New technical developments in magnetic resonance imaging of epilepsy

Within the last several years a number of technical developments have been made in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that can potentially impact clinical and research MR imaging applications in epilepsy. These include developments in instrumentation and in pulse sequences. Advances in instrumentation include higher capacity gradient systems and multiple receiver coils as directed to brain imaging. Advances in pulse sequence include use of fast or turbo-spin-echo techniques, variants of echo-planar imaging, and sequences such as fluid-attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) targeted to specific applications of brain imaging. The purpose of this paper is to review several of these developments.     

第二讲合成孔径声纳成像及其研究进展

文章在介绍了图像声纳的特点、合成孔径声纳（synthetic aperture sonar,SAS）产生背景和发展过程的基础上,对合成孔径声纳的原理、技术难点、成像算法等问题进行了讨论.着重分析了合成孔径声纳成像过程中高分辨率的获取方法、水声信道对成像的影响、多子阵技术及其成像算法、稳定的声纳运动平台和运动监测问题、运动补偿与自聚焦方法等.文章还给出了国内外合成孔径声纳研究的最新进展情况,进而展望了合成孔径声纳的应用前景.     

Diffuse optical tomography: Present status and its future

Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is one of the emerging modalities for the non-invasive imaging of thick biological tissues using near-infrared (NIR) light. This article reviews the fundamentals and development of DOT technology since its advent in the early 1990s, including the modeling of light propagation in biological tissues which strongly scatter and weakly absorb NIR light, the optical properties of biological tissues in the NIR wavelength range, three typical measurement methods, image reconstruction algorithms, and so forth. Then various studies are referred to for improvement of the DOT images, which are essentially low in quality due to the ill-conditioned and underdetermined problem. Studies and clinical applications presently attracting much attention are discussed in some detail. Finally, the expected future developments are summarized.     

第二讲 合成孔径声纳成像及其研究进展

文章在介绍了图像声纳的特点、合成孔径声纳（synthetic aperture sonar,SAS）产生背景和发展过程的基础上,对合成孔径声纳的原理、技术难点、成像算法等问题进行了讨论.着重分析了合成孔径声纳成像过程中高分辨率的获取方法、水声信道对成像的影响、多子阵技术及其成像算法、稳定的声纳运动平台和运动监测问题、运动补偿与自聚焦方法等.文章还给出了国内外合成孔径声纳研究的最新进展情况,进而展望了合成孔径声纳的应用前景.     

Advanced post-processing for scanned ultrasonic arrays: application to defect detection and classification in non-destructive evaluation

This paper describes a number of array post-processing methods developed for scanning applications in non-destructive evaluation. The approach is to capture and process the full matrix of all transmit-receive time-domain signals from the array. Post-processing the data in this way enables a multitude of imaging modalities to be implemented, including many that could not feasibly be achieved using conventional parallel firing techniques. The authors have previously published work on imaging algorithms for improving the characterisation of defects in solids by post-processing the data from a static linear ultrasonic array. These algorithms are extended and applied to data from a scanned array. This allows the effective aperture and range of probing angles to be increased, hence improving imaging and defect characterisation performance. Practical implementation issues such as scanning speed and data transfer are discussed.     

Photon Detectors are Catching Up

Over the last 10 years, we have seen a paradigm change in the approach towards detector developments for accelerator-based X-ray science. Until the last decade, scientists at light sources used or adapted detectors that had been developed for entirely different applications, such as astronomy or medical imaging. Undisputedly, these systems made it possible to do state-of-the-art science, and as long as the source brilliance kept increasing exponentially, new science and new areas developed. However, it is also beyond doubt that these adopted detection systems were not able to get the most out of the source potential. The few dedicated development projects that were undertaken never managed to have a significant impact.     

计算层析成像光谱技术研究进展

从技术特点和研究热点的角度,综述了近些年来计算层析成像光谱技术的国内外进展,主要包括计算层析成像光谱仪的系统结构改进及与其他技术联用的新集成设计,新器件新设备的研发和应用,仪器定标技术和目标重建算法的优化与改进等;并按照应用范围的特点进行了分类,对在探测波段扩展和应用领域拓展等方面的应用现状进行了总结.介绍了光栅型和旋转棱镜型计算层析成像光谱技术的原理,并展望了计算层析成像光谱技术的发展趋势.     

Colours from electroactive polymers: Electrochromic, electroluminescent and laser devices based on organic materials

This paper focuses on the most relevant devices currently used in order to achieve electrically stimulated generations of colours from electroactive polymers, either as coloured light emissions from the material or as modifications of its intrinsic colour properties. For this purpose, most relevant materials, fundamental principles of operations, latest developments and current applications of organic-based electrochromic, electroluminescent and lasing devices are reviewed here. The very promising performances resulting from the analysis of state-of-the-art products, and in particular of those which are currently approaching commercial applications, suggest likely roles played by such devices for niche applications in the very near future.     

