非水溶剂Li-O2电池锂负极研究进展

The aprotic Li-O₂ battery has attracted considerable interest in recent years because of its high theoretical specific energy that is far greater than that achievable with state-of-the-art Li-ion technologies. To date, most Li-O₂ studies, based on a cell configuration with a Li metal anode, aprotic Li⁺ electrolyte and porous O₂ cathode, have focused on O₂ reactions at the cathode. However, these reactions might be complicated by the use of Li metal anode. This is because both the electrolyte and O₂ (from cathode) can react with the Li metal and some parasitic products could cross over to the cathode and interfere with the O₂ reactions occurring therein. In addition, the possibility of dendrite formation on the Li anode, during its multiple plating/stripping cycles, raises serious safety concerns that impede the realization of practical Li-O₂ cells. Therefore, solutions to these issues are urgently needed to achieve a reversible and safety Li anode. This review summarizes recent advances in this field and strategies for achieving high performance Li anode for use in aprotic Li-O₂ batteries. Topics include alternative counter/reference electrodes, electrolytes and additives, composite protection layers and separators, and advanced experimental techniques for studying the Li anode|electrolyte interface. Future developments in relation to Li anode for aprotic Li-O₂ batteries are also discussed.     

基于表界面反应及优化的锂金属电池研究进展

金属锂具有高理论比容量和低还原电位, 是锂电池阳极的理想材料之一. 但在长期循环充放电过程中, 金属锂因锂枝晶生长会导致出现界面恶化及能量损失严重等问题, 对锂金属电极与电解质表界面反应的优化是一个重要研究方向. 本文介绍了锂枝晶产生的危害, 从分析及抑制锂枝晶沉积两方面综合评述了为解决这一问题所采取的方法, 包括固态电解质界面形成机制和保护机理、 表面改性、 三维锂阳极和液态/固态电解质等方法, 总结了各种方法的优劣势, 并展望锂金属电池在能源领域的研究前景.     

氟代溶剂在锂金属电池中的应用

近年来,锂金属电池由于具有较高的能量密度而成为储能领域的研究热点。电解液作为锂金属电池的“血液”发挥着至关重要的作用。在传统锂离子电池电解液中,锂金属负极与电解液之间的界面副反应严重并伴随着锂枝晶生长,从而导致安全隐患以及循环寿命缩短等问题。在解决锂金属负极问题上,电解液调控策略具有易操作性和有效性,因而在推动锂金属电池发展方面具有举足轻重的地位。氟代电解液是目前重要的研究方向,氟代电解液在循环过程中能够在电极表面形成富含LiF的固体电解质界面膜(SEI);该界面膜不仅可以有效抑制负极锂枝晶的形成,并且在正极方面能够大幅提高电解液的氧化稳定性,从而提升高电压正极的适配性和锂金属电池的循环稳定性。氟代电解液中氟代溶剂/氟代锂盐的分子结构对电解液的溶剂化结构有重要影响。当氟代溶剂分子中氟原子的位置与数量不同时,氟代溶剂的物理化学性质也会随之发生变化,进而改变了电解液与电极的界面反应性。因此,氟代溶剂能够起到调制SEI膜成分和结构的作用,是决定电池性能的关键因素。本文总结了应用于锂金属电池的主要氟代溶剂,尤其是近几年来发展的新型氟代溶剂;着重介绍了高度氟代的溶剂分子作为局域超浓电解液的稀释剂,以及对溶剂进行精准分子设计得到的部分氟代溶剂等。此外,本文还分析探讨了氟代溶剂分子与电池性能之间的构效关系,展望了构建新型氟代溶剂分子的策略,希望能对电解液溶剂分子的结构设计以及构效关系的评估有一定的启发意义。     

