Development of online quasimonochromatic X-ray backlighter for high energy density physics studies

Monochromatic X-ray backlighting has been employed with great success in various laser plasma experiments including inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research. However, implementation of a monochromatic backlighting system typically requires extremely high quality spherically bent crystals which are difficult to manufacture and are also expensive. In this paper, we present a quasimonochromatic X-ray backlighting system using flat thallium acid pthalate (TAP) crystal. The detailed characterization of the system is discussed. The X-ray backlighter spectral range is caliberated using Cu spectrum in the spectral range 7–9 Å (1.38–1.77 keV). Gold plasma produces continuous X-ray spectrum (M band) in this range. The spectral, spatial and temporal resolutions of the system measured are 30 mÅ, 50 μm and 1.5 ns respectively. The spectral width of the X-ray pulse is 2 Å (ΔE = 0.39 keV).     

X射线激光在稠密等离子体诊断中的应用

X射线波段的相干辐射——X射线激光，由于其短波长、高强度、强相干等独特的优点，已经成为诊断稠密等离子体状态的一种工具．文章结合相应的应用演示实验对此进行了简要的描述，介绍了诊断的原理、X射线激光的获得，以及偏折法和干涉法诊断的实验及其结果．     

X射线激光在稠密等离子体诊断中的应用

X射线波段的相干辐射——X射线激光,由于其短波长、高强度、强相干等独特的优点,已经成为诊断稠密等离子体状态的一种工具.文章结合相应的应用演示实验对此进行了简要的描述,介绍了诊断的原理、X射线激光的获得,以及偏折法和干涉法诊断的实验及其结果.     

极紫外望远镜各通道夹角的测量

极紫外望远镜是由四个单通道的望远镜捆绑在一起,以便同时对太阳的相同部分观测,由于受地面装调以及发射过程中的影响,无法保证四个通道光轴严格平行,必然带来观测位置上的误差。只要测出各通道之间的光轴夹角,便可在像面上采取适当的处理方法,以便减小这种误差,但这一夹角的测量精度必须控制在0.1″内。为达到如此高的精度,采用了太阳局部边缘探测的方法,很好地解决了这一问题。     

Time-energy properties of an attosecond extreme ultra-violet pulse

The time-energy properties of high-order harmonic generation (HHG) are calculated for a linearly polarized 7-fs laser pulse with different carrier-envelope phases (CEPs). The quantum trajectory paths that contribute to an as (1 as=10-18 s) pulse in HHG are identified. The laser-duration dependence and the CEP dependence of HHG energy property are investigated. The study shows that an as extreme ultra-violet (XUV) pulse can be selected from HHG spectrum near cut-off energy with a bandpass optical filter. The theoretical prediction of the pulse duration is proportional to bandwidth. Analysis suggests that a measured narrowband as XUV pulse may consist of instantaneous shorter pulses each dependent on laser pulse duration, intensity, and CEP. These information can be used as references for producing, selecting, improving and manipulating (timing) as pulses.     

Shadowgrams of a dense micro-capillary plasma obtained with atable-top soft X-ray laser

A sequence of high resolution shadowgrams that map the evolution of the plasma of a 380 μm diameter microcapillary discharge was obtained using a very compact 46.9 nm laser. These images are the first plasma diagnostics data obtained using a table-top soft X-ray laser     

Double pulse quasi-collinear high harmonic generation scheme as a tool for X-ray laser plasma gain probing

We calculate the field distribution based on the vector diffraction theory for a superposition of spirally phase shifted radially polarized beams. Twisted longitudinally polarized field is found in the focal region. The total intensity as well as the polarization components rotates around the beam axis near the focus. Calculation of the Poynting vector at the focal plane shows that the electromagnetic energy is redistributed between different polarization components. Nonzero value of transverse components of the Poynting vector implies the transverse flow of the energy in the focal region.     

K-line X-ray fluorescence from highly charged iron ions under dense astrophysical plasma conditions

In the present work, we report an investigation of plasma environment effects on the atomic parameters associated with the K-vacancy states in highly charged iron ions within the astrophysical context of accretion disks around black holes. More particularly, the sensitivity of K-line X-ray fluorescence parameters (wavelengths, radiative transition probabilities, and Auger rates) in Fe XVII–Fe XXV ions has been estimated for plasma conditions characterized by an electron temperature ranging from 10⁵ to 10⁷ K and an electron density ranging from 10¹⁸ to 10²² cm⁻³. In order to do this, relativistic multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock atomic structure calculations have been carried out by considering a time averaged Debye-Hückel potential for both the electron–nucleus and electron–electron interactions.     

Proximity X-ray and extreme ultraviolet lithography

Present status and technical issues of proximity X-ray lithography (PXRL), especially synchrotron radiation (SR) lithography, and extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) for use in the next generation lithography will be presented. To make SR lithography a practical method, many improvements in a wide range of lithographic components have been made over the past several years. These developments have been successfully applied to the fabrication testing of LSIs. For widespread industrial use, the feasibility and cost-effectiveness in mass production should be guaranteed. On the other hand, since there is a strongly demand for EUVL as a main candidate for the nodes of 70 and 50 nm, global consortiums have been making intense efforts to develop key components of EUVL, such as multilayer mirror and masks, resist processes, and sources. To make EUVL a major tool, timing in development and cost of ownership should be critical issues.     

