引入Si掺杂层调控InGaAs/GaAs表面量子点的光学特性

在InGaAs/GaAs表面量子点(SQDs)的GaAs势垒层中引入Si掺杂层,以研究Si掺杂对InGaAs/GaAs SQDs光学特性的影响。荧光发光谱(PL)测量结果显示,InGaAs/GaAs SQDs的发光强烈依赖于Si掺杂浓度。随着掺杂浓度的增加, SQDs的PL峰值位置先红移后蓝移; PL峰值能量与激光激发强度的立方根依赖关系由线性向非线性转变;通过组态交互作用方法发现SQDs的PL峰位蓝移减弱;时间分辨荧光光谱显示了从非线性衰减到线性衰减的转变。以上结果说明Si掺杂能够填充InGaAs SQDs的表面态,并且改变表面费米能级钉扎效应和SQDs的荧光辐射特性。本研究为深入理解与InGaAs SQDs的表面敏感特性关联的物理机制和载流子动力学过程,以及扩大InGaAs/GaAs SQDs传感器的应用提供了实验依据。     

Kinetics of protein crystal nucleation and growth in the batch method

We have applied the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolomogorov (JMAK) theory of crystal nucleation and growth to the problem of protein crystallization in the batch method. Without integrating the JMAK equation explicitly, we use dimensional analysis to derive a general formula for the half-life for decay of the protein supersaturation. This formula includes a dimensioned group and an arbitrary dimensionless function. We integrate the JMAK equation exactly for the special case where the growth rate is independent of the supersaturation and the nucleation rate is proportional to its square. This gives an equation for the time decay of the supersaturation and a formula for the half-life in which all arbitrary dimensionless functions are evaluated. The results are consistent not only with Von Weimarn's rule, which asserts that the average size of a crystal increases as the supersaturation decreases, but also with our experimental results for crystallization of lysozyme, in which the half-life at fixed pH decreases with increasing ionic strength and decreasing temperature.     

Linear Optical Properties of the Nonlinear Optical Calcium and Strontium Tartrato-Antimonates (III), Ca[Sb2 {(+) - C4H2O6}2] x2H2O and Sr[Sb2{(+) - C4H2O6}2 ] x2H2O

The study of nonlinear optical properties of crystals requires a thorough knowledge of the linear optical properties: knowledge of the transparency range is necessary, some information about the optical activity is useful. Above all, high quality refractive indices (with errors less than 10^-4) and their dispersion are the most important basic data, as they enable a detailed analysis of phase-matching conditions of nonlinear optical processes and an estimation of the nonlinear optical potential of a new non-centrosymmetric crystal. Such high quality refractive indices are also necessary in other areas of nonlinear optics, for example for the evaluation of nonlinear optical measurements like measurements of Maker fringes. In this short communication we present the linear optical basis for nonlinear optical investigations of the title compounds. The Sr compound has been known for a long time; its morphological crystallography is already presented in the famous Chemische Krystallographie by Paul Groth (1910). The Ca salt was first synthesized 1983 by one of us (L.B.).     

Second harmonic generation studies of intrinsic and extrinsic relaxation dynamics in poly(methy1 methacrylate)

Second harmonic generation (SHG) is used to monitor the reorientation a dopant chromophore in slightly entangled poly(methy1 methacrylate) (PMMA). The effect of charge and temperature on both the decay and the much less studied onset modes of SHG signal at temperatures above the glass transition has been examined. At variance with the theoretical predictions, it is shown that the onset and the decay times are not coincident. An isothermal experiment above the glass transition shows a lengthening of relaxation time of the decay mode due to successive poling process, which is ascribed to charge memory effects. In contrast, the latter do not affect the onset characteristic time. The effect of temperature above the glass transition on dopant rotation and polymer relaxations has been also examined. As temperature increases the relaxation times of both the onset and the decay modes decrease. If the surface charge and the charge memory effect are erased, the decay time compares quite well with the structural relaxation time. Differently, the onset time exhibits a partial decoupling.     