Security concerns on machine learning solutions for 6G networks in mmWave beam prediction

6G – sixth generation – is the latest cellular technology currently under development for wireless communication systems. In recent years, machine learning (ML) algorithms have been applied widely in various fields, such as healthcare, transportation, energy, autonomous cars, and many more. Those algorithms have also been used in communication technologies to improve the system performance in terms of frequency spectrum usage, latency, and security. With the rapid developments of ML techniques, especially deep learning (DL), it is critical to consider the security concern when applying the algorithms. While ML algorithms offer significant advantages for 6G networks, security concerns on artificial intelligence (AI) models are typically ignored by the scientific community so far. However, security is also a vital part of AI algorithms because attackers can poison the AI model itself. This paper proposes a mitigation method for adversarial attacks against proposed 6G ML models for the millimeter-wave (mmWave) beam prediction using adversarial training. The main idea behind generating adversarial attacks against ML models is to produce faulty results by manipulating trained DL models for 6G applications for mmWave beam prediction. We also present a proposed adversarial learning mitigation method’s performance for 6G security in mmWave beam prediction application a fast gradient sign method attack. The results show that the defended model under attack’s mean square errors (i.e., the prediction accuracy) are very close to the undefended model without attack.     

A review on sonic crystal,its applications and numerical analysis techniques

This paper presents a review study on sonic crystal, their development and present status. The paper also focuses on some of the applications of sonic crystal and numerical methods to study these crystals. Sonic crystals are periodic arrangement of scatterers, whose interaction with acoustic waves leads to the formation of band gap. Band gap are regions of frequencies where the sound propagation is significantly restricted from the sonic crystal. This property is used in many applications such as sound barrier, frequency filter, acoustic imaging etc. The paper presents a review of all these applications. Further the paper presents some of the numerical methods used to calculate the band gap formation in sonic crystal.     

Clinical applications of computer aided visualization

The clinical applications of computer aided three-dimensional (3D) data visualization are now numerous. In this paper, we describe the importance of visualization in clinical applications and the methods that are appropriate to particular specialisations. We discuss the requirements of some of these clinical specialisations and describe how developments have taken place over the years to meet these both in terms of new computer algorithms and hardware. We present some selected examples of major clinical applications of data visualization, and end with a note on social, legal and ethical implications.     

鬼成像中一些数学问题

鬼成像是一种与传统成像方式不同的通过光场涨落的高阶关联获得图像信息的新型成像方式。近年来,相比传统成像方式,鬼成像所拥有的一些优点如高灵敏度、超分辨能力、抗散射等,使其在遥感、多光谱成像、热X射线衍射成像等领域得到广泛研究。随着对鬼成像的广泛研究,数学理论和方法在其中发挥的作用愈显突出。例如,基于压缩感知理论,可以进行鬼成像系统采样方式优化、图像重构算法设计及图像重构质量分析等研究工作。本文旨在探索鬼成像中的一些有趣的数学问题,主要包括:系统预处理方法、光场优化及相位恢复问题。对这些问题的研究既可以丰富鬼成像理论,又能推动它在实际应用中的发展。     

Recent Advances in Graphene Quantum Dots for Fluorescence Bioimaging from Cells through Tissues to Animals

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have attracted tremendous attention in recent years. In this review, the recent developments are summarized in the synthesis, edge functionalization, and cyctotoxicity of GQDs, followed by presenting a focused overview on their current applications for in vitro fluorescence imaging in cells and tissues as well as in vivo macroscopic and microscopic imaging in animals. Challenges and opportunities in the development of GQDs for bioimaging are also discussed.     

Quo vadis medical ultrasound?

The last three decades of development in diagnostic ultrasound imaging and technology are briefly reviewed and the impact of the crucial link between the two apparently independent research efforts, which eventually facilitated implementation of harmonic imaging modality is explored. These two efforts included the experiments with piezoelectric PVDF polymer material and studies of the interaction between ultrasound energy and biological tissue. Harmonic imaging and its subsequent improvements revolutionized the diagnostic power of clinical ultrasound and brought along images of unparalleled resolution, close to that of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) quality. The nonlinear propagation effects and their implications for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications of ultrasound are also briefly addressed. In diagnostic applications, the impact of these effects on image resolution and tissue characterization is reviewed; in therapeutic applications, the influence of nonlinear propagation effects on highly localized tissue ablation and cauterization is examined. Next, the most likely developments and future trends in clinical ultrasound technology, including 3D and 4D imaging, distant palpation, image enhancement using contrast agents, monitoring, and merger of diagnostic and therapeutic applications by e.g. introducing ultrasonically controlled targeted drug delivery are reviewed. Finally, a possible competition from other imaging modalities is discussed.     

