A slip-line plasticity analysis of sliding friction of rough surfaces exhibiting self-affine (fractal) behavior

A plasticity analysis of sliding friction of rough (fractal) surfaces sliding against smooth surfaces was developed based on a slip-line model of a rigid spherical asperity (wear particle) plowing and cutting through a soft semi-infinite medium. Solutions of the fraction of fully plastic asperity microcontacts responsible for the evolution of friction and energy dissipation were obtained in terms of the total normal load (global interference), interfacial adhesion characteristics, topography (fractal) parameters of the hard surface, and elastic–plastic material properties of the soft surface. This was accomplished by incorporating the slip-line model of a single microcontact into a friction analysis of sliding surfaces demonstrating multi-scale roughness. Numerical results provide insight into the effects of global interference (normal load), fractal parameters (surface roughness) of the hard surface, interfacial shear strength (adhesion), and material properties of the soft surface on plastic deformation at the microcontact level, global coefficient of friction, and frictional energy dissipated during sliding.     

An adhesive wear model of fractal surfaces in normal contact

A generalized adhesive wear analysis that takes into account the effect of interfacial adhesion on the total load was developed for three-dimensional fractal surfaces in normal contact. A wear criterion based on the critical contact area for fully-plastic deformation of the asperity contacts was used to model the removal of material from the contact interface. The fraction of fully-plastic asperity contacts, wear rate, and wear coefficient are expressed in terms of the total normal load (global interference), fractal (topography) parameters, elastic–plastic material properties, surface energy, material compatibility, and interfacial adhesion characteristics controlled by the environment of the interacting surfaces. Numerical results are presented for representative ceramic–ceramic, ceramic–metallic, and metal–metal contact systems to illustrate the dependence of asperity plastic deformation, wear rate, and wear coefficient on global interference, surface roughness, material properties, and work of adhesion (affected by the material compatibility and the environment of the contacting surfaces). The analysis yields insight into the effects of surface material properties and interfacial adhesion on the adhesive wear of rough surfaces in normal contact.     

Stress analysis of a layered elastic solid in contact with a rough surface exhibiting fractal behavior

A contact stress analysis is presented for a layered elastic half-space in contact with a rough surface exhibiting self-affine (fractal) behavior. Relationships for the mean contact pressure versus representative strain and the real half-contact width versus elastic properties of the layer and the substrate, asperity radius, layer thickness, and truncated half-contact width were derived from finite element simulations of a layered medium compressed elastically by a rigid cylindrical asperity. These relationships were incorporated in a numerical algorithm that was used to obtain the contact pressure distributions and stresses generated by the asperity contacts formed at the interface of the layered medium and the fractal surface. Analytical solutions illustrate the significance of the elastic material properties, layer thickness, and surface topography (roughness) on global parameters such as normal load and real contact area. Results for the contact pressure distribution and the surface and subsurface stresses provide insight into the initiation of yielding and the tendency for cracking in the layered medium. It is shown that cracking at the surface and the layer/substrate interface is more likely to occur in the case of a stiff layer, whereas surface cracking is more prominent for a relatively compliant layer.     

单峰接触研究及其在分形表面接触中的应用

基于有限元方法,建立了弹塑性单峰的接触模型.粗糙峰为理想的弹塑性材料,为了考虑不同的材料特性对微凸体变形的影响,分别对9种不同的材料进行了分析.根据有限元计算结果,分析了接触面积,平均接触压力和接触力与变形干涉量之间的关系,并进行了经验公式的拟合.单峰接触所经历的4个不同的阶段,以及不同阶段之间的转化点均作了明确的表达.然后,根据分形理论,将单峰接触模型扩展到了三维的粗糙表面的接触,并提出了一个计算接触表面法向刚度的模型.通过与实验数据和以往模型的结果对比,证明本文中所提出的模型具有较高的精度.     

Rough surface contact analysis by means of the Finite Element Method and of a new reduced model

This article presents two approaches of a normal frictionless mechanical contact between an elastoplastic material and a rigid plane: a full scale finite element analysis (FEA) and a reduced model. Both of them use a representative surface element (RSE) of an experimentally measured surface roughness. The full scale FEA is performed with the Finite Element code Zset using its parallel solver. It provides the reference for the reduced model. The ingredients of the reduced model are a series of responses that are calibrated by means of FEA on a single asperity and phenomenological rules to account for asperity–asperity interaction. The reduced model is able to predict the load–displacement curve, the real contact area and the free volume between the contacting pair during the compression of a rough surface against a rigid plane. The CPU time is a few seconds for the reduced model, instead of a few days for the full FEA.     