软轴型单晶炉提拉系统的振动建模与分析

当软轴型单晶炉提拉系统工作在某一转速附近时,其重锤摆动量会显著增大,严重影响单晶生长质量.为解决此问题,需要建立该系统的数学模型来研究提拉系统的动力学特性.本文在对提拉系统工作原理分析的基础上,应用Lagrange第二类方程建立了考虑该系统面内、面外振动的四自由度非线性振动微分方程.导出了该非线性模型的近似线性模型,对非线性模型响应与线性模型响应做了比较.进一步分析了系统的稳定性,应用Campbell图得到了考虑回转惯性效应后系统的临界转速.通过数值仿真定量说明了减小对中误差和增大阻尼可以减小重锤系统最大摆动幅值.     

Exploiting memory in event-based simulations

Few simulation methods have succeeded in sampling efficiently the phase space of complex systems with a dynamics dominated by activated events. In order to address this limitation, we have recently introduced an activated algorithm based on a mixture of the activation-relaxation technique and molecular dynamics (the properly obeying probability activation relaxation technique, POP-ART). We show here that the basic implementation of POP-ART is only as fast as MD in sampling the phase space of a complex material, amorphous silicon at 600 K. However, as the activation moves are locally defined, it is possible to use a number of tricks that can increase significantly sampling efficiency of POP-ART. We consider an approach, the memory kernel, based on avoiding recently encountered moves and show using a simple model that this introduces very little bias while ensuring a significant gain over standard Monte Carlo in sampling the phase space of this model. Incorporating the memory kernel into POP-ART improves considerably its efficiency in sampling the phase space of amorphous silicon as compared to standard POP-ART and molecular dynamics.     

掺杂AgCl中光电子衰减特性研究

利用微波吸收介电谱检测技术,检测均匀掺杂[Fe(CN)_6]~(4-)盐的立方体AgCl微晶首次曝光后的自由和浅束缚光电子的衰减时间分辨谱.实验发现,随着掺杂浓度的增加,样品中自由光电子衰减时间逐渐从未掺杂时的116 ns延长至1133 ns.分析光电子衰减曲线还同时得到,随着掺杂浓度的增加,光电子的前期较慢衰减过程逐渐变快,后期较快衰减过程逐渐变慢,总体上衰减时间逐渐增加,且掺杂浓度变化对后期衰减影响较大.研究表明掺杂使得晶体中引入了能总体上延缓光电子衰减的浅电子陷阱,并且随掺杂浓度的增加,浅电子陷阱特征更加明显.     

Detailed study of the photodarkening process in amorphous As2S3

The photodarkening process in amorphous As₂S₃ was measured and analyzed in detail as a function of illumination time and incident photon flux. Three main results were obtained: (1) the degree of photodarkening approaches a saturation value with time in a simple exponential decay; (2) the saturation value increases with increasing incident photon flux; (3) independent of the incident photon flux, the number of photons required for the saturation is about 10²³/cm³.Detailed analyses based on a simple first-order rate equation show that a rate constant of the photodarkening increases superlinearly with respect to incident photon flux. This means that the reciprocity law between the illumination time and the incident photon flux does not hold in the photodarkening.Photo-modulation of excited electronic states is proposed here in order to interpret the nonlinear relationship between the rate constant and the incident photon flux.     

Anisotropic properties of Nd:ReCOB (Re=Y,Gd):A low symmetry self-frequency doubling crystal

The anisotropy of low symmetry Nd:YCOB and Nd:GdCOB crystals, including their linear and nonlinear optical properties, as well as their laser and SFD properties, are discussed in detail, for the first time, in this paper. We have found the optimum directions of doubling-frequency for these crystals are not in the principle planes.     

Spectrometer for the study of three-photon annihilation of three-photon annihilation of positrons

A three channel spectrometer for studying three-photon annihilation is reported. It is based on a fast-fast coincidence circuit and includes NaJ(Tl) scintillation detectors, constant fraction differential discriminators, a fast coincidence circuit with variable resolving time (6 ns—60 ns), a linear gate and a multichannel analyzer. The possibility of using positron source ⁶⁴Cu in the spectrometer, its advantages and disadvantages are discussed. In this connection we describe the special units coupled to the spectrometer as well as a method which helps to avoid the influence of the short decay time of ⁶⁴Cu of the accuracy of the experimental results.     

