技术研究进展

环境水体中致嗅有机物种类繁多,常见的土霉味物质包括土臭素(GSM)、2-二甲基异茨醇(MIB)、2-甲氧基-3-异丙基吡嗪(IPMP)、2-甲氧基-3-异丁基吡嗪(IBMP)和2,4,6-三氯代苯甲醚(TCA)等,其在水中的质量浓度一般在ng/L ～μg/L水平且嗅阈值较低.该文总结了测定环境水体中痕量土霉味物质的气相色谱-质谱法,并对闭环捕集、吹扫捕集、液液萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、液相微萃取和搅拌棒吸附萃取7种样品前处理技术进行了介绍和对比.重点介绍了目前应用最广泛的顶空固相微萃取技术和新发展的液相微萃取、搅拌棒吸附萃取技术在环境水体中致嗅有机物分析中的应用,并展望了致嗅有机物的分析方法.     

Natural organic matter removal by coagulation during drinking water treatment: A review

Natural organic matter (NOM) is found in all surface, ground and soil waters. An increase in the amount of NOM has been observed over the past 10-20 years in raw water supplies in several areas, which has a significant effect on drinking water treatment. The presence of NOM causes many problems in drinking water and drinking water treatment processes, including (i) negative effect on water quality by causing colour, taste and odor problems, (ii) increased coagulant and disinfectant doses (which in turn results in increased sludge volumes and production of harmful disinfection by-products), (iii) promoted biological growth in distribution system, and (iv) increased levels of complexed heavy metals and adsorbed organic pollutants. NOM can be removed from drinking water by several treatment options, of which the most common and economically feasible processes are considered to be coagulation and flocculation followed by sedimentation/flotation and sand filtration. Most of the NOM can be removed by coagulation, although, the hydrophobic fraction and high molar mass compounds of NOM are removed more efficiently than hydrophilic fraction and the low molar mass compounds. Thus, enhanced and/or optimized coagulation, as well as new process alternatives for the better removal of NOM by coagulation process has been suggested. In the present work, an overview of the recent research dealing with coagulation and flocculation in the removal of NOM from drinking water is presented.     

Determination of Seven Odorants in Purified Water Among Worldwide Brands by HS-SPME Coupled to GC–MS

Musty and earthy odors dramatically influence the esthetic quality and consumer acceptability of drinking water. This study was conducted to obtain a sensitive method for simultaneous analysis of seven odors, including geosmin (GSM), 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), 2-isopropyl-3-methoxy pyrazine (IPMP), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (2,4,6-TCA), β-cyclocitral, and β-ionone, in water by applying headspace solid phase micro-extraction coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Moreover, the proposed method was applied to obtain preliminary understanding of the levels of these odorants in purified water among various brands in the world, and to try to find out the potential causes when the odorants appeared in purified water. The target compounds could be separated and analyzed effectively within 23 min, and the GSM and DMTS could be detected in all brands of chosen countries, while the IPMP, β-ionone and 2,4,6-TCA cannot be observed in the above brands.     

Determination of 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin in aqueous samples by static headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with ramped inlet pressure

A method for determining the earthy and musty odors 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) and geosmin in drinking water using static headspace-GC-MS is described. To achieve lower detection limits, split ratio was optimized with ramped inlet pressure for large headspace sampling volume. The ramped inlet pressure, which held higher pressure (higher column flow rate) only during injection, allowed us to inject 3-mL volume to GC with very low split ratio (2:1). Although sequential analysis with a stainless steel ion source often changed the mass spectrum of 2-MIB, this spectral change was eliminated by using an inert ion source with a 6 mm drawout plate. The detection limits of this method were 0.36 and 0.14 ng/L, respectively, for 2-MIB and geosmin. The repeatabilities (n = 30) were 6.6 and 4.8%, respectively, at 1 ng/L for 2-MIB and geosmin.     

Development and validation of an SPE-GC-MS/MS taste and odour method for analysis in surface water

The goal of this research was to develop a robust method for taste and odour compounds that can be implemented by laboratories with mass spectrometers lacking chemical ionisation capabilities or specialised sample introduction hardware that are commonly used for taste and odour methods. Development, optimisation, and validation of a solid-phase extraction method using liquid injection and gas chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry detection with electron impact ionisation are described. Camphor was used as an internal standard, and through method development and robustness testing it was shown to extract similarly to other taste and odour compounds, making it a cost-effective alternative to deuterated analogs. The instrumental parameters and extraction procedure were fully optimised prior to assessing the method’s linearity, precision, and accuracy. Using a 2000-fold enrichment factor, method recoveries for priority compounds geosmin (GSM) and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) were >90%. Excellent linearity was obtained from the reportable detection limits up to 200 ng L^?1 and precision %relative standard deviations were 8.5% and 10.9% for GSM and 2-MIB, respectively. Detection limits of 0.9 and 5.5 ng L^?1 for GSM and 2-MIB respectively were deemed fit-for-purpose in comparison to their odour thresholds. Validation data were also obtained for other commonly analysed taste and odour compounds, including 2,4,6-trichloroanisole, 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine, and 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine. The validated method was used to screen surface waters in Nova Scotia, Canada for presence of taste and odour compounds, highlighting the presence of GSM on the east coast of Canada.     