Critical issues in breast imaging by vibro-acoustography

Clinically, there are two important issues in breast imaging: detection of microcalcifications and identification of mass lesions. X-ray mammography is the main imaging method used for detection of microcalcification, and ultrasound imaging is normally used for detection of mass lesions in breast. Both these methods have limitations that reduce their clinical usefulness. For this reasons, alternative breast imaging modalities are being sought. vibro-acoustography is an imaging modality that has emerged in recent years. This method is based on low-frequency harmonic vibrations induced in the object by the radiation force of ultrasound. This paper describes potential applications of vibro-acoustography for breast imaging and addresses the critical imaging issues such as detection of microcalcifications and mass lesions in breast. Recently, we have developed a vibro-acoustography system for in vivo breast imaging and have tested it on a number of volunteers. Resulting images show soft tissue structures and calcifications within breast with high contrast, high resolution, and no speckles. The results have been verified using X-ray mammography. The encouraging results from in vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that further development of vibro-acoustography technology may lead to a new clinical tool that can be used to detect microcalcifications as well as mass lesions in breast.     

光谱成像技术在海域目标探测中的应用

近年来,随着光谱成像技术的发展,机载成像光谱仪在海域军事目标的侦察中得到了新的应用。基于此,本文首先从高光谱成像仪的基本原理及特性出发,介绍了高光谱成像仪在海洋军事目标探测方面的应用现状。其次,分别从水面目标探测和水下目标探测两方面综合分析了光谱成像技术在海域目标探测中的应用。对于海面目标探测,多项关键技术获得突破,但当前算法仍然难以解决实时性问题;对于水下目标探测,本文主要以水下潜艇探测为例探讨了利用高光谱成像仪对水下目标进行探测的关键技术及相关可行性方案。分析可知,光谱成像技术用于海洋军事探测从技术上具有可行性且前景广阔,但仍需解决相关算法的效率及精度等关键问题,这对推动光谱成像技术在海域目标探测中的应用具有重要意义。     

Characterization of Conifers and Their Products by Optical Atomic Spectrometry

Abstract

Conifers are primarily evergreen trees that are widely distributed; admired for their beauty; used as biomonitors for elements; processed for lumber, paper, fuel, and other products; and employed for food and medicinal products. Optical atomic spectrometry includes the widely used elemental analysis techniques of atomic absorption, atomic emission, and atomic fluorescence. This review considers applications of optical atomic spectrometry for conifers and their products. The goal is to assemble these diverse applications to assist analytical chemists and associated scientists in the development of methodology. The conclusion summarizes these studies and forecasts future developments.     

Laser applications and system considerations in ocular imaging

We review laser applications for primarily in‐vivo ocular imaging techniques, describing their constraints based on biological tissue properties, safety, and the performance of the imaging system. We discuss the need for cost‐effective sources with practical wavelength‐tuning capabilities for spectral studies. Techniques to probe the pathological changes of layers beneath the highly scattering retina and diagnose the onset of various eye diseases are described. The recent development of several optical‐coherence‐tomography‐based systems for functional ocular imaging is reviewed, as well as linear and nonlinear ocular‐imaging techniques performed with ultrafast lasers, emphasizing recent source developments and methods to enhance imaging contrast.     

Perspectives in clinical uses of high-intensity focused ultrasound

Focused ultrasound holds promise in a large number of therapeutic applications. It has long been known that high intensity focused ultrasound can kill tissue through coagulative necrosis. However, it is only in recent years that practical clinical applications are becoming possible, with the development of high power ultrasound phased arrays and noninvasive monitoring methods. These technologies, combined with more sophisticated treatment planning methods allow noninvasive focusing in areas such as the brain, that were once thought to be unreachable. Meanwhile, exciting investigations are underway in microbubble-enhanced heating which could significantly reduce treatment times. These developments have promoted an increase in the number of potential applications by providing valuable new tools for medical research. This paper provides an overview of the scientific and engineering advances that are allowing the growth in clinical focused ultrasound applications. It also discusses some of these prospective applications, including the treatment of brain disorders and targeted drug delivery.     

基于发光机理提高掺铒硅基材料发光效率的几条途径

掺铒硅基发光材料可以用于制备光通信用光源、光纤放大器,更重要的是可能成为实现硅基光电子集成技术的重要途径,已成为研究的热点之一.文章讨论了掺铒硅及掺铒硅基材料的发光机理,指出了制约实用化方面存在的问题.从不同方面着重探讨了共掺氧对提高掺铒硅发光效率的作用.最后介绍了基于掺铒硅发光机理提高掺铒硅基材料发光效率的几种途径、目前存在的主要问题及研究进展.