苜蓿草粉对金属材料磨损性能的影响

采用正交试验法在磨料磨损试验机上考察了不同粒度苜蓿草粉对45#钢和HT200灰铸铁磨损性能的影响,研究了不同载荷和转速等条件下的磨料磨损行为,采用扫描电子显微镜对其磨损表面形貌进行观察.结果表明:影响材料磨损性能的因素由大到小依次为转速、磨粒粒度和载荷;苜蓿草粉磨粒对金属材料表面的磨损为硬、软磨粒共同作用的结果;45#钢在硬磨料磨损条件下以显微切削为主要磨损机制,在软磨粒磨损条件下以多次塑性变形和低周期疲劳为主要磨损机制;HT200灰铸铁以塑性变形而产生的脆化剥落为主要磨损机制.     

考虑摩擦系数和微凸体相互作用的粗糙表面接触热导分形模型

基于三维分形理论,建立了考虑摩擦系数和微凸体相互作用的粗糙表面接触热导分形模型,并且考虑了微凸体的弹性变形、弹塑性变形和完全塑性变形. 通过该模型,分析了摩擦系数、分形维数、分形粗糙度和接触载荷对热接触热导的影响. 研究结果表明:接触热导随着摩擦系数和分形粗糙度的增大而减小,随着分形维数和接触载荷的增大而增大. 该研究为开展接合面的热传递提供了一定的理论基础.      

乏油环境下橡胶密封材料在粗糙表面上的摩擦磨损行为研究

在UMT-3多功能摩擦磨损试验机上,以丁腈橡胶/Si C砂纸配副为研究对象,系统研究了乏油(包括润滑油和润滑脂)环境下橡胶密封材料在不同粗糙表面上的摩擦学特性,重点考察了乏油工况下橡胶/粗糙表面摩擦配副的摩擦系数时变性、减摩程度和减摩持久性,揭示了乏油工况下橡胶在粗糙表面上的损伤机制.结果表明:乏润滑剂工况下,润滑剂的减摩程度和减摩持久性强烈依赖于对偶件表面粗糙程度;随着对偶件表面粗糙度的降低,润滑剂的减摩程度呈先缓慢提高后迅速增强的变化趋势,然而减摩持久性先降低后又逐渐升高.同时,乏油工况下的减摩持久性均优于乏脂环境;在磨损机制上,随着对偶件表面粗糙度的降低,乏润滑剂环境下橡胶材料的表面均由伴随明显犁沟特征的严重磨粒磨损逐渐转变为损伤轻微的磨粒磨损.而在无润滑条件下,橡胶由典型的磨粒磨损机制损伤特征转变为花纹磨损形貌,最后又向黏着磨损机制转变.     

炭纤维增强铜基复合材料摩擦磨损性能同其磨损表面形貌相关性研究

考察了炭纤维增强铜基复合材料的摩擦磨损性能,利用扫描电子显微镜、电子探针X射线显微分析仪和表面轮廓测试仪等观察分析了复合材料磨损表面形貌和元素组成.结果表明,复合材料摩擦磨损性能及其磨损表面形貌与粗糙度同载荷及滑动速度密切相关,当载荷和速度小于某一临界值时,复合材料同钢对摩时的摩擦系数和磨损率均较小,而当载荷和速度超过临界值时,复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损率均大幅增大,复合材料磨损表面形成了由C、Cu和Fe等元素组成的固体润滑和防护薄膜,使得其在干摩擦条件下同钢对摩时的摩擦系数和磨损率均较低.     

碳黑填充超高分子量聚乙烯复合材料摩擦磨损性能研究

采用MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机考察了载荷及偶件表面粗糙度对碳黑填充超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响；利用扫描电子显微镜观察复合材料磨损表面形貌并分析了其磨损机理．结果表明：同UHMWPE相比，碳黑填充UHMWPE的磨损质量损失随载荷增加而增大的幅度较小；偶件表面粗糙度对碳黑填充UHMWPE复合材料的摩擦磨损性能影响较大，随着偶件表面粗糙度的增大，摩擦系数和复合材料的磨损质量损失均显著增大．UHMWPE及其碳黑填充复合材料在干摩擦条件下同45“钢及SiC喷涂层涂覆45“钢对摩时主要呈现犁削和塑性变形特征，犁削和塑性变形程度随载荷和偶件表面粗糙度增加而加剧。     

金属滑动接触的滑移线场理论之发展现状

本文综述介绍了金属滑动接触的滑移线场理论的基本原理及其发展现状。该理论以一个硬质楞在较软金属表面的滑动作为金属滑动摩擦的基本模式,用滑移线场分析方法考察了滑动过程中的应力和应变,导出了摩擦系数的计算公式,揭示了在粘着理论中被隔离开来的粘着与犁削之间的内在联系。试验结果与理论计算结果有较好的一致性。该理论还提出了非疲劳磨损与疲劳磨损的不同变形和断裂机制,揭示了Archard磨损系数与微凸体发生疲劳断裂的临界受荷周期数之间的定量关系。文章还对该理论的进步意义及其发展趋势作了简要的评述。     