Influence of diazonium-induced surface grafting on PES NF membrane fouling reduction in algal-rich water treatment

The algae bloom phenomenon incurs a major challenge to conventional drinking water treatment processes due to the discharges of a large amount of intracellular pollutant and odor compounds in the water sources. Membrane processes have been considered as promising technologies to treatment of algal-rich water due to complete algal cell rejection however, its application has been limited by membrane fouling. In this work, the high-performance loose antifouling PES NF membranes were fabricated using diazonium-induced grafting and applied for treating real algal effluent. The modified membranes exhibited complete algal dye removal and turbidity removal throughout the long-term filtration. Also, the coupling and radically modified membranes can be able to removed COD by up to 90% and 88%, respectively, while a removal efficiency of 24% was observed for bare membrane. It is worth noting that, a relative smooth behavior in permeate flux by loose modified membranes during prolonged algal dye filtration, demonstrating exceptional anti-fouling property of membranes. In addition, the fouled modified membranes were effectively recovered by water flushing. Both loose modified membranes exhibited excellent resistance in the strongly acidic environment. These high performance antifouling NF membranes affords an innovative methodology toward the treatment of algal-rich water.     

A review of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins removal/inactivation in drinking water treatment

This review focuses on the efficiency of different water treatment processes for the removal of cyanotoxins from potable water. Although several investigators have studied full-scale drinking water processes to determine the efficiency of cyanotoxin inactivation, many of the studies were based on ancillary practice. In this context, “ancillary practice” refers to the removal or inactivation of cyanotoxins by standard daily operational procedures and without a contingency operational plan utilizing specific treatment barriers. In this review, “auxiliary practice” refers to the implementation of inactivation/removal treatment barriers or operational changes explicitly designed to minimize risk from toxin-forming algae and their toxins to make potable water. Furthermore, the best drinking water treatment practices are based on extension of the multibarrier approach to remove cyanotoxins from water. Cyanotoxins are considered natural contaminants that occur worldwide and specific classes of cyanotoxins have shown regional prevalence. For example, freshwaters in the Americas often show high concentrations of microcystin, anatoxin-a, and cylindrospermopsin, whereas Australian water sources often show high concentrations of microcystin, cylindrospermopsin, and saxitoxins. Other less frequently reported cyanotoxins include lyngbyatoxin A, debromoaplysiatoxin, and β-N-methylamino-l-alanine. This review focuses on the commonly used unit processes and treatment trains to reduce the toxicity of four classes of cyanotoxins: the microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin-a, and saxitoxins. The goal of this review is to inform the reader of how each unit process participates in a treatment train and how an auxiliary multibarrier approach to water treatment can provide safer water for the consumer.     

The determination of six taste and odour compounds in water using Ambersorb 572 and high resolution mass spectrometry.

A method for the analysis of six taste and odour causing compounds in aqueous samples using the granular adsorbent, Ambersorb 572, and gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) has been developed. This method for the determination of geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine (IPMP), 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine (IBMP), 2,3,6-trichloroanisole (236-TCA) and 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (246-TCA) is highly productive [up to 40 samples per day + 23 quality control (QC) samples] and provides rapid (24-48 h) turnaround times. The analytes are extracted from water by the addition of Ambersorb 572 to the sample bottle and rolling for 1 h. The adsorbent is isolated by filtration and allowed to air dry for 1 h. The Ambersorb 572 is transferred to an autosampler vial and the analytes are desorbed into dichloromethane. The extract is analysed by GC-HRMS at 7000 resolving power (RP). Quantification is performed by isotope dilution and internal standard techniques utilizing d3-geosmin, d3-2-MIB, d5-246-TCA and 2-sec-butyl-3-methoxypyrazine (s-BMP). Method precisions of 3.5-5.8% and accuracies of +/- 5.7-8.9% were obtained. Reporting detection limits (RDLs) of 1.0 ng L-1 were obtained for 2-MIB, geosmin, IPMP and IBMP, while RDLs of 2.0 ng L-1 were obtained for 236-TCA and 246-TCA.     

POLYPROPYLENE PIPES FOR DRINKING WATER SUPPLY

Within this study, the influence of the migration of phenolic antioxidants, which are typically used for the stabilization of PP pipes, on the quality of drinking water has been tested. In particular, it had to be shown if the high requirements for materials in contact with drinking water can also be assured in the case of warm water and more alkaline or acidic drinking water.

The used migration procedures are based on Austrian, German, and international standard methods for cold water at 23°C and for warm water at 60°C. In addition to the migration of phenolic substances, the content of total organic carbon (TOC) and the threshold odor (TON) and flavor number (TFN) have been determined.

In general, not the high molecular antioxidants, but the low molecular degradation product 2,4-di-t-butylphenol was detectable in the aqueous extracts. In warm water extracts, the concentration of phenols, TOC, and also the influence on odor and flavor were considerably higher than in a cold one. Alkaline water extracted higher amounts of phenols, whereas acidic drinking water showed no effect.

Thermal load of the material during the extruding procedure leads to a significant increase of extractable phenols, TOC, and TFN/TON.