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为了准确计算稠密等离子体电离平衡,在理想Saha方程的基础上,加入了压致电离理论和德拜理论相结合的修正。此电离模型可以描述稠密等离子体内电离机制随着密度的增加由热电离转变为压致电离的现象。压致电离理论结合德拜理论修正的 Saha 方程的计算结果与其它电离模型结果作了对比和分析。电离气体区域采用完全电离等离子体模型计算电子弛豫时间,而在凝聚态区域采用电子平均自由程计算电子弛豫时间。提出了将两个区域平滑连接起来的公式,从而建立了一种可以计算从理想等离子体态到凝聚态物质的半经验电导率模型,半经验模型计算结果与实验数据作了对比。     

用于等离子体焦点装置的强流装置

研制了用于稠密等离子体焦点的强流装置,该装置采用八台低电感低内阻脉冲电容器和八个低感大电流、可控触发高压开关并联组成初级储能模块,高压开关同步击穿后产生μs级强电流经平行板传输线加载到负载。脉冲电容器和高压开关采用一体化设计,结构紧凑,使脉冲电容器与高压开关间的连接电感尽可能小;平板传输线为扇形结构,一个扇形平板传输线连接一个高压开关,平行板传输线可以将电感做得较小,有利于大电流回路的传输。在脉冲电容器充电20 kV时,假负载上可以得到500 kA的电流,电流上升时间约为3.7 μs。     

一种计算稠密等离子体电导率的半经验模型

为了准确计算稠密等离子体电离平衡,在理想Saha 方程的基础上,加入了压致电离理论和德拜理论相结合的修正。此电离模型可以描述稠密等离子体内电离机制随着密度的增加由热电离转变为压致电离的现象。压致电离理论结合德拜理论修正的Saha 方程的计算结果与其它电离模型结果作了对比和分析。电离气体区域采用完全电离等离子体模型计算电子弛豫时间,而在凝聚态区域采用电子平均自由程计算电子弛豫时间。提出了将两个区域平滑连接起来的公式,从而建立了一种可以计算从理想等离子体态到凝聚态物质的半经验电导率模型,半经验模型计算结果与实验数据作了对比。     

Express interferometry of dense plasma

An express method of diagnostics of a wide class of plasma objects (including dense plasma) with high spectral and spatial resolution is suggested, which allows measurement of spectral line widths comparable with the free spectral interval of a Fabry—Perot interferometer. The proposed method is characterized by sufficient accuracy even with considerable broadening of spectral lines. Kiev T. Shevchenko University, Ukraine. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No.6, pp. 813–817, November–December, 1997.     

Thermodynamics of a dense plasma

Journal of Applied Spectroscopy -     

Study of X-ray emission of dense plasma focus device in the presence of external magnetic field

The X-ray emission from a 3.3 kJ dense plasma focus device filled with argon in the presence of an external axial magnetic field has been quantitatively measured for the first time with the help of a diode X-ray spectrometer. The X-ray energy and electron temperature estimated from signals are found to be lower with application of the external axial magnetic field. The variation of the electron temperature with pressure shows a maximum at 80 Pa and a decrease both with increase or decrease of the filling gas pressure.     

Experimental system for X-ray magnetic diffraction under extreme conditions

An experimental system for X-ray magnetic diffraction (XMD) under extreme conditions was constructed on the beamline BL39XU at SPring-8. This system aims at studying magnetic properties of ferromagnets through the measurements of magnetic form factors under the conditions of low temperature (5 K), high magnetic field (6 T) and high pressure (10 GPa). This system consists of a superconducting magnet (SCM), a diamond anvil cell (DAC), a two-axis manipulator for the DAC, a five-axis goniometer for the SCM, and an X-ray polarizer with a phase plate. Details of this system are presented. Experimental results on uranium telluride are shown as a performance test with this instrumentation.     

Raman spectroscopic probing of plant material using SERS

We report surface‐enhanced Raman studies on intact plant material using onion layers as a biological target, and silver nanoaggregates and silver island films as enhancing plasmonic structures. Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) enhancement allows the detection of strong Raman signatures of chemical constituents of the surface of the onion layer such as cellulose, proteins, and flavonols. Because of long‐time incubation, SERS sensors can access the extracellular space in the inner of the layer. The location of silver nanoparticles inside the onion layer has been monitored by the SERS images collected from chemicals present in the onion and/or reporter molecules attached to the nanoparticles. Our studies show a competitive adsorption of intrinsic bio molecules of the onion layer and reporter molecules. Different spectra from different places of the layer indicate the complex heterogeneous chemical structure of the plant material. The pH‐sensitive reporter molecule para mercapto benzoic acid attached to the nanoparticles allows us to infer pH values inside the extracellular matrix of the onion layer. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.