氟代溶剂在锂金属电池中的应用

Lithium metal batteries, which use lithium metal as the anode, have attracted tremendous research interest in recent years, owing to their high energy density and potential for future energy storage applications. Despite their advantages such as high energy density, the safety concerns and short lifespan significantly impede their practical applications in transportation and electronic devices. Tremendous efforts have been devoted to overcoming these problems, including materials design, interface modification, and electrolyte engineering. Among these strategies, electrolyte regulation plays a key role in improving the efficiency, stability, and safety of lithium metal anodes. As an important class of electrolyte components, fluorinated solvents, which can decompose to form LiF-rich interphase layers on both anode and cathode, have been proven to enhance the stability of lithium metal anodes and improve the oxidative stability of the electrolytes. Meanwhile, the spatial structure of fluorinated solvents, such as the number and sites of fluorine atoms, can influence the physicochemical properties of the electrolytes and the compositions/structure of the solid-electrolyte interphase, which eventually dictates the cycling performance of Li metal batteries. Recently, many fluorinated solvents with different molecular structures have been designed to regulate the solvation structure of electrolytes, and these solvents exhibit novel electrochemical properties in lithium metal batteries. However, there are few comprehensive reviews that summarize the fluorinated solvents used in Li metal batteries and discuss their functions in electrolytes and their physicochemical properties. This review summarizes the novel fluorinated solvents used in lithium metal batteries in recent years, which have been classified into three parts: diluents, traditional solvents, and novel molecules, based on their functions in the electrolytes. In every part, the understanding of the interactions between fluorinated solvents and Li ions, the decomposition mechanism of fluorinated solvents at the interface of the electrode, the functions of fluorinated solvents in the electrolytes, and the structure-activity relationship between the fluorinated solvents and battery performance have been comprehensively summarized and discussed. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of fluorinated solvents have been discussed, and the importance of precisely controlling the number of fluorine atoms and the structure of fluorinated solvents has been emphasized. At the end of this review, a perspective for designing new fluorinated solvents has been proposed. We believe that this review can provide insights on designing novel fluorinated solvents for high-performance Li metal batteries.      

锂金属负极亲锂骨架的研究进展

随着电动汽车和便携式电子产品的快速发展, 人们对于高比能二次电池的需求越来越迫切. 锂金属以其极高的理论比容量和极低的电极电势被视为下一代高比能电池理想负极材料之一. 但是, 锂枝晶的生长及体积膨胀等问题限制了金属锂负极的实际应用. 在金属锂负极中引入三维骨架可以有效抑制锂枝晶生长, 缓解体积膨胀. 其中亲锂骨架可以降低锂的形核能垒, 诱导锂的均匀成核, 更加有效地调控锂沉积行为. 本文结合国内外的研究进展总结了锂金属负极中亲锂骨架的研究成果. 根据亲锂材料的不同对亲锂骨架进行了分类, 总结了各类亲锂骨架在调控锂沉积行为和提高电池性能方面取得的成果, 并对其今后的研究和发展进行了展望.     

多孔聚合物在锂金属负极保护中的研究进展

锂金属负极具有极高的理论比容量和最低的还原电位,因此锂金属电池被认为是最具潜力的高比能储能器件之一.然而,充放电过程中不受控制的枝晶生长、不稳定的界面反应与巨大的体积变化导致锂金属负极库伦效率低与循环稳定性差,同时枝晶刺穿隔膜也会带来安全隐患,这些问题极大地制约着锂金属电池的实际应用.多孔聚合物由于比表面积大、密度低、...     

影响电池性能的因素：金属离子溶剂化结构衍生的界面行为还是固体电解质界面膜?

通过电解液分解在电极上形成的固体电解质界面（SEI）层被认为是影响电池性能的最重要因素。 然而,我们发现金属离子溶剂化结构也会影响其电极性能,尤其可以阐明许多SEI无法解释的实验现象。基于该综述,本文总结了金属离子溶剂化结构和衍生的金属离子去溶剂化行为的重要性,并建立了相应的界面模型以展示界面行为和电极性能之间的关系,并将其应用于不同的电极和电池体系。我们强调了电极界面离子/分子相互作用对电极性能的影响,该解释与以往基于SEI的解释不同。该综述为理解电池性能和指导电解液设计提供了一个新的视角。     

