A Novel Algebraic Structure of (α,β)-Complex Fuzzy Subgroups

A complex fuzzy set is a vigorous framework to characterize novel machine learning algorithms. This set is more suitable and flexible compared to fuzzy sets, intuitionistic fuzzy sets, and bipolar fuzzy sets. On the aspects of complex fuzzy sets, we initiate the abstraction of (α,β)-complex fuzzy sets and then define -complex fuzzy subgroups. Furthermore, we prove that every complex fuzzy subgroup is an (α,β)-complex fuzzy subgroup and define (α,β)-complex fuzzy normal subgroups of given group. We extend this ideology to define (α,β)-complex fuzzy cosets and analyze some of their algebraic characteristics. Furthermore, we prove that (α,β)-complex fuzzy normal subgroup is constant in the conjugate classes of group. We present an alternative conceptualization of (α,β)-complex fuzzy normal subgroup in the sense of the commutator of groups. We establish the (α,β)-complex fuzzy subgroup of the classical quotient group and show that the set of all (α,β)-complex fuzzy cosets of this specific complex fuzzy normal subgroup form a group. Additionally, we expound the index of -complex fuzzy subgroups and investigate the (α,β)-complex fuzzification of Lagrange’s theorem analog to Lagrange’ theorem of classical group theory.     

Synthesis of magnetic hollow silica using polystyrene bead as a template

In this paper, we report a new route to synthesize novel magnetic hollow silica nanospheres (MHSNs) using polystyrene particles as sacrificial templates, and TEOS and Fe₃O₄ as precursors. TEM, EDS, XRD, and SQUID were applied to characterize MHSNs. TEM and EDS results show that the MHSNs consist of about 200 nm of hollow cores and ∼35 nm shells with ∼10 nm of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles embedded. The polystyrene beads were successfully removed by immersing the as-prepared silica nanocomposite in a toluene solution. XRD results demonstrate that the Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles still keep spinel structure even heated at low temperature. The surface status of the polystyrene beads and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles has an important effect on the formation of the MHSNs. The MHSNs present a superparamagnetism at room temperature by SQUID measurement. The MHSNs have potential applications in biosystem and nanomedicine.     

A Statistical Journey through the Topological Determinants of the β2 Adrenergic Receptor Dynamics

Activation of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is mediated by molecular switches throughout the transmembrane region of the receptor. In this work, we continued along the path of a previous computational study wherein energy transport in the β2 Adrenergic Receptor (β2-AR) was examined and allosteric switches were identified in the molecular structure through the reorganization of energy transport networks during activation. In this work, we further investigated the allosteric properties of β2-AR, using Protein Contact Networks (PCNs). In this paper, we report an extensive statistical analysis of the topological and structural properties of β2-AR along its molecular dynamics trajectory to identify the activation pattern of this molecular system. The results show a distinct character to the activation that both helps to understand the allosteric switching previously identified and confirms the relevance of the network formalism to uncover relevant functional features of protein molecules.     

Synthesis of industrial diamonds using FeNi alloy powder as catalyst

Synthesis of diamond single crystals in Fe80Ni20 C system was carried out in a cubic anvil high-pressure and high-temperature apparatus. This paper reports that the surface morphology and inclusion distribution of the grown diamonds had been observed. It finds that the inclusions in cubic and octahedral diamonds radiated along certain crystal orientation, while the inclusion distribution in cubo-octahedral diamond seemed independent of crystal orientation. By using scanning electron microscope, the surface morphology of the three shapes of diamonds was observed. The results of Mossbauer spectrum indicated that there were iron-inclusions FeaC and Fe-Ni alloy in the diamonds. According to the Fe-C phase diagram, FeaC should have formed during the quenching process. Nickel might have an inhibitory effect on the formation of Fe3C.     