干燥气氛下速度对钠钙玻璃磨损性能的影响

以硼硅酸盐玻璃球为对摩副,在摩擦磨损试验机上研究了干燥气氛下滑动速度和载荷对钠钙玻璃表面磨损性能的影响规律与作用机理. 研究发现,随着滑动速度从0.25 mm/s逐渐增大到8 mm/s,钠钙玻璃在高载下(2 N)的稳态摩擦系数略微降低,当载荷降低为1 N时,速度对钠钙玻璃摩擦系数的影响并不明显. 随着滑动速度的增加,钠钙玻璃表面的磨损深度和磨损体积逐渐增加,钠钙玻璃在低载下(1 N)的磨损体积增大了21.5倍,而在高载下(2 N)的磨损体积增大了12.5倍. 低速时,钠钙玻璃接触界面温升较小,磨损机理以磨粒磨损和黏着磨损为主,并伴有少量脆性剥落. 随着速度的增加,磨屑逐渐转移到对摩副pyrex球表面并参与到磨损过程,钠钙玻璃的磨损机理转变为黏着磨损和犁沟去除. 相对于高载而言,低载下滑动速度对钠钙玻璃材料去除的影响更为显著,这是由于随着速度的增加,低载下玻璃界面的温升增长率大于高载下.      

基于共轭梯度法和快速傅立叶变换的粗糙表面微动接触数值研究

实际工程表面多为粗糙表面,研究粗糙表面的表面形貌对微动接触中压力和应力的影响具有重要意义。本文研究接触过程中法向载荷保持不变,切向载荷为周期性的交变载荷。首先,建立接触算法和模型,算法核心是利用共轭梯度法CGM(Conjugate gradient method)计算微动接触中的表面压力及切向应力并利用快速傅里叶变换FFT(Fast Fourier transform)加快计算速度。然后,对单峰表面、正弦表面和随机粗糙表面的接触进行数值研究。结果表明,表面幅值对切向载荷-位移曲线以及接触过程中的能量耗散有影响,表面幅值越大,相同切向载荷作用下产生的切向位移越大,能量耗散也越大。     

超高分子量聚乙烯及其纳米Al2O3填充复合材料摩擦磨损性能研究

采用MM - 2 0 0型摩擦磨损试验机考察了载荷及对摩偶件表面SiC粒度对超高分子量聚乙烯及其纳米Al2 O3填充复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响 ,利用扫描电子显微镜观察磨损表面形貌并分析了其磨损机理 .结果表明 :纳米Al2 O3 可以提高超高分子量聚乙烯的硬度及抗磨粒磨损性能 ;随着载荷的增大 ,超高分子量聚乙烯及纳米填充复合材料的磨损加剧 ;纳米Al2 O3 填充超高分子量聚乙烯复合材料的摩擦系数较超高分子量聚乙烯的略有增大 ;纳米Al2 O3 含量的增加有利于超高分子量聚乙烯复合材料抗磨粒磨损性能的提高 ;偶件表面喷涂SiC粒度的大小对超高分子量聚乙烯及其纳米Al2 O3 填充复合材料的磨损影响较大     

Elasto-plastic contact of rough surfaces: a mixed-lubrication model for the textured surface analysis

An improved asperity contact model for two rough surfaces with misalignment is presented in this study. The contact model is statistical and can account for the elasto-plastic behavior of interacting asperities. By combining the improved asperity contact model and the average flow Reynolds equation together, a mixed-lubrication model is developed to understand the effect of surface texturing. By comparing with the results of the purely elastic asperity contact model, it is found that the improved asperity contact model can predict the contact force and actual contact area more accurately, particularly under high load conditions. Moreover, comparing with the elasto-plastic model with an equivalent rough surface against a plane, the improved contact model can consider the effect of permitting misalignment of two rough surfaces. This is beneficial for analyzing the performance of the textured piston ring/liner system, especially when asperities contact and wear happen.     

三种典型磨粒磨损磨屑形成过程的研究

作者利用扫描电子显微镜、光学显微镜和计算机图象分析系统,对3种典型磨粒磨损磨屑的形成特点和典型试验条件下材料的磨粒磨损过程进行了研究。结果表明,在磨粒磨损条件下,典型的磨屑形态主要是切屑和块状屑,同时还有极少量的球状屑和花状屑。作者指出,切屑和块状屑分别是磨粒与被磨材料表面一次和多次相互作用的产物。在三体磨粒磨损条件下,切削是造成编号为2M和3M等硬质材料磨损的主要原因,也是4M和几种奥氏体锰钢在高载荷下磨损的重要形式;块状屑的形成是塑性较好的材料在各种磨损条件下磨损的主要形式。球状屑的形成是磨粒与被磨材料表面的接触点产生高温致使材料熔化的结果。球状屑一般是中空且表面有很多孔洞的球壳,其形成与气体有关。     