多酚类化合物—丹宁酸用作锂金属负极电解液成膜添加剂

As the application of lithium-ion batteries in advanced consumer electronics, energy storage systems, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and electric vehicles increases, there has emerged an urgent need for increasing the energy density of such batteries. Lithium metal anode is considered as the "Holy Grail" for high-energy-density electrochemical energy storage systems because of its low reduction potential (-3.04 V vs standard hydrogen electrode) and high theoretical specific capacity (3860 mAh·g^-1). However, the practical application of lithium metal anode in rechargeable batteries is severely limited by irregular lithium dendrite growth and high reactivity with the electrolytes, leading to poor safety performance and low coulombic efficiency. Recent research progress has been well documented to suppress dendrite growth for achieving long-term stability of lithium anode, such as building artificial protection layers, developing novel electrolyte additives, constructing solid electrolytes, using functional separator, designing composite electrode or three-dimensional lithium-hosted material. Among them, the use of electrolyte additives is regarded as one of the most effective and economical methods to improve the performance of lithium-ion batteries. As a natural polyphenol compound, tannic acid (TA) is significantly cheaper and more abundant compared with dopamine, which is widely used for the material preparation and modification in the field of lithium-ion batteries. Herein, TA is first reported as an efficient electrolyte film-forming additive for lithium metal anode. By adding 0.15% (mass fraction, wt.) TA into the base electrolyte of 1 mol·L^-1 LiPF₆-EC/DMC/EMC (1 : 1 : 1, by wt.), the symmetric Li|Li cell exhibited a more stable cyclability of 270 h than that of only 170 h observed for the Li|Li cell without TA under the same current density of 1 mA·cm^-2 and capacity of 1 mAh·cm^-2 (with a cutoff voltage of 0.1 V). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses demonstrated that TA participated in the formation of a dense solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer on the surface of the lithium metal. A possible reaction mechanism is proposed here, wherein the small amount of added polyphenol compound could have facilitated the formation of LiF through the hydrolysis of LiPF₆, following which the resulting phenoxide could react with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) through transesterification to form a cross-linked polymer, thereby forming a unique organic/inorganic composite SEI film that significantly improved the electrochemical performance of the lithium metal anode. These results demonstrate that TA can be used as a promising film-forming additive for the lithium metal anode.     

人工界面层在金属锂负极中的应用

金属锂具有极高的比容量(3860 mAh·g^?1)和最低的电化学反应电位(相对标准氢电位为?3.040 V),被认为是高能量密度二次电池最具潜力的负极材料。然而金属锂负极界面稳定性差、不可控的枝晶生长、沉积/剥离过程中巨大的体积变化等严重阻碍了金属锂负极的商业化应用。在金属锂表面构建一层物理化学性质稳定的人工界面保护层被认为是解决金属锂负极界面不稳定和枝晶生长,缓解体积膨胀带来的界面波动等一系列问题的有效手段。本综述依据界面传导性质,从离子导通而电子绝缘的人工固态电解质界面(SEI)层、离子/电子混合传导界面、纳米界面钝化层三个部分对人工界面保护层进行了归纳总结。分析了人工界面保护层的物质结构与性能之间的构效关系,探讨了如何提高人工界面保护层的物理化学稳定性、界面离子输运、界面强度与柔韧性、界面兼容性等。最后,指出用于金属锂负极的人工界面保护层目前面临的主要挑战,并对其未来的发展进行了展望。     

金属锂枝晶生长机制及抑制方法

金属锂负极以极高的容量（3860 mAh ·g^-1）和最负的电势（-3.040 V vs标准氢电极）而被称为二次锂电池"圣杯"电极。以金属锂为负极的金属锂电池是极具前景的下一代高比能电池（比如锂硫和锂氧电池等）。然而,在锂离子反复沉积和析出过程中,金属锂负极表面容易生长出锂枝晶,并发生粉化,大大降低了电池的利用率,造成安全隐患,缩短电池使用寿命。本综述针对金属锂的枝晶问题开展评述。首先介绍金属锂负极的工作原理和存在的挑战;其次,评述金属锂负极的枝晶生长模型;再次,总结近年来针对抑制金属锂负极枝晶生长的研究进展。最后,总结全文并对金属锂负极的研究进行了展望。该综述尝试总结金属锂负极近些年在理论和技术上的进步,并为金属锂电池的实用化研究提供借鉴。     

中子深度剖析技术研究可充锂金属负极

可充锂金属负极严重的界面不稳定性和安全问题极大限制了其商业化应用,对于锂的沉积/溶出行为以及锂枝晶的成核生长机理的清楚认识将有利于更高效的可充锂金属负极改性研究。然而,由于锂金属的高反应活性所带来的产物复杂性及其形貌多样性给原位谱学表征带来了诸多的困难。中子深度剖析(Neutron Depth Profiling,NDP)技术由于其高穿透特性、定量非破坏性、且对锂的高灵敏性,在实时研究锂金属电池中锂的电化学行为上显示出广阔的应用前景。本文首先简要介绍了NDP技术的测试原理及提高其空间/时间分辨率的方法,同时总结分析了近年来NDP技术在液态/固态电池体系中锂金属负极研究的应用,并展望了NDP技术今后的发展前景。     