Subaru studies of the cosmic dawn

An overview on the current status of the census of the early Universe population is given. Observational surveys of high redshift objects provide direct opportunities to study the early epoch of the Universe. The target population included are Lyman Alpha Emitters (LAE), Lyman Break Galaxies (LBG), gravitationally lensed galaxies, quasars and gamma-ray bursts (GRB). The basic properties of these objects and the methods used to study them are reviewed. The present paper highlights the fact that the Subaru Telescope group made significant contributions in this field of science to elucidate the epoch of the cosmic dawn and to improve the understanding of how and when infant galaxies evolve into mature ones.     

Identification and quantification of amyloid beta-related peptides in human plasma using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase and γ-secretase leads to the generation and deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). N-terminally or C-terminally truncated Aβ variants have been found in human cerebrospinal fluid and cultured cell media using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry. Unfortunately, the profile of plasma Aβ variants has not been revealed due to the difficulty of isolating Aβ from plasma. We present here for the first time studies of Aβ and related peptides in human plasma. Twenty-two Aβ-related peptides including novel peptides truncated before the β-secretase site were detected in human plasma and 20 of the peptides were identified by tandem mass spectrometry. Using an internal standard, we developed a quantitative assay for the Aβ-related peptides and demonstrated plasma dilution linearity and the precision required for their quantitation. The present method should enhance the understanding of APP processing and clearance in AD progression.     

Changing the Geometry of Representations: α-Embeddings for NLP Tasks

Word embeddings based on a conditional model are commonly used in Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks to embed the words of a dictionary in a low dimensional linear space. Their computation is based on the maximization of the likelihood of a conditional probability distribution for each word of the dictionary. These distributions form a Riemannian statistical manifold, where word embeddings can be interpreted as vectors in the tangent space of a specific reference measure on the manifold. A novel family of word embeddings, called α-embeddings have been recently introduced as deriving from the geometrical deformation of the simplex of probabilities through a parameter α, using notions from Information Geometry. After introducing the α-embeddings, we show how the deformation of the simplex, controlled by α, provides an extra handle to increase the performances of several intrinsic and extrinsic tasks in NLP. We test the α-embeddings on different tasks with models of increasing complexity, showing that the advantages associated with the use of α-embeddings are present also for models with a large number of parameters. Finally, we show that tuning α allows for higher performances compared to the use of larger models in which additionally a transformation of the embeddings is learned during training, as experimentally verified in attention models.     

Optimal management of waste loading into a river system with nonpoint source pollutants

An optimization model, fit for practical use, to allocate COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)-based wasteload into a river system among outfalls is developed within the framework of robust optimization (RO). Nonpoint source COD loading, estimated based on the unit loading factor to be assumed known, is treated as uncontrollable one. The total amount of expected allowable COD load from point sources is then, under all possible scenarios of uncertain input information, maximized while satisfying the constraints on in-stream COD and DO (Dissolved Oxygen) transport, effluent standards and river water quality standards. Advantage of the ε-RO model using the ε-constraint method for optimization practice is brought to light from theoretical and practical aspects, in comparison with the conventional RO model resorting to the Lagrangian method. Solving a simple hypothetical example problem, it is demonstrated that the model developed is competent for successfully generating noninferior and robust solutions on optimal COD load allocation.     

Synthesis of the LiFePO<Subscript>4</Subscript> by a solid-state reaction using organic acids as a reducing agent

Olivine LiFePO₄ using organic acid as a reducing agent has been synthesized utilizing a solid-state method. Samples were characterized by an X-ray diffraction and a scanning electron microscope. The single-phase LiFePO₄ and small grain size of the crystallite were obtained without the use of a carbon-coating process. In such LiFePO₄ powder, the initial specific capacity was 142 mAhg⁻¹ at a current rate of 0.1 C. After the 50th cycle test, the reversible specific capacity was 132 mAhg⁻¹ at a 2 C rate, showing a retention ratio to the initial capacity as 98.4%.     