Recent advances with electro-optic polymers

Abstract

In recent years the electro-optic polymers emerged as an important branch of material science. This growth and interest is fundamentally motivated by practical application of these materials in second-order nonlinear optics and in waveguiding configuration. Indeed, these materials marry excellent optical quality of amorphous σ bonded polymers with enhanced first hyperpolarizability of imbedded organic nonlinear optical molecules. Although a big progress was achieved with them, concerning particularly the science, understanding and applications, some problems remain still incompletely solved, particularly the stability of induced polar order by the application of external electric field and the molecule aggregation. In this review paper we recall techniques of thin film fabrication, poling, characterization of NLO properties and discuss more precisely problems of molecule aggregation as well as the temporal decay of polar order. A novel 3D second-order NLO chromophores, namely the [2] paracyclophanes, which may help to limit the aggregation, are proposed. We show, in particular, that this molecule can be poled in doped PMMA thin films. Practical applications of electro-optic polymers are also reviewed and discussed.     

An analysis of dielectric relaxation using the fractional master equation of the stochastic Ising model

In this paper, we begin introducing some basic definitions and mathematical preliminaries of the fractional calculus theory. By using the fractional calculus technique (that is, calculus of derivatives and integrals of any arbitrary real or complex order) a solution of the fractional master equation derived from the stochastic Ising model of Glauber has been obtained and the result is applied to an analysis of the dielectric relaxation processes. From the solution of the equation, the Cole-Cole dispersion relation, KWW (Kohlrausch-William-Watts) equation and algebraic decay relaxation functions are obtained easily. Then these functions are compared with Bozdemir's earlier analysis of the stochastic Ising model.     

硫增感AgBrCl立方体微晶中光电子衰减行为的研究

利用微波吸收相敏检测技术并结合短脉冲激光曝光,测量了硫增感条件下AgBrCl立方体微晶感光材料的光电子时间衰减谱.分析了光电子一级衰减区域与增感温度的关系,确定了硫增感的陷阱效应对光电子衰减时间和光电子不同一级衰减区域的影响,并获得了增感过程中生成浅电子陷阱效果的最佳增感条件.     

染料吸附对氯化银微晶表面结构的影响

利用微波吸收相敏检测技术测量了纯氯化银微晶的光电子衰减曲线,再结合光电子衰减动力学方程,确定了微晶表面和内部的电子陷阱参数,并以此为基础分析了染料的吸附对微晶表面结构的影响。发现吸附不仅会在微晶表面产生填隙银离子同时会对表面陷阱产生修饰作用,且随着染料吸附量的减少,产生银离子的作用退化并最终消失,而修饰作用凸现并逐渐增强,直至填隙银离子不再产生,修饰作用也达到了最大,随后修饰作用将随染料吸附量的继续减少而变弱。     

紫外、深紫外非线性光学晶体探索十年回顾

本文讨论了近10年来我们研究组在探索紫外、深紫外非线性光学晶体方面的经历。这些经历中有成功的一面,也有不成功的一面。成功的一面包括KBBF晶体的发现及最短倍频波的输出(184.7nm),以及最近使用的一种特殊的器件设计,使KBBF晶体能够产生有效的深紫外谐波光输出;KABO晶体的发现及厘米级晶体的获得,有可能使此晶体在Nd∶YAG激光的4、5倍频器件中得到应用。而我们没有想到的是线性和非线性光学性能均很优秀的SBBO晶体,却发现结构的完整性有问题,目前还不能得到实际的应用,在今后仍需花很大的精力去研究它。最后,我们虽然已花了10年时间,但深紫外非线性光学晶体仍旧没有得到理想的解决,还需我们继续努力。由此可见,一个科学问题的认真解决,是需要花非常长的时间。本文希望把我们研究组的近10年来的经验写出来,供大家参考,以求共勉。     