基于三维集流体的无枝晶锂金属负极

随着电化学储能市场的迅猛发展, 当前商用锂离子电池难以满足人们对高能量密度储能器件的需求. 锂金属具有高比容量和低氧化还原电位等优点, 被认为是下一代二次电池的理想负极材料. 然而, 锂金属负极在充放电过程中会出现体积变化大、 枝晶生长、 界面不稳定等问题, 严重阻碍了其在二次电池中的实际应用. 三维多孔材料具有骨架/空间互穿网络结构、 比表面积大、 孔隙发达和机械性能好等物理特性, 用作金属锂负极的集流体, 在锂沉积/溶解过程中可以起到降低局部有效电流密度、 均匀电场分布和降低锂离子浓度梯度的作用, 有望实现锂的均匀成核和无枝晶沉积, 同时抑制了电极的体积膨胀. 尽管有关三维集流体的研究报道不断出现, 但综合系统评价现有各种三维集流体体系的工作鲜见报道. 本文聚焦锂金属负极三维集流体的构建及应用研究进展, 首先分析了三维集流体抑制锂枝晶生长的基本原理及局限性, 继而重点关注了三维集流体的结构调控、 表面改性和功能化等应对策略对锂成核、 沉积过程的影响, 并对不同材质三维集流体的优缺点进行了归纳总结. 最后, 面向实用化, 分析并展望了三维集流体应用于锂金属电池的发展前景.     

石墨烯负载的氧配位钴单原子稳定金属锂负极

Lithium (Li)-based batteries are the dominant energy source for consumer electronics, grid storage, and electrified transportation. However, the development of batteries based on graphite anodes is hindered by their limited energy density. With its ultrahigh theoretical capacity (3860 mAh∙g⁻¹), low redox potential (−3.04 V), and satisfactorily low density (0.54 g∙cm⁻³), Li metal is the most promising anode for next-generation high-energy-density batteries. Unfortunately, the limited cycling life and safety issues raised by dendrite growth, unstable solid electrolyte interphase, and dead Li have inhibited their practical use. An effective strategy is to develop a suitable lithiophilic matrix for regulating initial Li nucleation behavior and controlling subsequent Li growth. Herein, single-atom cobalt coordinated to oxygen sites on graphene (Co-O-G SA) is demonstrated as a Li plating substrate to efficiently regulate Li metal nucleation and growth. Owing to its dense and more uniform lithiophilic sites than single-atom cobalt coordinated to nitrogen sites on graphene (Co-N-G SA), high electronic conductivity, and high specific surface area (519 m²∙g⁻¹), Co-O-G SA could significantly reduce the local current density and promote the reversibility of Li plating and stripping. As a result, the Co-O-G SA based Li anodes exhibited a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.9% at a current density of 1 mA∙cm⁻² with a capacity of 1 mAh∙cm⁻², and excellent rate capability (high current density of 8 mA∙cm⁻²). Even at a high plating capacity of 6 mAh∙cm⁻², the Co-O-G SA electrode could stably cycle for an ultralong lifespan of 1300 h. In the symmetric battery, the Co-O-G SA based Li anode (Co-O-G SA/Li) possessed a stable voltage profile of 18 mV for 780 h at 1 mA∙cm⁻², and even at a high current density of 3 mA∙cm⁻², its overpotential maintained a small hysteresis of approximately 24 mV for > 550 h. Density functional theory calculations showed that the surface of Co-O-G SA had a stronger interaction with Li atoms with a larger binding energy, −3.1 eV, than that of Co-N-G SA (−2.5 eV), leading to a uniform distribution of metallic Li on the Co-O-G SA surface. More importantly, when matched with a sulfur cathode, the resulting Co-O-G SA/lithium sulfur full batteries exhibited a high capacity of 1002 mAh∙g⁻¹, improved kinetics with a small polarization of 191 mV, and an ultralow capacity decay rate of 0.036% per cycle for 1000 cycles at 0.5C (1C = 1675 mA∙g⁻¹) with a steady Coulombic efficiency of nearly 100%. Therefore, this work provides novel insights into the coordination environment of single atoms for the chemistry of Li metal anodes for high-energy-density batteries.     