等离子喷涂Al2O3-13wt.%TiO2涂层在干摩擦条件下的磨损机制转变图

研究了等离子喷涂AlO3-13wt.%TiO2涂层/WC硬质合金在干摩擦条件下,载荷为10～100 N和速度为0.1～0.5 m/s范围内涂层的磨损行为,并通过对涂层磨损表面的显微分析,建立了这种涂层的磨损机制转变图.结果表明:等离子喷涂AlO3-13wt.%TiO2涂层在低载荷低滑动速度条件下,即涂层的磨损率在0.1～1.0 mg/m条件下,磨损机制主要是塑性变形和显微犁削;在中速中载下,即涂层的磨损率在1.0～3.0 mg/m条件下,磨损机制主要是涂层的轻微断裂和颗粒剥落;在高速高载下,即涂层的磨损率在大于3.0 mg/m的条件下,磨损机制主要是涂层的断裂和剥层.     

不同法向载荷下TiN涂层磨损寿命与失效机理研究

采用阴极弧等离子沉积技术在高速钢(HSS)和硬质合金钢(WC-Co)基体上制备TiN涂层,利用往复摩擦磨损试验机、轮廓仪、扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪等分析了不同法向载荷下TiN涂层的摩擦磨损特性和失效过程,建立了涂层磨损寿命图. 研究结果表明:TiN涂层/HSS试样摩擦系数随循环次数增加呈上升趋势;TiN涂层/WC-Co试样在30 N法向载荷下的摩擦系数随循环次数呈上升趋势,在60~120 N法向载荷下摩擦系数波动较大. 涂层试样的磨损深度随法向载荷与循环次数的增加而增加. TiN涂层/HSS试样在30 N法向载荷的主要失效形式是磨粒磨损、轻微黏着磨损和氧化磨损,在60~120 N法向载荷的主要失效形式是涂层断裂、磨粒磨损和剥层磨损. TiN涂层/WC-Co试样在30~50 N法向载荷下的主要失效形式是磨粒磨损,在60~120 N法向载荷下的主要失效形式是严重剥层. TiN涂层的磨损寿命图可以分为两部分:涂层工作区和涂层失效区. 接触应力越大,涂层磨损寿命越短. 基体材料抵抗变形的能力越强,涂层磨损寿命越长. TiN涂层/HSS基体具有良好的抵抗法向载荷的能力和较长的磨损寿命.      

45钢/PA66配副干滑动摩擦磨损性能研究

采用45钢销和尼龙PA66盘,运用正交试验法在MMW-1A万能摩擦磨损试验机上研究干滑动摩擦条件下速度、载荷和金属销表面粗糙R_a对45钢/PA66配副摩擦学性能的影响. 通过极差分析与方差分析发现:载荷、粗糙度对摩擦系数与磨损量有显著影响,而速度影响相对较小. 当载荷为50 N,速度为11.25 m/s,R_a为0.60 μm时,摩擦系数与磨损量最小. 基于正交试验的最优结果,开展控制变量试验,试验结果表明:载荷小于90 N时,PA66以黏着磨损为主;载荷为90 N时,PA66磨损形式为犁削磨损和黏着磨损. 载荷为140 N时,PA66的磨损形式为黏着磨损并伴有胶合现象的产生. R_a小于0.46 μm时,PA66以黏着磨损为主;R_a为0.46 μm时,PA66的磨损形式为黏着磨损和犁削磨损且在对偶金属销表面上形成连续的转移膜;R_a大于0.46 μm时,PA66以犁削磨损为主.      

基于微凸体接触压力分布的粗糙表面法向接触建模

提出一种考虑微凸体弹塑性接触变形影响的粗糙表面法向接触力学模型。采用有限元模拟微凸体弹塑性接触过程,分析不同塑性屈服条件对微凸体接触载荷和实际接触面积的影响。再根据微凸体接触面上压力分布的变化规律,将微凸体的接触状态分为完全弹性接触阶段、弹塑性接触阶段、完全塑性接触阶段。分析接触面压力变化规律对微凸体法向接触载荷-变形的影响,再利用GW模型的数理统计分析的方法得到粗糙表面的法向接触载荷。将本文提出的模型与完全弹性模型、CEB模型、ZMC模型、KE模型、JG模型进行对比,并且研究了塑性指数对粗糙面接触载荷-平均高度距离的影响。结果表明,本文提出的模型能够更好地描述微凸体法向接触载荷与接触变形的变化趋势,模型预测粗糙表面法向载荷与ZMC、KE模型具有较好的一致性;粗糙面接触载荷随着平均接触距离增加而减少,随着塑性指数的增加,不同模型预测的法向接触载荷差异逐渐增大。