Towards the origin of the memory effect in oxide glasses

Glass samples with same composition and properties but different thermal histories can exhibit different behavior upon a subsequent heat-treatment, a phenomenon known as the memory effect. Generally, it is considered that the memory effect is due to nanoscale density fluctuation, which exists in all glasses and causes non-exponential relaxation with more than one relaxation time. Earlier, we studied the memory effect of various silica glasses and found that some pure silica glasses did not exhibit the memory effect while some silica glasses with higher impurity contents exhibited the memory effect. Based upon this finding, we suggested that the phenomenon originated from concentration fluctuation rather than density fluctuation. In this study, the memory effect in 6 mol% K₂O-94 mol% SiO₂ glass was investigated. The K₂O-SiO₂ glass system has a metastable immiscibility below the glass transition temperature and the chosen glass composition is the critical composition corresponding to the estimated critical temperature of the immiscibility boundary. Thus, it is expected that this glass composition would exhibit large super-critical concentration fluctuation, which increases with decreasing heat-treatment temperature. Density fluctuation, on the other hand, increases with increasing heat-treatment temperature. A much larger memory effect was observed at the lower heat-treatment temperature for the present glass. This result supports our earlier contention that the origin of the memory effect is composition fluctuation rather than density fluctuation.     

Optical properties and refractive indices of Gd<Subscript>3</Subscript>Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>Ga<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>12</Subscript>:Се<Superscript>3+</Superscript> crystals

Crystals of cerium-doped gadolinium–gallium–aluminum garnet have been grown by the Czochralski method. The transmission and reflection spectra of these crystals in the wavelength range of 250–800 nm have been obtained by optical spectroscopy. Refractive indices are calculated based on the measured Brewster angles, the experimental results are approximated using the Cauchy equation, and a dispersion dependence is obtained.     

YAlO3∶Ce晶体的生长及性能研究

本文采用中频感应提拉法生长了尺寸为ø35 mm×70 mm的完整的YAlO₃∶Ce(YAP∶Ce)晶体。XRD测试结果表明所生长的YAP∶Ce晶体主相为YAP相,同时存在第二相YAG相;光致激发发射光谱表明晶体发射波长在344 nm和376 nm,激发波长分别为273 nm、290 nm和305 nm;X射线激发发射光谱表明晶体发射波长在377 nm附近;在γ高能射线激发下,晶体衰减时间曲线呈指数衰减,拟合后得到YAP∶Ce晶体的衰减时间为46 ns,通过高斯拟合以后YAP∶Ce晶体的能量分辨率和绝对光产额分别为8.51%和8 530 ph/MeV。本文分析了晶体生长过程中产生开裂和相变的原因,通过优化温场和工艺可以得到完整无开裂的晶体。如何获得更大尺寸的无开裂、无相变晶体,并实现量产是该晶体规模化应用中需要解决的重要技术难题。     

Investigation of the accuracy of modeling the orientation distribution function of polycrystalline materials from individual orientations

The accuracy of reconstructing the orientation distribution function of grains in polycrystalline materials by the kernel method from a set of individual orientations has been studied. In particular, the influence of choosing the smoothing kernel in the kernel method and the influence of the dependence on the resulting distribution are taken into account. The rotations obeying the normal distribution on the group SO(3) and obtained by the statistical test method are used as an orientation set. Some aspects of electron backscattering diffraction measurements are considered. This problem is urgent in view of the expanding potential of the experimental study of the texture of polycrystalline materials, especially for electron microscopy, which makes it possible to measure the orientations of individual grains.     

The AC conductivity of superionic conducting glasses (AgI)x−(Ag4P2O7)1−x (x = 0.8, 0.75, 0.7): Experiment and analysis based on the generalized Langevin equation

The frequency-dependent complex impedance of superionic conducting glasses (AgI)_x − (Ag₄P₂O₇)_1−x (x = 0.3, 0.25, 0.20) was measured from 5 Hz to 500 kHz below room temperature. The frequency dependence of the conductivity and the electric modulus observed here cannot be expressed by a single relaxation equation, but it is well described by an equivalent circuit involving a contribution due to Jonscher's universal law σ [ω] ∼ ωⁿ (0 < n < 1). A linear relation between the DC conductivity and the relaxation time was observed irrespective of the sample compositions. These results are explained on the basis of the generalized Langevin equation associated with a non-exponential memory function. The physical basis of this approach is discussed in terms of the distribution of transition times arising from non-periodic potentials formed by immobile anions and many-body interactions among mobile cations at very high concentration in the superionic conducting glass.