锂金属电池中的复合负极

锂金属具有理论比容量高、电位低等优点,被认为是电极中的“圣杯”。然而,锂金属负极在循环过程当中存在着不可控的枝晶生长、体积膨胀等问题,严重地阻碍了锂金属电池的商业化进程。本综述首先概述了锂枝晶的形成机理,然后对由小及大,自内而外,总结了近年来三种不同层次的锂金属电池复合负极:锂金属负极内部结构的复合、锂金属电池内部结构的复合以及锂金属电池内部环境与外界操作条件的复合。最后,本综述对未来多层次锂金属电池复合负极的前景做出了展望。     

脉冲电沉积抑制锂枝晶生成的研究

采用脉冲充电方法替代传统充电方法,研究了在有机电解液 0.5 mol·L^-1 LiBr/PC (碳酸丙烯酯)中,在铜电极上沉积锂的表面变化. 扫描电镜观测结果显示,在传统直流充电时电极表面明显地出现了枝晶,而使用脉冲充电时能够抑制枝晶的生长. 交流阻抗测试结果显示,在占空比为 0.5 时,沉积锂表面固体电解质界面(solid electrolyte interphase,SEI)膜电阻最大,沉积锂表面枝晶较少;单次脉冲电沉积时间过长,会使沉积锂表面 SEI 膜电阻减小,沉积锂表面枝晶增加;电流密度大于等于 2 mA·cm^-2时,脉冲电沉积可有效抑制枝晶生长.     

金属锂二次电池锂负极改性

本文综述了金属锂二次电池中提高锂负极性能的研究进展。分别介绍了以下改性方法:对金属锂表面进行预处理,使其表面预先形成性能良好的固体电解质界面膜,或直接在其表面制备保护膜;在电解液中加入添加剂对锂电极进行表面改性;采用新型有机溶剂、离子液体、聚合物电解质、玻璃态固体电解质、塑晶固体电解质等电解质体系提高界面相容性;改进金属锂电极的制备工艺,如制备金属锂粉末多孔电极和电沉积锂电极、制备全固态薄膜锂电池以及利用物理方法处理锂电极。并在此基础上对今后的发展趋势进行了展望。     

固态锂电池中金属锂负极与固体电解质界面的关键挑战

随着新能源汽车的快速发展,车用锂电池的安全性能备受关注。不同于传统锂离子电池采用可燃有机液体电解液,固态锂电池采用无机类固体电解质,具有不可燃、不漏液、高安全、长寿命等一系列优点。此外,固体电解质可兼容高容量金属锂负极,进而实现高能量密度(300 Wh/kg)。然而,由于固体电解质缺乏流动性,其与金属锂负极的界面问题已经成为制约固态锂电池发展的瓶颈。本文简要讨论了金属锂负极与固体电解质界面所存在的几项关键挑战:(1)界面润湿;(2)枝晶生长;(3)金属锂的利用率等问题,并介绍了针对这几项关键问题的近期研究进展。     

固态锂金属电池中原位聚合电解质的研究进展

在下一代电池体系中,固态金属锂电池具有高能量密度潜力,同时有望避免目前电池面临的燃烧、爆炸等安全隐患.其中,固态电解质和电极材料之间的固-固界面接触差是其实用化面临的重要挑战.近年来,经电池内部原位聚合反应制得的原位聚合电解质用于固态锂金属电池具备界面一体化提升固-固界面相容性、抑制枝晶的形成、抑制正极过渡金属离子/多硫化物/氧化还原介质的溶解/穿梭并提升电池电化学性能多种优势.本文首先讨论了聚合电解质的反应机理,然后分析了电池内部常见电解质的原位聚合原理,总结了固态锂金属电池中原位聚合电解质的最新研究进展.最后,对未来原位聚合电解质的发展方向和商业化应用进行了展望.     

锂金属负极界面修饰及其在硫化物全固态电池中的应用

随着我国新能源产业的快速发展,全固态电池由于其理论上的高能量密度和高安全性受到广泛关注,而硫化物全固态电池具有离子电导率高的优势成为目前的研发热点,但是金属锂负极的锂枝晶生长和与硫化物电解质之间的不稳定性严重阻碍了硫化物全固态电池的研发.本工作在高温150℃下制备了均匀的LiF界面层来抑制金属锂负极/硫化物电解质之间的界面反应和锂枝晶.LiF/Li之间具有较高的界面能,所以可以有效抑制锂枝晶的生长.LiNbO₂@LiCoO₂//Li₆PS₅Cl//LiF@Li (LNO@LCO//LPSCl//LiF@Li)全电池0.05 C, 0.1 C, 0.2 C和0.5 C倍率的正极放电克容量分别为138.4 mAh/g, 105.0 mAh/g, 80.3 mAh/g和60.4 mAh/g, 0.05 C循环50周后,正极容量保持率为80.2%.该方法为后续金属锂负极在全固态电池中的应用提供了新的方案.