Synthesis, optical, structural and thermal characterization of Mn doped ZnS nanoparticles using reverse micelle method

Mn²⁺­doped ZnS nanoparticles have been prepared through the reverse micelles method using sodium bis (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) as a surfactant. The prepared particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infra-red spectrometer (FT-IR), UV-vis spectrometry, photoluminescence (PL), electron spin resonance (ESR) and thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC).     

Numerical and Experimental Investigation of the Conjugate Heat Transfer for a High-Pressure Pneumatic Control Valve Assembly

This paper uses heat transfer experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to investigate the conjugate heat transfer (CHT) in a high-pressure pneumatic control valve assembly. A heat transfer test rig was constructed, and time–temperature histories of five test points placed on the valve assembly’s outer surface were recorded for study validation. The Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) CFD methods with the standard k-ε turbulence closure equations were adopted in the numerical computations. Polyhedral grids were used; time step and mesh convergence studies were conducted. Simulated and measured temperatures profile comparisons revealed a good agreement. The CHT results obtained from CFD showed huge velocity fields downstream of the valve throat and the vent hole. The airflow through the valve was icy, mainly in the supersonic flow areas. Low temperatures below 273.15 K were recorded on the internal and external walls of the valve assembly. The consistency of the measured data with the numerical results demonstrates the effectiveness of polyhedral grids in exploring the CHT using CFD methods. The local entropy production rate analysis revealed that irreversibility is mainly due to viscous dissipation. The current CHT investigation provides a potential basis for thermostress analysis and optimization.     

Synthesis of nanoporous TiO2 materials using a doubly surfactant system and applying them as useful adsorbents

Hydrothermal and non-hydrothermal nanoporous TiO₂ materials were synthesized via a doubly surfactant route by using cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactants as the molecular template/structure directing agent. Hydrothermal treatment was performed for comparison. The bulk chemical and phase compositions, crystalline structures, particle morphologies, thermal stabilities and surface texturing were determined by means of X-ray powder analysis, SEM and N₂ sorptiometry. The nanoporous TiO₂ materials were found to have a spherical morphology with a diameter range of 50–200 nm and a high surface area (390 m² g^?1). Hydrothermal and non-hydrothermal nanoporous TiO₂ materials were applied for adsorption of heavy metal cations and the toxic organic compound, copper phthalocyanine, from water for evaluation of their adsorption properties. Both nanoporous TiO₂ materials were found to have similar adsorption capacities toward heavy metal cations and CuPc. Both hydrothermal and non-hydrothermal TiO₂ nanoporous materials were found to have very good potential for application as a new adsorbent especially for adsorbing heavy metal cations from wastewaters.     

β-carboline as a probe for the sonolysis of alcohols and chloromethanes

Sonolysis at 20 and 500 kHz of alcohols, chloromethanes and dilute mixtures of the latter in the former was studied by ultraviolet spectrophotometry in the presence of β-carboline. Acidic degradation products were detected at low frequency sonication, especially for solutions of carbon tetrachloride in alcohols.     

SiH2体系的分子反应动力学

基于多体展式方法所导出的SiH₂（X¹A₁）分析势能函数,用准经典的Monte Carlo轨线法研究了Si（¹D_g）+H₂（0,0）和H（²S_g）+SiH（0,0）的原子与分子反应动力学过程.研究结果表明：Si（¹D_g）与H₂（0,0）的碰撞在低能时（小于209.20 kJ/mol）生成稳定的络合物SiH₂（X¹A₁）,该反应是无阈能反应;而H（²S_g）与SiH （0,0）碰撞不能生成稳定的络合物,主要发生交换反应H（²S_g）+SiH （0,0）→Si（¹D_g）+H₂（0,0）,该反应也是无阈能反应. 关键词： 2')" href="#">SiH₂ 势能函数 反应截面 轨线     

Ligand-sensitized fluorescence of Eu using naphthalene carboxylic acids as ligands

Fluorescence enhancement of Eu³⁺ in its complexes with 1-naphthoic acid (NA) and 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (NDA) has been studied. These ligands enhance the fluorescence of Eu³⁺ by about two to three orders of magnitude. The fluorescence of Eu³⁺ in these complexes is further enhanced by more than two orders of magnitude when these complexes are treated with trioctylphosphineoxide (TOPO) and a surfactant. The enhancement due to TOPO is accompanied by an increase in the lifetimes of Eu³⁺ emission in these complexes, compared with the emission in uncomplexed Eu³⁺. The fluorescence of Eu³⁺ in the Eu³⁺-NDA-TOPO/surfactant complex is further enhanced by the addition of Tb³⁺, leading to the possibility of detecting Eu³⁺ at levels of 10⁻¹⁰ M. This ligand gives one of the best limits of detection for Eu³⁺ of all the carboxylic acid ligands that we have studied thus far.     

Effect of ultrasound on the reaction of trans-β-methylstyrene with lead tetraacetate

The detail of the reaction of trans-β-methylstyrene with lead tetraacetate in acetic acid was studied. The effect of ultrasonic irradiation using a horn-type reactor was examined and discussed from the viewpoint of the switching of the mechanism from mainly ionic to mainly radical.     

Aliovalent ionic substitution as a probe of conduction mechanism

Silver and sodium have qualitatively different diffraction-determined ionic distributions in the conduction planes of a β-alumina host. That this can imply different conduction mechanisms in the two cases is probed by partially exchanging Cd²⁺ ions into both compounds, and measuring the resulting mixed-ion distributions. The systems Ag_{1.22 − y}Cd_y/2Al₁₁O_17.11 (for y = 0, 0.10, 0.41 and 1.11) and Na_{1.22 − y}Cd_y/2Al₁₁O_17.11 for (y = 0, 0.22, 0.45 and 1.22) were investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The problematical use of diffraction techniques for highly disordered systems of this type is discussed; it is also shown how some of these difficulties can be reduced through access to additional physical and chemical information. Qualitatively different mechanisms are deduced in the two cases, suggesting that aliovalent substitution can indeed be a useful general tool in studying ionic conduction mechanisms in crystalline systems.     

Diffusion Model of a Non-Integer Order PIγ Controller with TCP/UDP Streams

In this article, a way to employ the diffusion approximation to model interplay between TCP and UDP flows is presented. In order to control traffic congestion, an environment of IP routers applying AQM (Active Queue Management) algorithms has been introduced. Furthermore, the impact of the fractional controller PIγ and its parameters on the transport protocols is investigated. The controller has been elaborated in accordance with the control theory. The TCP and UDP flows are transmitted simultaneously and are mutually independent. Only the TCP is controlled by the AQM algorithm. Our diffusion model allows a single TCP or UDP flow to start or end at any time, which distinguishes it from those previously described in the literature.     

Synthesis and characterizations of AgSCN nanospheres using AgCl as the precursor

Nanospheres of AgSCN with an average radius of 30–80 nm have been prepared by a simple reaction between AgCl suspension and KSCN in the presence of gelatin. Gelatin played a decisive role as an inhibitor of the direct attack of SCN⁻ ions to AgCl surfaces and coagulation of the growing AgSCN in producing the spherical AgSCN nanoparticles. The products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectra techniques. The electrical conductivity of thin films of as-prepared AgSCN nanoparticles and polyethylene oxide (PEO) at room temperature was measured. The maximum value of electrical conductivity of as-prepared AgSCN–PEO was 1.53 × 10⁻⁵ S cm⁻¹.     

Synthesis of peptidomimetics using a polymer-bound Boc-linker

Boc-resin-bound -hydroxy--amino-aldehydes are accessible starting from N-terminally bound amino acidesters by using Dondoni's C₁-homologationreaction sequence. The conversion of these synthons totwo different peptide mimetics – 2-hydroxy-1,3-ethyl-diamines and -hydroxy--amino-vinyl sulfones – hasbeen investigated. The successful transfer of thecomplex -amino acid homologation reactionsequence into solid-phase chemistry demonstrates thepotentials of the Boc-resin for synthesis of peptidomimetics.